White flight: Atlanta and the making of modern conservatism

White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 1-325

  Kruse, Kevin M ^a  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 84924811208     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (591)

1. For a sampling of Atlanta's positive press coverage, see Christian Century, 3 June 1953;
2. Saturday Evening Post, 31 October 1953;
3. Newsweek, 15 March 1954, 11 September 1961;
4. Reporter, 11 July 1957, 15 September 1961;
5. NYT, 31 August 1961;
6. U.S. News and World Report, 11 September 1961;
7. Life, 15 September 1961;
8. AJC, 18 January 1970.
9. Ivan Allen Jr. with Paul Hemphill, Mayor: Notes on the Sixties (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1971): 70-72;
10. Alton Hornsby Jr., "The Negro in Atlanta Politics, 1961-1973," Atlanta History Bulletin 21 (Spring 1977): 14;
11. AJ, 20 December 1962;
12. Harold H. Martin, William Berry Hartsfield: Mayor of Atlanta (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1978):171-72.
13. AC, 20 December 1962;
14. City Directory, 1962 (Atlanta: Atlanta City Directory Company Publishing, 1962);
15. AJ, 8-9 January 1963;
16. ADW, 10-11 January, 26 February 1963; telex report, 27 February 1963, box 1, NAB.
17. AC, 2 March 1963;
18. AJ, 2, 26 March 1963;
19. Allen, Mayor, 72; telex report, 29 July 1963, box 1, NAB.
20. Ivan Allen Jr., "1962 Annual Message," 7 January 1963, box 11, HTJ;
21. Eliza Paschall, "Report on Housing Situation," 22 January 1963, box 3, EP;
22. MH, 11 September 1963, 8 January 1964, copy in reel 110, pt. 11, SRC;
23. U.S. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Censuses of Population and Housing: 1960, vol. 1, pt. 8, Census Tracts: Atlanta, Ga., Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (Washington, D.C.:U.S. Government Printing Office, 1962), table P-1;
24. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1970 Census of Population and Housing, vol. 1, pt. 14, Census Tracts: Atlanta, Ga., Standard Metropolitan Area (and Adjacent Area) (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972), table P-1;
25. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1980 Census of Population and Housing, vol. 2, pt. 80, Census Tracts: Atlanta, Ga. Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983), table P-2.
26. Numan V. Bartley, The Rise of Massive Resistance: Race and Politics in the South during the 1950's (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1969);
27. Neil R. McMillen, The Citizens' Council: Organized Resistance to the Second Reconstruction, 1954-64 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1971);
28. Frances M. Wilhoit, The Politics of Massive Resistance (New York: Braziller, 1973).
29. Michael J. Klarman, "How Brown Changed Race Relations: The Backlash Thesis," Journal of American History 81 (June 1994): 81-118.
30. James W. Ely, The Crisis of Conservative Virginia: The Byrd Organization and the Politics of Massive Resistance (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1976);
31. Nadine Cohodas, Strom Thurmond and the Politics of Southern Change (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993);
32. Stephan Lesher, George Wallace: American Populist (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1993);
33. Dan T. Carter, The Politics of Rage: GeorgeWallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995);
34. Roy Reed, Faubus: The Life and Times of an American Prodigal (Fayetteville:University of Arkansas Press, 1997);
35. Kari Frederickson, The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South, 1932-1968 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001).
36. McMillen, Citizens' Council;
37. David Chalmers, Backfire: How the Ku Klux Klan Helped the Civil Rights Movement (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003).
38. Elizabeth Jacoway and C. Fred Williams, eds., Understanding the Little Rock Crisis: An Exercise in Remembrance and Reconciliation (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1999);
39. William Doyle, An American Insurrection: The Battle of Oxford, Mississippi, 1962 (New York: Doubleday, 2001).
40. Carter, Politics of Rage, 133-55.
41. Jane Dailey, Glenda Gilmore, and Bryant Simon, eds., Jumpin' Jim Crow: Southern Politics from Civil War to Civil Rights (Princeton:Princeton University Press, 2000).
42. Howell Raines, My Soul Is Rested: The Story of the Civil Rights Movement in the Deep South (New York: Putnam, 1977);
43. Aldon Morris, The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement (New York: Free Press, 1986);
44. Robin D. G. Kelley, Race Rebels: Culture, Politics and the Black Working Class (New York: Free Press, 1994);
45. John Dittmer, Local People: The Struggle for the Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995);
46. Charles M. Payne, I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995).
47. David L. Chappell, "The Divided Mind of Segregationists," Georgia Historical Quarterly 82, no. 1 (Spring 1998): 45-72;
48. Matthew D. Lassiter and Andrew Lewis, eds., The Moderates' Dilemma: Massive Resistance to School Desegregation in Virginia (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1998);
49. Pete Daniel, Lost Revolutions: The South in the 1950s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000).
50. Jonathan Rieder, Canarsie: The Jews and Italians of Brooklyn against Liberalism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985);
51. Ronald P. Formisano, Boston against Busing: Race, Class and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991);
52. Michael Kazin, "The Grass-Roots Right: New Histories of U.S. Conservatism in the Twentieth Century," American Historical Review 97 (February 1992): 136-55;
53. Lisa McGirr, SuburbanWarriors: Origins of the New Right (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002).
54. Jean Hardisty, Mobilizing Resentment: Conservative Resurgence from the John Birch Society to the Promise Keepers (Boston: Beacon Press, 1999), 131.
55. Numan V. Bartley, From Thurmond toWallace: Political Tendencies in Georgia, 1948-1968 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970);
56. Jonathan Rieder, "The Rise of the 'Silent Majority'," in The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, ed. Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), 243-68;
57. Thomas Byrne Edsall with Mary Edsall, Chain Reaction:The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York: Norton, 1992);
58. Earl Black and Merle Black, The Vital South: How Presidents Are Elected (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992);
59. William C. Berman, America's Right Turn: From Nixon to Bush (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994);
60. Mary C. Brennan, Turning Right in the Sixties: The Conservative Capture of the GOP (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995);
61. Carter, Politics of Rage
62. Dan T. Carter, From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich: Race in the Conservative Counterrevolution, 1963-1994 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996);
63. Frederickson, Dixiecrat Revolt
64. Earl Black and Merle Black, The Rise of Southern Republicans (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002).
65. Kirkpatrick Sale, Power Shift: The Rise of the Southern Rim and Its Challenge to the Eastern Establishment (New York: Random House, 1975);
66. David C. Perry and Alfred J. Watkins, The Rise of the Sunbelt Cities (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1977);
67. Carl Abbott, The New Urban America:Growth and Politics in Sunbelt Cities (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987);
68. Raymond Mohl, ed., Searching for the Sunbelt: Historical Perspectives on a Region (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1990);
69. Bruce Schulman, From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt: Federal Policy, Economic Development, and the Transformation of the South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991);
70. Jack Bass andWalter DeVries, The Transformation of Southern Politics: Social Change and Political Consequences since 1945 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1995);
71. Numan V. Bartley, The New South: 1945-1980 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995), 417-54.
72. See Robert Kuttner, Revolt of the Haves (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1980);
73. Alvin Rabushka and Pauline Ryan, The Tax Revolt (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1982);
74. David O. Sears and Jack Citrin, Tax Revolt: Something for Nothing in California (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982);
75. Edsall, Chain Reaction;
76. Bruce J. Schulman, The Seventies: The Great Shift in American Culture, Society, and Politics (New York: Free Press, 2001), 193-217;
77. Robert O. Self, American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003).
78. Richard Louv, America II (New York: Penguin, 1983);
79. Mike Davis, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (New York: Verso Books, 1990);
80. Joel Garreau, Edge City: Life on the New Frontier (New York: Anchor Books, 1991);
81. Edward J. Blakely and Mary Gail Snyder, Fortress America: Gated Communities in the United States (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1999).
82. Davis, City of Quartz;
83. John D. Donahue, The Privatization Decision:Public Ends, Private Means (New York: Basic Books, 1989);
84. Evan McKenzie, Privatopia: Homeowner Associations and the Rise of Residential Private Government (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1994).
85. For a critique of "color-blind" conservatism, see Matthew D. Lassiter, The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South (Princeton: Princeton University Press, forthcoming).
86. There are noted exceptions to this general rule. For excellent communitylevel studies, see William H. Chafe, Civilities and Civil Rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black Struggle for Freedom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980);
87. Timothy B. Tyson, Radio Free Dixie: Robert F. Williams and the Roots of Black Power (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), on Monroe, North Carolina.
88. The landmark works in this field are Arnold R. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago, 1940-1960 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983)
89. Thomas J. Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996).
90. St. Clair Drake and Horace R. Cayton, Black Metropolis: AStudy of Negro Life in a Northern City, 2 vols. (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1945);
91. Allan H. Spear, Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto, 1890-1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967);
92. David M. Katzman, Before the Ghetto: Black Detroit in the Nineteenth Century (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1973);
93. Kenneth L. Kusmer, AGhetto Takes Shape: Black Cleveland, 1870-1930 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976);
94. David Levine, Internal Combustion: The Races in Detroit, 1915-1926 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1976);
95. Joe W. Trotter Jr., Black Milwaukee: The Making of an Industrial Proletariat, 1915-1945 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985);
96. James R. Grossman, Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners and the Great Migration (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989);
97. Lizabeth Cohen, Making a New Deal: IndustrialWorkers in Chicago, 1919-1939 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
98. Ronald H. Bayor, Race and the Shaping of Twentieth-Century Atlanta (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996): 7;
99. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto, 17;
100. Sugrue, Origins of the Urban Crisis, 23.
101. Glenn T. Eskew, But for Birmingham: The Local and National Movements in the Civil Rights Struggle (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997);
102. Robert Rodgers Korstad, Civil Rights Unionism: Tobacco Workers and the Struggle for Democracy in the Mid-Twentieth-Century South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003).
103. David L. Lewis, King: ABiography (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978);
104. Clayborne Carson, In Struggle: SNCC and the Blac Awakening of the 1960s (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981);
105. Adam Fairclough, To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Martin Luther King, Jr. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987);
106. Taylor Branch, Parting theWaters: America in the King Years, 1954-1963 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988);
107. David Levering Lewis, W. E. B. DuBois: Biography of a Race, 1868-1919 (New York: Holt, 1993);
108. Harvard Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality, 1954-1992 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1994);
109. Andrew Young, An Easy Burden: The Civil Rights Movement and the Transformation of America (New York: Harper Collins, 1996);
110. John Lewis with Michael D'Orso, Walking with theWind: AMemoir of the Civil Rights Movement (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998);
111. Stephen G. N. Tuck, Beyond Atlanta:The Struggle for Racial Equality in Georgia, 1940-1960 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2001).
112. Mark Bauerlein, Negrophobia: ARace Riot in Atlanta, 1906 (San Francisco:Encounter Books, 2001);
113. Leonard Dinnerstein, The Leo Frank Case (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968);
114. Nancy MacLean, "The Leo Frank Case Reconsidered: Gender and Sexual Politics in the Making of Reactionary Populism," in Daily et al., Jumpin' Jim Crow, 183-218;
115. Nancy MacLean, Behind the Mask of Chivalry: The Making of the Second Ku Klux Klan (New York: Oxford, 1994);
116. David M. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism: The History of the Ku Klux Klan (New York: New Viewpoints, 1981)
117. Wyn Craig Wade, The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America (New York:Simon and Schuster, 1987);
118. Melissa Faye Greene, The Temple Bombing (New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1996);
119. Bartley, Thurmond toWallace, 179-207;
120. Richard C. Cortner, Civil Rights and Public Accommodations: The Heart of Atlanta Motel and McClung Cases (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001).
121. Clifford M. Kuhn, Harlon E. Joye, and E. Bernard West, Living Atlanta:An Oral History of the City, 1914-1948 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1990);
122. Clifford M. Kuhn, Contesting the New South Order: The 1914-1915 Strike at Atlanta's Fulton Mills (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001);
123. Karen Ferguson, Black Politics in New Deal Atlanta (Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press, 2002).
124. Floyd Hunter, Community Power Structure: AStudy of Decision Makers (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1953).
125. Floyd Hunter, Community Power Succession: Atlanta's Policy-Makers Revisited (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980);
126. Alton Hornsby Jr., "A City That Was Too Busy to Hate: Atlanta Businessmen and Desegregation," in Southern Businessmen and Desegregation, ed. Elizabeth Jacoway and David R. Colburn (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982), 120-36;
127. Clarence N. Stone, Regime Politics:Governing Atlanta, 1946-1988 (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1989).
128. Hunter, "Process Recording," box 16, FH.
129. Numan V. Bartley, The Creation of Modern Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1983), 147-53;
130. John Dittmer, Black Georgia in the Progressive Era, 1900-1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1977), 90-104;
131. Michael Perman, Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888-1908 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 281-97;
132. Charles E.Wynes, "Civil Rights, 1890-1940," in AHistory of Georgia, gen. ed. Kenneth Coleman (Athens:University of Georgia Press, 1991), 277-80.
133. Jane Herndon, "The County Unit System in Georgia," Atlanta Historical Journal 22 (fall-winter 1978): 7-9;
134. Joseph L. Bernd, Grass Roots Politics in Georgia:The County Unit System and the Importance of the Individual Voting Community in Bi-Factional Elections, 1942-1954 (Atlanta: Emory University Research Committee, 1960), 30-32;
135. V. O. Key Jr., Southern Politics in State and Nation (New York: Vintage, 1949), 106, 117-24.
136. Bartley, Modern Georgia, 192;
137. Key, Southern Politics, 107-17;
138. William Anderson, The Wild Man from Sugar Creek: The Political Career of Eugene Talmadge (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1975), 230;
139. Bass and De Vries, Transformation of Southern Politics, 136-37;
140. Numan V. Bartley, "Race Relations and the Quest for Equality" in Coleman, History of Georgia, 361;
141. Bartley, Rise of Massive Resistance, 43;
142. Key, Southern Politics, 106-12.
143. Harold Paulk Henderson, The Politics of Change in Georgia: APolitical Biography of Ellis Arnall (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1991), 89-92, 141-44;
144. Thurgood Marshall, "The Rise and Collapse of the 'White Democratic Primary,' " Journal of Negro Education 36 (Summer 1957): 249-54;
145. John Egerton, Speak Now against the Day: The Generation before the Civil Rights Movement in the South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 380-81;
146. Paul Douglas Bolster, "Civil Rights Movements in Twentieth-Century Georgia" (Ph.D. diss., University of Georgia, 1972), 113-21;
147. Clarence A. Bacote, "The Negro Voter in Georgia Politics, Today," Journal of Negro Education 26 (Summer 1957): 307.
148. Bartley, Modern Georgia, 187;
149. Bass and De Vries, Transformation of Southern Politics, 137;
150. Joseph L. Bernd and Lynwood M. Holland, "Recent Restrictions upon Negro Suffrage: The Case of Georgia," Journal of Politics 21 (1959): 502;
151. Calvin McLeod Logue, Eugene Talmadge: Rhetoric and Response (New York:Greenwood Press, 1989), 226;
152. Stetson Kennedy, The Klan Unmasked (Boca Raton: Florida Atlantic University Press, 1990), 64;
153. Floyd Hunter, manuscript draft with notes, "Regional City in Political Perspective," [1946], box 16, FFP.
154. Logue, Talmadge, 228;
155. Langston Hughes, Fight for Freedom: The Story of the NAACP (New York: Norton, 1962), 112-13;
156. Wallace H.Warren, "'The Best People in Town Won't Talk': The Moore's Ford Lynching of 1946 and Its Cover-Up," in Georgia in Black and White: Explorations in the Race Relations of a Southern State, 1865-1950, ed. John C. Inscoe (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1994), 266-83;
157. Branch, Parting the Waters, 64.
158. Bartley, "Politics and Government in the Postwar Era," in Coleman, History of Georgia, 394-96.
159. Kuhn et al., Living Atlanta, 311-12;
160. Stone, Regime Politics, 17.
161. Louis Williams, "William Berry Hartsfield and Atlanta Politics: The Formative Years of an Urban Reformer, 1920-1936," Georgia Historical Quarterly 84, no. 4 (Winter 2000): 651-76;
162. Pomerantz, Peachtree, 130;
163. Allen, Atlanta Rising, 20-33;
164. Martin, Hartsfield, 12-36;
165. Kuhn et al., Living Atlanta, 327-29.
166. Stone, Regime Politics, 27;
167. Martin, Hartsfield, 24;
168. Kuhn et al., Living Atlanta, 312-13.
169. Pomerantz, Peachtree, 133;
170. Saturday Evening Post, 31 October 1953.
171. Allen, Atlanta Rising, 40-41;
172. Mark Pendergrast, For God, Country and Coca-Cola: The Unauthorized History of the Great American Soft Drink and the Company That Makes It (New York: Scribner, 1993), 252;
173. Bass and De Vries, Transformation of Southern Politics, 138.
174. Martin, Hartsfield, 20-23;
175. Allen, Atlanta Rising, 28-29, 41;
176. Pendergrast, God, Country and Coca-Cola, 253.
177. Kuhn et al., Living Atlanta, 329;
178. Allen, Atlanta Rising, 41;
179. Hunter, Community Power Structure;
180. Allen, Mayor, 30-31.
181. Lewis, King, 8-9;
182. Pomerantz, Peachtree, 123-24;
183. Kuhn et al., Living Atlanta, 39, 95, 100-102;
184. Alexa Benson Henderson, Atlanta Life Insurance Company:Guardian of Black Economic Dignity (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1990), 20-42, 148-51, 168-88;
185. Allen, Atlanta Rising, 36
186. August Meier and David Lewis, "History of the Negro Upper Class in Atlanta, Georgia, 1890-1950," in Garrow, Atlanta, 5-7.
187. Pomerantz, Peachtree, 116, 123-27, 180;
188. Robert J. Alexander, "Negro Business in Atlanta," Southern Economic Journal (Winter 1951): 455-56.
189. Martin Luther King Sr. with Clayton Riley, Daddy King: An Autobiography (New York: Morrow, 1980), 91-94;
190. James W. English, Handyman of the Lord: The Life and Ministry of the ReverendWilliam Holmes Borders (New York:Meredith, 1967), 31-35;
191. Branch, Parting the Waters, 34, 42-43, 54;
192. Kuhn et al., Living Atlanta, 106.
193. Lewis, Du Bois, 213;
194. Kuhn et al., Living Atlanta, 156-58.
195. Edgar A. Toppin, "Walter White and the Atlanta NAACP's Fight for Equal Schools, 1916-1917," History of Education Quarterly 7 (Spring 1967): 3-21;
196. Stone, Regime Politics, 33;
197. Lorraine Nelson Spritzer and Jean B. Bergmark, Grace Towns Hamilton and the Politics of Southern Change (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997), 89-143;
198. Nancy J. Weiss, The National Urban League, 1910-1940 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974), 163-75;
199. Nancy J.Weiss, Whitney M. Young, Jr., and the Struggle for Civil Rights (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), 55-124.
200. Bayor, Race and Atlanta, 19.
201. Ferguson, Black Politics in New Deal Atlanta, 152-60;
202. Douglas L. Smith, The New Deal in the Urban South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 254-55;
203. Bayor, Race and Atlanta, 20;
204. Jack L.Walker, "Protest and Negotiation:A Case Study of Negro Leadership in Atlanta, Georgia," Midwest Journal of Political Science 7 (May 1963): 114;
205. Bayor, Race and Atlanta, 21.
206. Anna Holden, "Race and Politics: Congressional Elections in the Fifth District of Georgia, 1946 to 1952" (Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina, 1955), 18-21;
207. C. A. Bacote, "The Negro in Atlanta Politics," Phylon 16 (1955): 344;
208. Lorraine Nelson Spritzer, The Belle of Ashby Street: Helen Douglas Mankin and Georgia Politics (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1982);
209. Bayor, Race and Atlanta, 21;
210. Bolster, "Civil Rights Movements," 121-22;
211. Bayor, Race and Atlanta, 24;
212. Bacote, "The Negro in Atlanta Politics," 347-49;
213. Ferguson, Black Politics in New Deal Atlanta, 253, 260, 264;
214. Spritzer and Bergmark, Grace Towns Hamilton, 109-114.
215. Martin, Hartsfield, 51-52;
216. Allen, Atlanta Rising, 35;
217. Williams, "Hartsfield:Reluctant Accommodationist," 191-96.
218. Pomerantz, Peachtree, 184-88;
219. Bacote, "The Negro in Atlanta Politics," 349;
220. Bolster, "Civil Rights Movement," 123-24;
221. Bacote, "Negro Voter in Georgia Politics," 311.
222. William B. Hartsfield, "Announcement," 7 September 1949, box 10, WBH.
223. Bayor, Race and Atlanta, 26;
224. Williams, "Hartsfield: Reluctant Accommodationist," 219.
225. Martin, Hartsfield, 46, 87;
226. Bayor, Race and Atlanta, 7, 85-87;
227. Stone, Regime Politics, 30;
228. William B. Hartsfield to "Gentlemen," 7 January 1943, box 9, WBH;
229. Bradley R. Rice, "The Battle of Buckhead: The Plan of Improvement and Atlanta's Last Big Annexation," Atlanta Historical Journal 25 (Winter 1981): 9-13;
230. Williams, "Hartsfield:Reluctant Accommodationist," 224-33;
231. AC, 1 January 1952;
232. AJC, 18 January 1970.
233. Rice, "Battle of Buckhead," 15-18;
234. Allen, Atlanta Rising, 50;
235. Abbott, New Urban America, 178.
236. Pomerantz, Peachtree, 186-88;
237. Martin, Hartsfield, 100-101;
238. Bayor, Race and Atlanta, 29.
239. Howard L. Preston, Automobile Age Atlanta: The Making of a Southern Metropolis, 1900-1935 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1979), 103-7;
240. Dana F. White, "The Black Sides of Atlanta: A Geography of Expansion and Containment, 1870-1970," Atlanta Historical Journal 26, nos. 2-3 (Summer-Fall 1982): 218;
241. Samuel L. Adams, "Blueprint for Segregation: A Survey of Atlanta Housing," New South 22 (Spring 1967): 75;
242. Spritzer, Belle of Ashby Street, 99.
243. Robert A. Thompson, Hylan Lewis, and Davis McEntire, "Atlanta and Birmingham:A Comparative Study in Negro Housing," in Studies in Housing and Minority Groups, ed. Nathan Glazer and Davis McEntire (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960), 22-25;
244. Atlanta Metropolitan Planning Commission, AFactual Inventory: AReport Containing Texts and Maps on Georgia's Capital City (Atlanta: Metropolitan Planning Commission, 1950), 40;
245. Andrew Wiese, Places of Their Own: African American Suburbanization in the Twentieth Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 174-96.
246. Kennedy, Klan Unmasked, 125, 130;
247. Helen Douglas Mankin v. James C. Davis, Fifth District of Georgia, before the House of Representatives of the Eightieth Congress, 80th Cong., 2d sess., 16 March 1948
248. Kennedy, Klan Unmasked, 127-29;
249. Greene, Temple Bombing, 145;
250. Kennedy, Klan Unmasked, 183.
251. Kennedy, Klan Unmasked, 68.
252. Kennedy, Klan Unmasked, 68;
253. Thompson et al., "Atlanta and Birmingham," 27.
254. Dana F. White, "Landscaped Atlanta: The Romantic Tradition in Cemetery, Park, and Suburban Development," Atlanta Historical Journal 26 (Summer-Fall 1982): 102;
255. Franklin M. Garrett, Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events, vol. 2 (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1954), 71-72, 434;
256. Timothy J. Crimmins, "West End: Metamorphosis from Suburban Town to Intown Neighborhood," Atlanta Historical Journal 26 (Summer-Fall 1982): 41;
257. Charlayne Hunter-Gault, In My Place (New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1992), 82;
258. Sanborn Map Company, Insurance Maps of Atlanta, Georgia, vol. 5, AHS.
259. Adams, "Blueprint for Segregation," 76;
260. Thompson et al., "Atlanta and Birmingham," 27.
261. Charles S. Johnson and Herman H. Long, People vs. Property: Restrictive Covenants in Housing (Nashville: Fisk University Press, 1947), 71;
262. Luigi Laurenti, Property Values and Race: Studies in Seven Cities (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960), 24-25;
263. Kenneth T. Jackson, "Race, Ethnicity and Real Estate Appraisal: TheHomeOwners' Loan Corporation and the FederalHousing Administration," Journal of Urban History 6, no. 4 (August 1980): 430-47;
264. Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 190-218;
265. Charles Abrams, Forbidden Neighbors: AStudy of Prejudice in Housing (New York: Harper, 1955), 229.
266. Abrams, Forbidden Neighbors, 156;
267. Johnson and Long, People vs. Property, 59.
268. City Directory, 1948-1949 (Atlanta: Atlanta City Directory Company Publishing, 1948).
269. Adams, "Blueprint for Segregation," 76, 80;
270. Thompson et al., "Atlanta and Birmingham," 28;
271. Andrew Jackson, "The Case of J. H. Calhoun, Atlanta, Georgia Real-Estate Agent," box 255, AUL;
272. Sugrue, Origins of the Urban Crisis, 211;
273. AC, 15 April 1949;
274. AJ, 25 April 1949;
275. AJ, 22 April, 20 May 1949;
276. WEE, 8 April 1949;
277. ADW, 11 May 1949;
278. Adams, "Blueprint for Segregation," 76.
279. [Robert A. Thompson], "Fr Chn Hearing," typewritten notes on GREC Hearing, 10 March 1949, box 246, AUL;
280. Sara J. Snead, Fletcher-Mayland Circle Community Questionnaire, [September 1959], box 5, ABP;
281. C. Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow (New York: Oxford University Press, 1955);
282. Howard N. Rabinowitz, Race Relations in the Urban South, 1865-1890 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978);
283. Don H. Doyle, New Men, New Cities, New South: Atlanta, Nashville, Charleston, Mobile, 1860-1910 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990);
284. David R. Goldfield, Black, White and Southern: Race, Relations and Southern Culture, 1940 to the Present (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990).
285. Leon F. Litwack, Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow (New York: Vintage, 1998); 245;
286. Ray Stannard Baker, Following the Color Line:An Account of Negro Citizenship in the American Democracy (repr., Williamstown, Mass.: Corner House, 1973), 34.
287. ADW, 3, 11, 12, 19 April, 17 October 1946;
288. AJ, 11 April 1946.
289. AJ, 11 April 1946;
290. ADW, 19 April, 17 October 1946;
291. Bayor, Race and Atlanta, 189;
292. Thompson et al., "Atlanta and Birmingham," 33;
293. Stone, Regime Politics, 35;
294. C. L. Harper, "Annual Report of the President-Dec. 13, 1949," part 26, series A, reel 9, NAACP;
295. Branch, Parting the Waters, 143-68, 173-205;
296. Sitkoff, Struggle for Black Equality, 37-56;
297. Catherine A. Barnes, Journey from Jim Crow: The Desegregation of Southern Transit (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983), 120-26;
298. ADW, 8-10 January 1957;
299. AJ, 9 January 1957;
300. H. T. Jenkins to Paul Webb, solicitor, Atlanta Judicial Circuit, Fulton County Court House, 10 January 1957, box 18, HTJ;
301. Herbert T. Jenkins, Forty Years on the Force: 1932-1972 (Atlanta: Center for Research in Social Change, 1973), 108;
302. Pomerantz, Peachtree, 217;
303. Martin, Hartsfield, 119;
304. Herbert T. Jenkins, Keeping the Peace: APolice Chief Looks at His Job (New York: Harper, 1970), 39;
305. ADW, 11 January 1957;
306. English, Handyman of the Lord, 93;
307. Cater, "Atlanta: Smart Politics," 18.
308. AJ, 9, 10 January 1957;
309. AC, 11 January 1957;
310. Cater, "Atlanta: Smart Politics," 18-21.
311. Bolster, "Civil Rights," 172-73;
312. AJ, 19 January 1959;
313. AC, 20 January 1959;
314. Calvin Trillin, An Education in Georgia: Charlayne Hunter, Hamilton Holmes, and the Integration of the University of Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1991), 15;
315. Williams, "Hartsfield: Reluctant Accommodationist," 234;
316. ADW, 20 July 1951;
317. AC, 24 December 1955;
318. W. W. Law, interview by Cliff Kuhn and Tim Crimmins, 15, 16 November 1990
319. Mark V. Tushnet, Making Civil Rights Law: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1936-1961 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 301.
320. Herman E. Talmadge, You and Segregation (Birmingham, Ala.: Vulcan Press, 1955), 29;
321. AC, 9 November 1955.
322. AJ, 8 November 1955;
323. Cater, "Atlanta: Smart Politics," 19.
324. William B. Hartsfield, "Cities and Racial Minorities: Atlanta's Approach" (Washington, D.C.: National League of Cities, n.d.; reprinted from Marshall-Wythe Symposium, College ofWilliam and Mary, 1964), 57;
325. Jenkins, Keeping the Peace, 34, 37;
326. Williams, "Hartsfield: Reluctant Accommodationist," 262.
327. AJ, 23-24 December 1955;
328. AC, 23 December 1955;
329. Fred Powledge, "Black Man, Go South," Esquire, August 1965, 75;
330. Cater, "Atlanta: Smart Politics," 19;
331. AJC, 25 December 1955.
332. NN, 16 November 1955.
333. NN, 29 December 1955.
334. NN, 29 December 1955, 4 January 1956.
335. Bayor, Race and Atlanta, 151;
336. "A Second Look: The Negro Citizen in Atlanta," Atlanta Committee for Cooperative Action, January 1960, copy in box 116, MM;
337. Eliza K. Paschall, It Must Have Rained (Atlanta: Center for Research in Social Change, Emory University, 1975), 54-55.
338. Jenkins, Forty Years on the Force, 115;
339. Jenkins, Forty Years on the Force, 115;
340. AJ, 13 June 1963.
341. AJ, 5 June 1964;
342. AC, 19 July 1963;
343. AJC, 25 June 1961;
344. Allen, Atlanta Rising, 122.
345. Abrams, Forbidden Neighbors, 181;
346. Martin, Hartsfield, 181;
347. AC, 18 May 1954;
348. Bartley, Rise of Massive Resistance, 116-17.
349. Kevin M. Kruse, "The Paradox of Massive Resistance: Political Conformity and Chaos in the Aftermath of Brown v. Board of Education," Saint Louis University Law Journal 48, no. 3 (Spring 2004): 1009-35.
350. Talmadge, Talmadge, 101;
351. Chappell, "Divided Mind," 46;
352. Edgar A. Toppin, "Walter White and the Atlanta NAACP's Fight for Equal Schools, 1916-1917," History of Education Quarterly 7, no. 1 (Spring 1967): 3-21;
353. Bayor, Race and Atlanta, 197-220;
354. J. H. Calhoun, "Annual Report of the Executive Secretary, Atlanta Branch, NAACP, 1950," December 1950, pt. 26, series A, reel 9, NAACP;
355. NAACP Newsletter, "Atlanta Branch Ripples," October 1950, box 6, GTH;
356. Herbert T. Jenkins, Presidents, Politics, and Policing: Oral History Interviews on Law Enforcement and a Career in Public Life Spanning Fifty Years (Atlanta: Center for Research in Social Change, Emory, 1980): 68;
357. AC, 18 May 1954;
358. AJC, 12 January 1958;
359. SSN, February 1958;
360. AJ, 13 January 1958;
361. AC, 19, 21 November, 10 December 1958;
362. SSN, December 1958.
363. SSN, October, November 1958;
364. J. W. Peltason, Fifty-eight Lonely Men: Southern Federal Judges and School Desegregation (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1961), 130;
365. Hunter-Gault, In My Place, 74-86;
366. Trillin, An Education in Georgia, 15, 20;
367. W. C. Cowart, Georgia Council on Human Relations Bulletin, 27 July 1959, box 10, EP.
368. Robert Cohen, "'Two, Four, Six, Eight, We Don't Want to Integrate':White Student Attitudes toward the University of Georgia's Desegregation," Georgia Historical Quarterly 80, no. 3 (Fall 1996): 617-18;
369. Trillin, An Education in Georgia, 52-53;
370. Dyer, University of Georgia, 329-34;
371. Daniel, Lost Revolutions, 251-83;
372. David L. Chappell, Inside Agitators: White Southerners in the Civil Rights Movement (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), 97-121;
373. Bartley, Rise of Massive Resistance, 251-69;
374. John A. Kirk, Redefining the Color Line: Black Activism in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1940-1970 (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2002).
375. Adam Fairclough, Race and Democracy: The Civil Rights Struggle in Louisiana, 1915-1972 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1995), 234-64
376. Morton Inger, "The New Orleans School Crisis of 1960," in Jacoway and Colburn, Southern Businessmen and Desegregation, 82-97.
377. Jenkins, Presidents, Politics, and Policing, 72;
378. Raines, My Soul Is Rested, 410;
379. George B. Leonard Jr., "The Second Battle of Atlanta," Look Magazine, 25 April 1961, 34.
380. Martin, Hartsfield, 144;
381. Inger, "New Orleans," 97;
382. Chappell, Inside Agitators, 117;
383. James C. Cobb, The Selling of the South: The Southern Crusade for Industrial Development, 1936-1990 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993), 125-26;
384. HOPE Newsletter, "Hope-Ful Outlook," 15 March 1959, box 8, FFP;
385. AC, 12-16 December 1960;
386. AJ, 12 December 1960.
387. Betty M. Harris, report, "History of OASIS (Organizations Assisting Schools in September)," 12 June 1961, SRC;
388. Mertz, "Mind Changing Time," 60;
389. AC, 17 May 1961;
390. Hein, "Image," 206;
391. Boyd Taylor, "Letson's Brainwash," Separate Schools 2, no. 4 (April 1961)
392. Hein, "Image," 206; Hartsfield to Burke Marshall, 30 July 1961, box 18, HTJ; Jane Hammer to Members of the Co-Ordinating Committee and the Contingency Planning Committee, 8 August 1961, reel 213, SRC; Newsweek, 11 September 1961.
393. AJC, 27 August 1961;
394. AJ, 30-31 August, 1 September 1961;
395. Hein, "Image," 207;
396. NYT, 31 August 1961;
397. Newsweek, 11 September 1961, 31;
398. U.S. News and World Report, 11 September 1961, 72;
399. Reporter, 15 September 1961, 14;
400. Leonard, "The Second Battle of Atlanta," 31;
401. George McMillan, "Atlanta's Peaceful Blow for Justice:With the Police on an Integration Job," Life, 15 September 1961, 35-36;
402. Hein, "Image," 207;
403. Hornsby, "Too Busy to Hate," 120-21.
404. AJ, 27 October 1961;
405. SSN, November 1961;
406. Gerald Walker, "The Price of the Picture," Progressive (May 1963): 26-27.
407. Paschall, It Must Have Rained, 43;
408. Sara Mitchell Parsons, From Southern Wrongs to Civil Rights: The Memoir of a White Civil Rights Activist (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2000), 85-86;
409. AJ, 10 July 1962;
410. AC, 10 July 1962;
411. ADW, 11 July 1962;
412. Muse, Ten Years of Prelude, 229;
413. SSN, July, August 1962.
414. Paschall, It Must Have Rained, 87, 150;
415. Young, An Easy Burden, 197;
416. AC, 16, 17 March 1960;
417. John Neary, Julian Bond: Black Rebel (New York:Morrow, 1971): 55;
418. Walker, "Sit-Ins in Atlanta," 69-70.
419. Pomerantz, Peachtree, 252-54;
420. Branch, Parting the Waters, 286-87.
421. Walker, "Sit-Ins in Atlanta," 75;
422. Allen, Atlanta Rising, 94;
423. Pomerantz, Peachtree, 257;
424. Walker, "Sit-Ins in Atlanta," 75-76;
425. Raines, My Soul Is Rested, 88;
426. AJ, 19, 20 October 1960;
427. AC, 20 October 1960;
428. Raines, My Soul Is Rested, 87-90;
429. Lewis, Walking with the Wind, 126.
430. Lester Maddox, Prelude to One of a Kind (Marietta, Ga.: n.p., 1994), 4-8;
431. Bruce Galphin, The Riddle of Lester Maddox (Atlanta: Camelot Publishing, 1968), 8-9, 15-19;
432. Lester G. Maddox, Speaking Out: The Autobiography of Lester Garfield Maddox (New York: Doubleday, 1975), 11, 27-28;
433. Bob Short, Everything Is Pickrick: The Life of Lester Maddox (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1999), 33-40;
434. John Carlton Huie Jr., "The Dream of Lester Maddox" (M.A. thesis, Emory University, 1966), 58.
435. Maddox, Speaking Out, 54;
436. AC, 7, 9 June 1961;
437. AJ, 7 June 1961.
438. AJ, 11 August, 11 September 1961;
439. Allen, Mayor, 23-26, 30-31.
440. Allen, Mayor, 52;
441. AC, 27 June 1961;
442. AJ, 25 August 1961.
443. AJ, 3 July, 12 September 1961.
444. AJ, 3 July, 7, 8 September 1961.
445. AC, 16 September 1961;
446. AJ, 18, 19, 21 September 1961.
447. AC, 27 July 1963;
448. AJ, 26 July 1963;
449. Pomerantz, Peachtree, 322-23.
450. AJ, 8 March 1962.
451. AJC, 21 April 1963;
452. AJ, 22 April 1963;
453. Allen, Atlanta Rising, 126;
454. Allen, Mayor, 103-4.
455. Eskew, But for Birmingham, 259-332;
456. Carter, Politics of Rage, 133-55.
457. James N. Giglio, The Presidency of John F. Kennedy (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991), 177-78;
458. Richard Reeves, President Kennedy: Profile of Power (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993), 521-23;
459. Carter, Politics of Rage, 151
460. Robert Mann, The Walls of Jericho: Lyndon Johnson, Hubert Humphrey, Richard Russell, and the Struggle for Civil Rights (San Diego: Harcourt, 1996), 364-66;
461. Branch, Parting the Waters, 823-24.
462. Carter, Politics of Rage, 153;
463. Branch, Parting the Waters, 824-25.
464. Newsclipping, "Was Atlanta's Image Too Good to Be True?" National Observer, 3 February 1964
465. Lewis,Walking with theWind, 233;
466. Robert D. Loevy, To End All Segregation: The Politics of the Passage of the Civil Rights Act (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1990), 153-66;
467. Charles Whalen and Barbara Whalen, The Longest Debate: ALegislative History of the 1964 Civil Rights Act (Washington, D.C.: Seven Locks Press, 1985), 124-217, 239-42;
468. Timothy N. Thurber, The Politics of Equality: Hubert H. Humphrey and the African American Freedom Struggle (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 127-48;
469. John G. Stewart, "The Civil Rights Act of 1964: Strategy," in The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law That Ended Racial Segregation, ed. by Robert D. Loevy (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997), 167-209;
470. Mann, The Walls of Jericho, 390-428, 513-15;
471. Alexander M. Bickel, "The Civil Rights Act of 1964," Commentary 38 (August 1964): 36-38.
472. AJC, 7 February 1965;
473. AJ, 8, 23 February 1965;
474. Galphin, Maddox, 79-80.
475. Bartley, Thurmond toWallace, 68;
476. Arlie Schardt, "Lester Maddox and the Mad Democrats," Reporter 35 (20 October 1966): 29;
477. Numan V. Bartley, "Moderation in Maddox Country?" Georgia Historical Quarterly 8 (Fall 1974): 343-44;
478. Pomerantz, Peachtree, 351;
479. Allen, Atlanta Rising, 149;
480. Joseph H. Dimon VI, "CharlesWeltner and Civil Rights," Atlanta Historical Journal 24 (1986): 17.
481. WP, 3 January 1965;
482. Short, Pickrick, 84-85;
483. Bartley, Thurmond to Wallace, 76;
484. Bartley, Modern Georgia, 206;
485. NYT, 15 September 1968.
486. Robert Dallek, Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961-1973 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 120;
487. Key, Southern Politics, 277;
488. Dan Balz and Ronald Brownstein, Storming the Gates: Protest Politics and the Republican Revival (Boston: Little, Brown, 1996), 209-17;
489. Edsall, Chain Reaction, 35-36.
490. Key, Southern Politics, 277.
491. WP, 3 January 1965;
492. NYT, 17 June 1965;
493. Short, Pickrick, 97.
494. Short, Pickrick, 83-100;
495. Bartley, Thurmond to Wallace, 67-81;
496. Bartley, "Moderation in Maddox Country?" 344;
497. NYT, 11 January 1967.
498. Schardt, "Maddox and the Mad Democrats," 29-30;
499. Allen, Atlanta Rising, 150;
500. Allen, Mayor, 222;
501. Bayor, Race and Atlanta, 7, 83-84;
502. James Holloway, "The Paradigm of Dixie Hills," New South (Summer 1967): 75-81;
503. Pomerantz, Peachtree, 348.
504. Allen, Atlanta Rising, 173-74;
505. Pomerantz, Peachtree, 383.
506. Bayor, Race and Atlanta, 44.
507. Douglas S. Massey and Nancy Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993): 47, 76;
508. Tamar Jacoby, Someone Else's House: America's Unfinished Struggle for Integration (New York: Free Press, 1998), 503-4.
509. Peter Irons, Jim Crow's Children: The Broken Promise of the Brown Decision (New York: Viking, 2002), 199-233;
510. Wilkinson, From Brown to Bakke, 116-18, 136-39;
511. Stone, Regime Politics, 103;
512. Bayor, Race and Atlanta, 247.
513. John Egerton, The Americanization of Dixie: The Southernization of America (New York: Harpers, 1974), 89-93;
514. Bayor, Race and Atlanta, 247-51;
515. Stone, Regime Politics, 104-6;
516. Tomiko Brown-Nagin, "Race as Identity Caricature:A Local Legal History Lesson in the Salience of Intraracial Difference," University of Pennsylvania Law Review 151 (June 2003): 6.
517. Bayor, Race and Atlanta, 47-48;
518. Pomerantz, Peachtree, 408-21.
519. Allen, Atlanta Rising, 192;
520. Esquire, June 1985;
521. Ronald H. Bayor, "African-American Mayors and Governance in Atlanta," in African-American Mayors: Race, Politics, and the American City, ed. David R. Colburn and Jeffrey S. Adler (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001), 184;
522. M. Dale Henson and James King, "The Atlanta Public-Private Romance: An Abrupt Transformation," in Public-Private Partnerships in American Cities, ed. R. Scott Fosler and Renee A. Berger (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1982), 331-35.
523. Allen, Atlanta Rising, 232;
524. Stone, Regime Politics, 136;
525. Jacoby, Someone Else's House, 405-9;
526. Pomerantz, Peachtree, 489;
527. Bryan Burroughs and John Helyar, Barbarians at the Gate: The Fall of RJR-Nabisco (New York: Harper Business, 2003), 85.
528. Esquire, June 1985;
529. Allen, Atlanta Rising, 222-23, 227-30, 235-36.
530. Allen, Atlanta Rising, 247;
531. William Schneider, "The Suburban Century Begins," Atlantic Monthly, July 1992, 33.
532. Allen, Atlanta Rising, 136;
533. Abbott, New Urban America, 186-87;
534. Larry Keating, Atlanta: Race, Class, and Urban Expansion (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2001), 15.
535. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, 283-96.
536. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, 190-230;
537. Arnold Hirsch, "'Containment' on the Home Front: Race and Federal Housing Policy from the New Deal to the Cold War," Journal of Urban History 26, no. 2 (2000): 158-89;
538. Lizabeth Cohen, A Consumers' Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America (New York: Knopf, 2003), 194-256;
539. Wiese, Places of Their Own;
540. Becky M. Nicolaides, My Blue Heaven: Life and Politics in the Working-Class Suburbs of Los Angeles, 1920-1965 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002).
541. AJC, 3 May 1987;
542. Peter Applebome, Dixie Rising: How the South Is Shaping American Values, Politics, and Culture (San Diego: Harcourt Brace, 1996), 34;
543. Abbott, New Urban America, 184-85;
544. Pomerantz, Peachtree, 379;
545. Davis, City of Quartz, 165-69;
546. Edsall, Chain Reaction, 29, 227-31;
547. David L. Kirp, John P. Dwyer, and Larry A. Rosenthal, Our Town: Race, Housing and the Soul of Suburbia (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1997), 6.
548. Robert B. Reich, "Secession of the Successful," NYT Magazine, 20 January 1991, 16-17, 42-45;
549. Robert Reich, The Work of Nations: Preparing Ourselves for 21st Century Capitalism (New York: Vintage, 1992), 268-69;
550. Charles Murray, "Millennial Thoughts," National Review, 8 July 1991, 31-32.
551. NYT Magazine, 23 June 1996, 55;
552. WP, 17 July 1988;
553. WSJ, 26 March 1987.
554. NYT, 2 June 1971;
555. Applebome, Dixie Rising, 35.
556. Lilley, "Housing Report," 2342;
557. Cleghorn, "A Closer Look," 37;
558. Murphy and Gulliver, Southern Strategy, 174-75;
559. Panetta and Gall, Bring Us Together, 92-93, 106-9, 181, 287-88, 316;
560. Danielson, Politics of Exclusion, 161, 197;
561. Black and Black, Rise of Southern Republicans, 120-22.
562. Scammon andWattenberg, Real Majority, 67-68;
563. Kenneth D. Durr, Behind the Backlash: White Working-Class Politics in Baltimore, 1940-1980 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 112-76;
564. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, 283;
565. Garry Wills, Nixon Agonistes: The Crisis of the Self-Made Man, 2nd ed. (New York: Mariner, 2002), 278.
566. Peter Irons, The Courage of Their Convictions: Sixteen Americans Who Fought Their Way to the Supreme Court (New York: Penguin, 1990), 283-303;
567. Mel Steely, The Gentleman from Georgia: The Biography of Newt Gingrich (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 2000), 19-22;
568. Edwards, Conservative Revolution, 274-75;
569. AJC, 11 January 2003.
570. Applebome, Dixie Rising, 43-44.
571. Schneider, "Suburban Century," 33-44;
572. Edwards, Conservative Revolution, 293-321.
573. Edwards, Conservative Revolution, 300-302
574. Steely, Gentleman from Georgia, 288;
575. Balz and Brownstein, Storming the Gates, 296-98.
576. Carter, Wallace to Gingrich, 110-11.
577. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1970 Census of Population and Housing, vol. 1, pt. 14, Census Tracts: Atlanta, Ga., Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (and Adjacent Area), tables P-1, P-2;
578. AJC, 30 September 1999;
579. AJC, 10 August 2002;
580. Balz and Brownstein, Storming the Gates, 211;
581. Stanley B. Greenberg, The Two Americas: Our Current Political Deadlock and How to Break It (New York:St. Martin's Press, 2004), 95-116;
582. Michael Barone, "Introduction: The 49 Percent Nation," in Almanac of American Politics, 2002 (Washington, D.C.: National Journal, 2001), 21-45.
583. Balz and Brownstein, Storming the Gates, 238-39;
584. John Milton Cooper Jr., "The Election of 2000 at the Bar of History," in The Unfinished Election of 2000, ed. Jack Rakove (New York: Basic Books, 2001), 24-25.
585. George W. Bush, ACharge to Keep (New York: Morrow, 1999): 234-36;
586. David Frum, The Right Man: The Surprise Presidency of George W. Bush (New York: Random House, 2003), 5-6, 33-34, 41-42, 49-52, 273-74;
587. Molly Ivins and Lou Dubose, Shrub: The Short but Happy Political Life of George W. Bush (New York: Vintage, 2000), 89-93;
588. David Aikman, AMan of Faith: The Spiritual Journey of George W. Bush (Nashville: W Publishing Group, 2004), 99-103, 136-37, 143-46;
589. James C. Moore and Wayne Slater, Bush's Brain: How Karl Rove Made GeorgeW. Bush Presidential (Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, 2003): 222;
590. Michael Lind, Made in Texas: GeorgeW. Bush and the Southern Takeover of American Politics (New York: Basic Books, 2003), 118-22;
591. Kevin Phillips, American Dynasty: Aristocracy, Fortune, and the Politics of Deceit in the House of Bush (New York: Viking, 2004), 173-77.