Power, speed, and form: Engineers and the making of the twentieth century

Power, Speed, and Form: Engineers and the Making of the Twentieth Century

Volumn 9781400849123, Issue , 2013, Pages 1-270

  Billington, David P ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIRCRAFT; ENGINEERING EDUCATION; PETROLEUM REFINING; RADIO TELEPHONE; REINFORCED CONCRETE; TELEPHONE SETS;

BREAKTHROUGH INNOVATIONS; ELECTRIC POWER; FIRST-YEAR ENGINEERING; GENERAL MOTORS; HISTORY OF ENGINEERINGS; OIL REFINING PROCESS; TWENTIETH CENTURY; WRIGHT BROTHERS;

BRIDGES;

EID: 84924763287     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (247)

1. Fortune, April 5, 2004, p. F1.
2. David P. Billington, The Innovators: The Engineering Pioneers Who Made America Modern (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1996).
3. Harold Evans, with Gail Buckland and David Lefer, They Made America: From the Steam Engine to the Search Engine: Two Centuries of Innovators (New York: Little, Brown, 2004).
4. Pauline Maier, Merritt Roe Smith, Alexander Keyssar, and Daniel J. Kevles, Inventing America (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002).
5. Walter G. Vincenti, What Engineers Know and How They Know It: Analytical Studies from Aeronautical History (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), pp. 6-9.
6. Helen A. Harrison, guest curator, Dawn of a New Day: The New York World's Fair, 1939/40 (New York: Queens Museum/New York University Press, 1980).
7. Phillip T. Sandhurst, The Great Centennial Exhibition, 1876 (Philadelphia: P. W. Ziegler, 1876).
8. David P. Billington, The Innovators: The Engineering Pioneers Who Made America Modern (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1996).
9. Louis Stotz, with Alexander Jamison, History of the Gas Industry (New York: Stettiner Brothers, 1938).
10. Malcolm MacLaren, The Rise of the Electrical Industry during the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1943), pp. 1-33.
11. Brian Bowers, A History of Electric Light and Power (London: Peter Peregrinus, 1992), pp. 64-65.
12. James Hamilton, Faraday: The Life (London: HarperCollins, 2002), pp. 245-51.
13. Arthur L. Cook and Clifford C. Carr, Elements of Electrical Engineering: A Textbook of Principles and Practice (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1947), pp. 100-153.
14. MacLaren, The Rise of the Electrical Industry, pp. 68-70, 114-20.
15. Harold C. Passer, The Electrical Manufacturers: 1875-1900 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1953), pp. 78-83.
16. Harold C. Passer, "Electrical Science and the Early Development of the Electrical Manufacturing Industry in the United States," Annals of Science (London) 7, no. 4 (December 28, 1951): 383-92.
17. George Wise, "Swan's Way: A Study in Style," IEEE Spectrum 19, no. 4 (April 1982): 66-70.
18. L. H. Latimer, Incandescent Electric Lighting: A Practical Description of the Edison System (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1890).
19. T. A. Edison and Charles T. Porter, "Description of the Edison Steam Dynamo," Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 3 (1882): 218-25.
20. Charles L. Clarke, "Edison 'Jumbo' Steam Dynamo," in "Edisonia": A Brief History of the Early Edison Electric Lighting System (New York: Association of Edison Illuminating Companies, 1904), pp. 27-59.
21. Clarke, "Edison 'Jumbo' Steam Dynamo," pp. 39-41.
22. André Millard, Edison and the Business of Innovation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990).
23. MacLaren, The Rise of the Electrical Industry, pp. 82-106.
24. Louis C. Hunter and Lynwood Bryant, A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1780-1930 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991), 3:217-37.
25. Cook and Carr, Elements of Electrical Engineering, pp. 247-57.
26. Francis E. Leupp, George Westinghouse: His Life and Achievements (Boston: Little Brown, 1918).
27. Jill Jonnes, Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse and the Race to Electrify the World (New York: Random House, 2003).
28. Passer, The Electrical Manufacturers, pp. 130-35.
29. Cook and Carr, Elements of Electrical Engineering, pp. 382-410, 528-37.
30. William Stanley, "Alternating-Current Development in America," Journal of the Franklin Institute 173 (January-June 1912): 561-80.
31. Laurence A. Hawkins, William Stanley (1858-1916)-His Life and Work (New York: Newcomen Society, 1951).
32. Passer, The Electrical Manufacturers, pp. 137-39.
33. Passer, The Electrical Manufacturers, p. 150.
34. Jonnes, Empires of Light, pp. 141-245.
35. Richard Moran, Executioner's Current: Thomas Edison, George Westinghouse, and the Invention of the Electric Chair (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002).
36. Israel, Edison, pp. 332-37.
37. Jonnes, Empires of Light, pp. 247-75.
38. Passer, The Electrical Manufacturers, pp. 151-64.
39. Mark H. Rose, Cities of Light and Heat: Domesticating Gas and Electricity in Urban America (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995).
40. David E. Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990).
41. Margaret Cheney, Tesla: Man Out of Time (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981).
42. Ronald R. Kline, Steinmetz: Engineer and Socialist (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992).
43. Leonard S. Reich, The Making of Industrial Research: Science and Business at GE and Bell, 1876-1926 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 62-128.
44. Robert V. Bruce, Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973).
45. Joseph Henry, The Scientific Writings of Joseph Henry, 2 vols. (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1886), 2:434.
46. Albert E. Moyer, Joseph Henry: The Rise of an American Scientist (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997), pp. 61-77.
47. Carleton Mabee, The American Leonardo: A Life of Samuel F. Morse (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1943).
48. Robert Luther Thompson, Wiring a Continent: The History of the Telegraph Industry in the United States, 1832-1866 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1947).
49. M. D. Fagen, ed., A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System, vol. 1: The Early Years (1875-1925) (Basking Ridge, NJ: Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1975), pp. 717-24.
50. Paul Israel, From Machine Shop to Industrial Laboratory: Telegraphy and the Changing Context of American Invention, 1830-1920 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992).
51. George B. Prescott, Bell's Electric Speaking Telephone (New York: D. Appleton, 1884; repr., New York: Arno Press, 1972), pp. 50-82.
52. Bruce, Bell, pp. 104-11, 120-24.
53. Michael E. Gorman, Matthew M. Mehalik, W. Bernard Carlson, and Michael Oblon, "Alexander Graham Bell, Elisha Gray and the Speaking Telegraph: A Cognitive Comparison," History of Technology 15 (1993): 1-56.
54. Bruce, Bell, pp. 144-45.
55. A. Edward Evenson, The Telephone Patent Conspiracy of 1876: The Elisha Gray-Alexander Bell Controversy and Its Many Players (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2000).
56. Bruce, Bell, pp. 167-73.
57. Paul Israel, Edison: A Life of Invention (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1998), pp. 130-41.
58. Bruce, Bell, pp. 260-80.
59. Leonard S. Reich, The Making of American Industrial Research: Science and Industry at GE and Bell, 1876-1926 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 142-50.
60. Neil H. Wasserman, From Invention to Innovation: Long-Distance Telephone Transmission at the Turn of the Century (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985), pp. 20-33.
61. Wasserman, From Invention to Innovation, pp. 40-53, 67-90.
62. Wasserman, From Invention to Innovation, pp. 90-100.
63. James E. Brittain, "The Introduction of the Loading Coil: George A. Campbell and Michael I. Pupin," Technology and Culture 11, no. 1 (January 1970): 36-57.
64. Lillian Hoddeson, "The Emergence of Basic Research in the Bell Telephone System, 1875-1915," Technology and Culture 22, no. 3 (July 1981): 512-44.
65. Bruce, Bell, p. 482.
66. Claude S. Fischer, America Calling: A Social History of the Telephone to 1940 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992).
67. Bruce, Bell, pp. 369-78.
68. Hounshell, "Elisha Gray and the Telephone," pp. 152-61.
69. Harold F. Williamson and Arnold R. Daum, The American Petroleum Industry: The Age of Illumination, 1859-1899 (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1959), pp. 27-60.
70. Harold F. Williamson, Ralph L. Andreano, Arnold R. Daum, and Gilbert C. Klose, The American Petroleum Industry: The Age of Energy, 1899-1959 (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1959).
71. Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991).
72. B. Silliman Jr., Report on the Rock Oil, or Petroleum, from Venango Co., Pennsylvania, with Special Reference to Its Use for Illumination and Other Purposes (New Haven, CT: J. H. Benham's Steam Power Press, 1855), p. 15.
73. Ron Chernow, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. (New York: Random House, 1998).
74. Williamson et al., The Age of Energy, 1899-1959, pp. 4-14.
75. Chernow, Titan, pp. 537-59.
76. Herman Frasch, see his entry in the National Cyclopaedia of American Biography (New York: James T. White, 1926), 19:347-48.
77. Williamson and Daum, The Age of Illumination, pp. 614-15.
78. John Lawrence Enos, Petroleum Progress and Profits: A History of Process Innovation (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1962), pp. 1-59.
79. Burton, "Medal Address," p. 485.
80. G. B. Kauffman, "Midgely: Saint or Serpent?" Chemtech 19, no. 12 (December, 1989): 717-25.
81. Gruse and Stevens, Chemical Technology of Petroleum, p. 438.
82. Alex G. Oblad, "The Contributions of Eugene J. Houdry to the Development of Catalytic Cracking," in Burton H. Davis and William P. Hettinger Jr., eds., Heterogeneous Catalysis: Selected American Histories, ACS Symposium Series 222 (Washington, DC, American Chemical Society, 1983), pp. 612-20.
83. James M. Laux, The European Auto Industry (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1992), pp. 1-50.
84. George S. May, "Stanley Motor Carriage Company,"
85. James M. Laux, "Steam Cars"
86. "White Motor Company," in George S. May, ed., Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography: The Automobile Industry, 1896-1920 (New York: Bruccoli Clark Layman and Facts on File, 1990), pp. 423-27, 452-57.
87. C. E. Woods, The Electric Automobile: Its Construction, Care, and Operation (Chicago: Herbert S. Stone, 1900).
88. Stuart Leslie, Boss Kettering (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983), pp. 46-50.
89. Laux, The European Auto Industry, pp. 1-50.
90. Beverly Rae Kimes, "The Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Company," in May, Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography: The Automobile Industry, 1896-1920, pp. 389-91.
91. Allan Nevins and Frank Ernest Hill, Ford: Decline and Rebirth 1933-1962 (New York: Charles Scribner's and Sons, 1954-63)
92. Brinkley, Wheels for the World, pp. 1-37.
93. David P. Billington, The Innovators: The Engineering Pioneers Who Made America Modern (New York: John W. Wiley and Sons, 1996), pp. 42-44.
94. Scharchburg, Carriages without Horses, pp. 121-25.
95. Nevins, Ford: The Times, the Man, the Company, pp. 192-219.
96. Brinkley, Wheels for the World, pp. 37-48.
97. Nevins, Ford: The Times, the Man, the Company, pp. 213-332.
98. Brinkley, Wheels for the World, pp. 49-89.
99. Nevins, Ford: The Times, the Man, the Company, pp. 323-38.
100. Nevins, Ford: The Times, the Man, the Company, pp. 387-93.
101. Brinkley, Wheels for the World, pp. 99-106.
102. John Farey, A Treatise on the Steam Engine: Historical Practical and Descriptive (London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1827), pp. 438-40.
103. Robert L. Streeter, Internal Combustion Engines (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1923), pp. 247-60.
104. John B. Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988), pp. 49-51.
105. Horace Lucien Arnold and Fay Leone Faurote, Ford Methods and the Ford Shops (New York: Engineering Magazine Company, 1915).
106. David A. Hounshell, From the American System to Mass Production, 1800-1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984), pp. 217-61.
107. William Greenleaf, Monopoly on Wheels: Henry Ford and the Selden Automobile Patent (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1961).
108. Bernard A. Weisberger, The Dream Maker: William C. Durant, Founder of General Motors (Boston: Little Brown, 1979).
109. Axel Madsen, The Deal Maker: How William C. Durant Made General Motors (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1999).
110. Alfred P. Sloan Jr., My Years with General Motors, ed. John McDonald with Catherine Stevens (New York: Doubleday, 1964), pp. 45-70, 149-68, 238-47.
111. Arthur J. Kuhn, GM Passes Ford, 1918-1938: Designing the General Motors Performance-Control System (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1986).
112. David R. Farber, Sloan Rules: Alfred P. Sloan and the Triumph of General Motors (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002).
113. Herbert L. Needleman, "Clamped in a Straitjacket: The Insertion of Lead into Gasoline," Environmental Research 74, no. 2 (August 1997): 95-103.
114. Farber, Sloan Rules, pp. 81-86.
115. Frederick Winslow Taylor, The Principles of Scientific Management (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1911).
116. Robert Kanigel, The One Best Way: Frederick Winslow Taylor and the Enigma of Efficiency (New York: 1997).
117. Hounshell, From the American System to Mass Production, pp. 249-53.
118. Hounshell, From the American System to Mass Production, pp. 252-53.
119. Michel Freyssenet et al., One Best Way? Trajectories and Industrial Models of the World's Automobile Producers (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
120. James J. Flink, The Automobile Age (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988).
121. Rudi Volti, "A Century of Automobility,"
122. Ronald R. Kline and Trevor J. Pinch, "Users as Agents of Technological Change: The Social Construction of the Automobile in the Rural United States," both in Technology and Culture 37, no. 4 (October 1996): 663-85, and 763-95.
123. John D. Anderson Jr., A History of Aerodynamics and Its Impact on Flying Machines (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 14-62.
124. Tom D. Crouch, "Aeronautics in the Pre-Wright Era: Engineers and the Airplane," in Richard P. Hallion, ed., The Wright Brothers: Heirs of Prometheus (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1985), pp. 3-19.
125. Charles H. Gibbs-Smith, Sir George Cayley's Aeronautics, 1796-1855 (London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office, 1962).
126. Anderson, A History of Aerodynamics, pp. 62-80.
127. Charles H. Gibbs-Smith, Aviation: An Historical Survey from Its Origins to the End of World War II (London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office, 1985), pp. 59-63.
128. Otto Lilienthal, Birdflight as the Basis of Aviation, trans. A. W. Isenthal (New York: Longmans Green, 1911; repr., Hummelstown, PA: Markowski International, 2001).
129. Anderson, A History of Aerodynamics, pp. 138-64.
130. Tom D. Crouch, A Dream of Wings: Americans and the Airplane, 1875-1905 (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989), pp. 157-74.
131. Anderson, A History of Aerodynamics, pp. 164-92.
132. Tom Crouch, The Bishop's Boys: A Life of Wilbur and Orville Wright (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989).
133. Octave Chanute, Progress in Flying Machines (New York: M. N. Forney, 1894; repr. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1997).
134. Crouch, A Dream of Wings, pp. 175-202.
135. Crouch, The Bishop's Boys, pp. 157-80.
136. Anderson, A History of Aerodynamics, pp. 3-11.
137. Gibbs-Smith, Aviation, pp. 43-44.
138. Orville Wright account in Marvin W. McFarland, ed., The Papers of Wilbur and Orville Wright, 2 vols. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1953), 1: 5-12.
139. Wilbur Wright, "Experiments and Observation in Soaring Flight," Journal of the Western Society of Engineers 8 (August 1908): 400-417.
140. Crouch, The Bishop's Boys, pp. 181-99.
141. Peter L. Jakab, Visions of a Flying Machine: The Wright Brothers and the Process of Innovation (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1990), pp. 83-101.
142. Jakab, Visions of a Flying Machine, pp. 93-94.
143. The Jakab, Visions of a Flying Machine, pp. 150-54.
144. McFarland, ed., The Papers of Wilbur and Orville Wright, 1:579, 583.
145. Howard S. Wolko, "Structural Design of the 1903 Wright Flyer," in Howard S. Wolko, ed., The Wright Flyer: An Engineering Perspective (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1987), pp. 97-106.
146. Harvey H. Lippincott, "Propulsion Systems of the Wright Brothers," in Wolko, The Wright Flyer, pp. 82-95.
147. Jakab, Visions of a Flying Machine, p. 192.
148. McFarland, ed., The Papers of Wilbur and Orville Wright, 1:594-640.
149. Lippincott, "Propulsion Systems of the Wright Brothers," pp. 79-82.
150. Crouch, The Bishop's Boys, pp. 253-61, 263-72.
151. Jakab, Visions of a Flying Machine, pp. 183-212.
152. Langley and Manly, Langley Memoir on Mechanical Flight, pp. 207-17.
153. McFarland, The Papers of Wilbur and Orville Wright, 1:395.
154. Rodney K. Worrell, "The Wright Brothers Pioneer Patent," American Bar Association Journal 65 (October 1979): 1512-18.
155. Crouch, The Bishop's Boys, p. 312.
156. Crouch, The Bishop's Boys, pp. 301-26.
157. Phaedra Hise, "The Wright Brothers: How They Failed," Invention and Technology 19, no. 2 (Fall 2003): 42-49.
158. Charles Gibbs-Smith, The Rebirth of European Aviation, 1902-1908: A Study of the Wright Brothers' Influence (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1974).
159. Alexander Graham Bell, "Aerial Locomotion," National Geographic 18, no. 1 (January 1907): 1-34.
160. Robert V. Bruce, Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1973), pp. 430-54.
161. C. R. Roseberry, Glenn Curtiss: Pioneer of Flight (Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, 1972), pp. 48-162.
162. Malcolm J. Abzug and E. Eugene Larrabee, Airplane Stability and Control: A History of the Technologies That Made Aviation Possible (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 5-6.
163. Crouch, The Bishop's Boys, pp. 402-15, 461-62.
164. Crouch, The Bishop's Boys, pp. 464-67.
165. Tom Crouch, "The Feud between the Wright Brothers and the Smithsonian," American Heritage of Invention and Technology 2, no. 3 (Spring 1987): pp. 34-46.
166. Crouch, The Bishop's Boys, pp. 484-501, 526-29.
167. Jakab, Visions of a Flying Machine, pp. 220-21.
168. Anderson, A History of Aerodynamics, pp. 115 and 243.
169. James Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1873).
170. Paul J. Nahin, The Science of Radio (Woodbury, NY: American Institute of Physics Press, 1996), pp. 7-10.
171. Heinrich Hertz, Electric Waves (1893; repr., New York: Dover Publications, 1962).
172. Hugh G. J. Aitken, Syntony and Spark: The Origins of Radio (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1976), pp. 48-79.
173. G. Marconi, "Wireless Telegraphy," Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 28 (1899): 273-97.
174. Aitken, Syntony and Spark, pp. 179-297.
175. Sungook Hong, Wireless: From Marconi's Black Box to the Audion (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 2001), pp. 17-23.
176. W. P. Jolly, Marconi (New York: Stein and Day, 1972).
177. W. J. Baker, A History of the Marconi Company (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1972).
178. Frederick Seitz, The Cosmic Inventor: Reginald Aubrey Fessenden (1866-1932) (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1999).
179. James E. Brittain, Alexanderson: Pioneer in American Electrical Engineering (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), pp. 29-43.
180. R. A. Fessenden, "Wireless Telephony," Proceedings of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers 27 (1908): 1283-1358.
181. Hugh G. J. Aitken, The Continuous Wave: Technology and American Radio, 1900-1932 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985), pp. 40-86.
182. Desmond P. C. Thackeray, "When Tubes Beat Crystals: Early Radio Detectors," IEEE Spectrum 20, no. 3 (March 1983): 64-69.
183. Abraham Marcus and William Marcus, Elements of Radio (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1943).
184. Susan J. Douglas, Inventing American Broadcasting, 1899-1922 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), pp. 155-56.
185. Marcus and Marcus, Elements of Radio, pp. 51-63, 605-18.
186. J. A. Fleming, The Thermionic Valve and Its Developments in Radio-Telegraphy and Telephony, 2nd ed. (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1924), pp. 46-97.
187. Marcus and Marcus, Elements of Radio, pp. 97-103.
188. Tom Lewis, Empire of the Air: The Men Who Made Radio (New York: Edward Burlingame Books, 1991), pp. 58-71.
189. E. H. Armstrong, "Some Recent Developments in the Audion Receiver," Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 3, no. 4 (September 1915): 215-46.
190. Marcus and Marcus, Elements of Radio, pp. 121-29.
191. D. G. Tucker, "The History of Positive Feedback: The Oscillating Audion, the Regenerative Receiver, and other applications up to around 1923," Radio and Electronic Engineer 42, no. 2 (February 1972): 69-80.
192. Marcus and Marcus, Elements of Radio, pp. 123-25.
193. Aitken, The Continuous Wave, pp. 281-431.
194. Douglas, Inventing American Broadcasting, 1899-1922.
195. Christopher H. Sterling and John Michael Kittross, Stay Tuned: A Concise History of American Broadcasting, 3rd ed. (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002).
196. Robert L. Hilliard, The Federal Communications Commission: A Primer (Boston: Focal Press, 1991), pp. 63-66.
197. Lewis, Empire of the Air, pp. 247-59.
198. Lewis, Empire of the Air, pp. 260-68, 300-327.
199. Lyons, David Sarnoff, pp. 212-14.
200. Lewis, Empire of the Air, pp. 300-27.
201. David P. Billington, The Tower and the Bridge: The New Art of Structural Enginering (New York: Basic Books, 1984), pp. 27-44.
202. Gustave Eiffel, La Tour Eiffel en 1900 (Paris: Masson et Cie, 1902), pp. 4-6.
203. John A. Roebling, Report of John A. Roebling, Civil Engineer, to the President and Board of Directors of the Covington and Cincinnati Bridge Company (Cincinnati, 1867).
204. David P. Billington, The Innovators: The Engineering Pioneers Who Made America Modern (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1996), pp. 144-54.
205. Paul A. Stellhorn and Michael J. Birkner, eds., The Governors of New Jersey, 1664-1974 (Trenton, NJ: New Jersey Historical Commission, 1982), pp. 194-96.
206. Doig and Billington, "Ammann's First Bridge," pp. 563-65.
207. Ammann, "General Conception and Development of Design," p. 10.
208. J.A.L. Waddell, Bridge Engineering, 2 vols. (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1916), 1:117.
209. Leon S. Moissieff, "The Towers, Cables, and Stiffening Trusses of the Bridge over the Delaware River between Philadelphia and Camden," Journal of the Franklin Institute 200, no. 4 (October 1925): 436-66.
210. Doig and Billington, "Ammann's First Bridge," pp. 553-54.
211. Dana, Andersen, and Rapp, "George Washington Bridge: Design of Superstructure," p. 109.
212. Joseph E. Stevens, Hoover Dam: An American Adventure (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1988).
213. David P. Billington, The Tower and the Bridge: The New Art of Structural Engineering (New York: Basic Books, 1984), pp. 148-51.
214. Max Bill, Robert Maillart (Erlenbach-Zürich: Verlag für Architektur AG/Les Editions d'Architecture SA, 1949), p. 26.
215. David P. Billington, Robert Maillart: Designer, Builder, Artist (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
216. David P. Billington, "Maillart and the Salginatobel Bridge, Switzerland," Structural Engineering International 1, no. 4 (November 1991): 46-50.
217. On Eastwood and his work, see Donald C. Jackson, Building the Ultimate Dam: John S. Eastwood and the Control of Water in the West (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995).
218. Norman Smith, A History of Dams (Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press, 1972).
219. Donald C. Jackson, Great American Bridges and Dams (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1988), pp. 41-53.
220. William B. Friedricks, Henry E. Huntington and the Creation of Southern California (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1992).
221. Jackson, Building the Ultimate Dam, pp. 109-33.
222. James D. Schuyler, Reservoirs for Irrigation, Water-Power, and Domestic Water-Supply (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1901).
223. Charles F. Outland, Man-Made Disaster: The Story of the St. Francis Dam (Glendale, CA: Arthur H. Clark, 1963).
224. Fred D. Pyle, "Hodges Dam Strengthened," Engineering News-Record 117 (November 5, 1936): 644-47.
225. David P. Billington, "History and Aesthetics in Suspension Bridges," Journal of the Structural Division (American Society of Civil Engineers) 103, no. ST8 (August 1977): 1-18.
226. Lars Jorgensen, "The Record of 100 Dam Failures," Journal of Electricity 44, no. 6 (March 15 and April 1, 1920): 274-76, 320, and 321.
227. Walter Stuart Diehl, Engineering Aerodynamics (New York: Ronald Press Company, 1940).
228. John D. Anderson Jr., A History of 253
229. Aerodynamics and Its Impact on Flying Machines (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 73-74, 320-21.
230. on streamlining, pp. 321-28.
231. Vincent Curcio, Chrysler: The Life and Times of an Automotive Genius (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 1-124, 215-41.
232. Curcio, Chrysler, pp. 361-99.
233. Breer, The Birth of the Chrysler Corporation, pp. 91-142.
234. Howard S. Irwin, "History of the Airflow Car," Scientific American 237, no. 2 (August 1977): 98-105.
235. Breer, The Birth of the Chrysler Corporation, pp. 143-75.
236. James J. Flink, "The Path of Least Resistance," Invention and Technology 5, no. 2 (Fall 1989): 34-44.
237. Allan Nevins and Ernest Frank Hill, Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 1915-1933 (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1957), pp. 238-47.
238. C. G. Grey and Leonard Bridgman eds. Jane's All the World's Aircraft, 1930, pp. 281-83.
239. Louis Breguet, "Aerodynamical Efficiency and the Reduction of Air Transport Costs," Aeronautical Journal 26 (1922): 307-13.
240. B. Melvill Jones, "The Streamline Airplane," Aeronautical Journal 32 (1929): 358-85.
241. Robert Redding and Bill Yenne, Boeing: Planemaker to the World (London: Arms and Armour Press, 1983).
242. Cunningham, Sky Master, pp. 220-21.
243. Wilbur M. Morrison, Donald W. Douglas, pp. 77-90.
244. Bill Yenne, Mc-Donnell Douglas: A Tale of Two Giants (New York: Crescent Books, 1985), pp. 84-91.
245. C. G. Grey and Leonard Bridgman, eds., Jane's All the World's Aircraft, 1935, pp. 300-301.
246. Donald J. Bush, The Streamlined Decade (New York: George Braziller, 1975).
247. Helen A. Harrison, Dawn of a New Day: The New York World's Fair, 1939/40 (New York: Queens Museum/New York University Press, 1980).