Current trends in nanomaterial-based amperometric biosensors

Sensors (Switzerland)

Volumn 14, Issue 12, 2014, Pages 23439-23461

  Hayat, Akhtar ^a,b   Catanante, Gaëlle ^a   Marty, Jean Louis ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE PERPIGNAN   (France)

^b COMSATS Institute of Information Technology   (Pakistan)

Author keywords

Amperometric biosensors; Analytical applications; Electrochemical sensing; Nanomaterials; Sensing design

Indexed keywords

CHEMICAL DETECTION; DESIGN; ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS;

AMPEROMETRIC BIOSENSORS; ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS; DIVERSE PROPERTIES; ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION METHOD; ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSING; INTENSIVE RESEARCH; NANOMATERIAL;

BIOSENSORS;

EID: 84924657817     PISSN: 14248220     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/s141223439     Document Type: Review

References (129)

1. Grieshaber, D.; MacKenzie, R.; Vörös, J.; Reimhult, E. Electrochemical biosensors—Sensor principles and architectures. Sensors 2008, 8, 1400–1458.
2. Hayat, A.; Marty, J.L. Aptamer based electrochemical sensors for emerging environmental pollutants. Front.Chem. 2014, 2, doi:10.3389/fchem.2014.00041.
3. Luz, R.S.; Iost, R.; Crespilho, F. Nanomaterials for biosensors and implantable biodevices. In Nanobioelectrochemistry; Crespilho, F.N., Ed.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2013; pp. 27–48.
4. Meng, Y.; Aldous, L.; Belding, S.R.; Compton, R.G. The formal potentials and electrode kinetics of the proton/hydrogen couple in various room temperature ionic liquids. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 5572–5574.
5. Hayat, A.; Marty, J.L. Disposable screen printed electrochemical sensors: Tools for environmental monitoring. Sensors 2014, 14, 10432–10453.
6. Hayat, A.; Yang, C.; Rhouati, A.; Marty, J.L. Recent advances and achievements in nanomaterial-based, and structure switchable aptasensing platforms for ochratoxin a detection. Sensors 2013, 13, 15187–15208.
7. Dequaire, M.; Degrand, C.; Limoges, B. An electrochemical metalloimmunoassay based on a colloidal gold label. Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 5521–5528.
8. Chen, A.; Chatterjee, S. Nanomaterials based electrochemical sensors for biomedical applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 5425–5438.
9. Li, H.; Liu, S.; Dai, Z.; Bao, J.; Yang, X. Applications of nanomaterials in electrochemical enzyme biosensors. Sensors 2009, 9, 8547–8561.
10. Song, S.; Qin, Y.; He, Y.; Huang, Q.; Fan, C.; Chen, H.-Y. Functional nanoprobes for ultrasensitive detection of biomolecules. Chem. Soc. Rev.2010, 39, 4234–4243.
11. Iost, R.M.; da Silva, W.C.; Madurro, J.M.; Madurro, A.G.; Ferreira, L.F.; Crespilho, F.N. Recent advances in nano-based electrochemical biosensors: Application in diagnosis and monitoring of diseases. Front. Biosci. (Elite Ed.) 2011, 3, 663–689.
12. Decher, G. Fuzzy nanoassemblies towards layer polymeric multicomposites. Science 1997, 277, 1232–1237.
13. Bricaud, Q.; Fabre, R.M.; Brookins, R.N.; Schanze, K.S.; Reynolds, J.R. Energy transfer between conjugated polyelectrolytes in layer-by-layer assembled films. Langmuir 2011, 27, 5021–5028.
14. Alencar, W.S.; Crespilho, F.N.; Santos, M.R.M.C.; Zucolotto, V.; Oliveira, O.N.; Silva, W.C. Influence of film architecture on the charge-transfer reactions of metallophthalocyanine layer-by-layer films. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 12817–12821.
15. De Sousa Luz, R.A.; Martins, M.V.A.; Magalhães, J.L.; Siqueira, J.R., Jr.; Zucolotto, V.; Oliveira, O.N., Jr.; Crespilho, F.N.; da Silva, W.C. Supramolecular architectures in layer-by-layer films of single-walled carbon nanotubes, chitosan and cobalt (ii) phthalocyanine. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2011, 130, 1072–1077.
16. Alencar, W.S.; Crespilho, F.N.; Martins, M.V.A.; Zucolotto, V.; Oliveira, J.O.N.; Silva, W.C. Synergistic interaction between gold nanoparticles and nickel phthalocyanine in layer-by-layer (lbl) films: Evidence of constitutional dynamic chemistry (cdc). Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2009, 11, 5086–5091.
17. Lei, J.; Ju, H. Signal amplification using functional nanomaterials for biosensing. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 2122–2134.
18. Pandiaraj, M.; Madasamy, T.; Gollavilli, P.N.; Balamurugan, M.; Kotamraju, S.; Rao, V.K.; Bhargava, K.; Karunakaran, C. Nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors for cytochrome c using cytochrome c reductase. Bioelectrochemistry 2013, 91, 1–7.
19. Wang, J. Nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors. Analyst 2005, 130, 421–426.
20. Kerman, K.; Saito, M.; Tamiya, E.; Yamamura, S.; Takamura, Y. Nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors for medical applications. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2008, 27, 585–592.
21. Putzbach, W.; Ronkainen, N.J. Immobilization techniques in the fabrication of nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors: A review. Sensors 2013, 13, 4811–4840.
22. Ansari, S.A.; Husain, Q. Potential applications of enzymes immobilized on/in nano materials: A review. Biotechnol. Adv. 2012, 30, 512–523.
23. Jia, H.; Zhu, G.; Wang, P. Catalytic behaviors of enzymes attached to nanoparticles: The effect of particle mobility. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2003, 84, 406–414.
24. Ali, M.; Winterer, M. Zno nanocrystals: Surprisingly ‘alive’. Chem. Mater.2009, 22, 85–91.
25. Ni, Y.; Cao, X.; Wu, G.; Hu, G.; Yang, Z.; Wei, X. Preparation, characterization and property study of zinc oxide nanoparticles via a simple solution-combusting method. Nanotechnology 2007, 18, 155–161.
26. Hayat, A.; Barthelmebs, L.; Marty, J.-L. Enzyme-linked immunosensor based on super paramagnetic nanobeads for easy and rapid detection of okadaic acid. Anal. Chim. Acta 2011, 690, 248–252.
27. Sassolas, A.; Hayat, A.; Marty, J.-L. Immobilization of enzymes on magnetic beads through affinity interactions. In Immobilization of Enzymes and Cells; Humana Press: New York, NY, USA, 2013; pp. 139–148.
28. Pinacho, D.; Sánchez-Baeza, F.; Pividori, M.-I.; Marco, M.-P. Electrochemical detection of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in milk using a magneto immunosensor. Sensors 2014, 14, 15965–15980.
29. Martin, M.; Salazar, P.; Villalonga, R.; Campuzano, S.; Pingarron, J.M.; Gonzalez-Mora, J.L. Preparation of core-shell Fe3O4@poly(dopamine) magnetic nanoparticles for biosensor construction. J. Mater. Chem. B 2014, 2, 739–746.
30. Yang, C.-H.; Kuo, L.-S.; Chen, P.-H.; Yang, C.-R.; Tsai, Z.-M. Development of a multilayered polymeric DNA biosensor using radio frequency technology with gold and magnetic nanoparticles. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2012, 31, 349–356.
31. Rhouati, A.; Hayat, A.; Hernandez, D.B.; Meraihi, Z.; Munoz, R.; Marty, J.-L. Development of an automated flow-based electrochemical aptasensor for on-line detection of ochratoxin a. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2013, 176, 1160–1166.
32. Dominguez, R.B.; Hayat, A.; Sassolas, A.; Alonso, G.A.; Munoz, R.; Marty, J.-L. Automated flow-through amperometric immunosensor for highly sensitive and on-line detection of okadaic acid in mussel sample. Talanta 2012, 99, 232–237.
33. Barthelmebs, L.; Hayat, A.; Limiadi, A.W.; Marty, J.-L.; Noguer, T. Electrochemical DNA aptamer-based biosensor for OTA detection, using superparamagnetic nanoparticles. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2011, 156, 932–937.
34. Hayat, A.; Barthelmebs, L.; Sassolas, A.; Marty, J.-L. Development of a novel label-free amperometric immunosensor for the detection of okadaic acid. Anal. Chim. Acta 2012, 724, 92–97.
35. Zhuo, Y.; Yuan, P.-X.; Yuan, R.; Chai, Y.-Q.; Hong, C.-L. Bienzyme functionalized three-layer composite magnetic nanoparticles for electrochemical immunosensors. Biomaterials 2009, 30, 2284–2290.
36. Liu, Z.; Liu, Y.; Yang, H.; Yang, Y.; Shen, G.; Yu, R. A phenol biosensor based on immobilizing tyrosinase to modified core-shell magnetic nanoparticles supported at a carbon paste electrode. Anal. Chim. Acta 2005, 533, 3–9.
37. Zheng, B.; Xie, S.; Qian, L.; Yuan, H.; Xiao, D.; Choi, M.M.F. Gold nanoparticles-coated eggshell membrane with immobilized glucose oxidase for fabrication of glucose biosensor. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2011, 152, 49–55.
38. Wang, L.; Wen, W.; Xiong, H.; Zhang, X.; Gu, H.; Wang, S. A novel amperometric biosensor for superoxide anion based on superoxide dismutase immobilized on gold nanoparticle-chitosan-ionic liquid biocomposite film. Anal. Chim. Acta 2013, 758, 66–71.
39. Florea, A.; Taleat, Z.; Cristea, C.; Mazloum-Ardakani, M.; Săndulescu, R. Label free muc1 aptasensors based on electrodeposition of gold nanoparticles on screen printed electrodes. Electrochem. Commun. 2013, 33, 127–130.
40. Ho, K.M.; Mao, X.; Gu, L.; Li, P. Facile route to enzyme immobilization: Core-shell nanoenzyme particles consisting of well-defined poly(methyl methacrylate) cores and cellulase shells. Langmuir 2008, 24, 11036–11042.
41. Rawal, R.; Chawla, S.; Pundir, C.S. Polyphenol biosensor based on laccase immobilized onto silver nanoparticles/multiwalled carbon nanotube/polyaniline gold electrode. Anal. Biochem.2011, 419, 196–204.
42. Li, H.; He, J.; Zhao, Y.; Wu, D.; Cai, Y.; Wei, Q.; Yang, M. Immobilization of glucose oxidase and platinum on mesoporous silica nanoparticles for the fabrication of glucose biosensor. Electrochim. Acta 2011, 56, 2960–2965.
43. Devi, R.; Thakur, M.; Pundir, C.S. Construction and application of an amperometric xanthine biosensor based on zinc oxide nanoparticles–polypyrrole composite film. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011, 26, 3420–3426.
44. MansouriMajd, S.; Teymourian, H.; Salimi, A.; Hallaj, R. Fabrication of electrochemical theophylline sensor based on manganese oxide nanoparticles/ionic liquid/chitosan nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode. Electrochim. Acta 2013, 108, 707–716.
45. Lu, W.; Cao, X.; Tao, L.; Ge, J.; Dong, J.; Qian, W. A novel label-free amperometric immunosensor for carcinoembryonic antigen based on ag nanoparticle decorated infinite coordination polymer fibres. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2014, 57, 219–225.
46. Turkmen, E.; Bas, S.Z.; Gulce, H.; Yildiz, S. Glucose biosensor based on immobilization of glucose oxidase in electropolymerized poly(o-phenylenediamine) film on platinum nanoparticles-polyvinylferrocenium modified electrode. Electrochim. Acta 2014, 123, 93–102.
47. Gao, L.; Zhuang, J.; Nie, L.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, Y.; Gu, N.; Wang, T.; Feng, J.; Yang, D.; Perrett, S. et al. Intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of ferromagnetic nanoparticles. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2007, 2, 577–583.
48. Ding, L.; Bond, A.M.; Zhai, J.; Zhang, J. Utilization of nanoparticle labels for signal amplification in ultrasensitive electrochemical affinity biosensors: A review. Anal. Chim. Acta 2013, 797, 1–12.
49. Hayat, A.; Andreescu, S. Nanoceria particles as catalytic amplifiers for alkaline phosphatase assays. Anal. Chem. 2013, 85, 10028–10032.
50. Song, Y.; Qu, K.; Zhao, C.; Ren, J.; Qu, X. Graphene oxide: Intrinsic peroxidase catalytic activity and its application to glucose detection. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 2206–2210.
51. Liu, Y.; Yu, D.; Zeng, C.; Miao, Z.; Dai, L. Biocompatible graphene oxide-based glucose biosensors. Langmuir 2010, 26, 6158–6160.
52. Polsky, R.; Gill, R.; Kaganovsky, L.; Willner, I. Nucleic acid-functionalized Pt nanoparticles: Catalytic labels for the amplified electrochemical detection of biomolecules. Anal. Chem. 2006, 78, 2268–2271.
53. Kajita, M.; Hikosaka, K.; Iitsuka, M.; Kanayama, A.; Toshima, N.; Miyamoto, Y. Platinum nanoparticle is a useful scavenger of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide. Free Radic. Res. 2007, 41, 615–626.
54. You, T.; Niwa, O.; Chen, Z.; Hayashi, K.; Tomita, M.; Hirono, S. An amperometric detector formed of highly dispersed ni nanoparticles embedded in a graphite-like carbon film electrode for sugar determination. Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 5191–5196.
55. Heli, H.; Hajjizadeh, M.; Jabbari, A.; Moosavi-Movahedi, A.A. Fine steps of electrocatalytic oxidation and sensitive detection of some amino acids on copper nanoparticles. Anal. Biochem. 2009, 388, 81–90.
56. Xu, J.-Z.; Zhu, J.-J.; Wang, H.; Chen, H.-Y. Nano-sized copper oxide modified carbon paste electrodes as an amperometric sensor for amikacin. Anal. Lett. 2003, 36, 2723–2733.
57. Özel, R.E.; Ispas, C.; Ganesana, M.; Leiter, J.C.; Andreescu, S. Glutamate oxidase biosensor based on mixed ceria and titania nanoparticles for the detection of glutamate in hypoxic environments. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2014, 52, 397–402.
58. Lin, J.; He, C.; Zhao, Y.; Zhang, S. One-step synthesis of silver nanoparticles/carbon nanotubes/chitosan film and its application in glucose biosensor. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2009, 137, 768–773.
59. Jv, Y.; Li, B.; Cao, R. Positively-charged gold nanoparticles as peroxidiase mimic and their application in hydrogen peroxide and glucose detection. Chem. Commun.2010, 46, 8017–8019.
60. Wang, J. Nanomaterial-based amplified transduction of biomolecular interactions. Small 2005, 1, 1036–1043.
61. Yang, P.; Li, X.; Wang, L.; Wu, Q.; Chen, Z.; Lin, X. Sandwich-type amperometric immunosensor for cancer biomarker based on signal amplification strategy of multiple enzyme-linked antibodies as probes modified with carbon nanotubes and concanavalin a. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2014, 732, 38–45.
62. Liu, S.; Ju, H. Reagentless glucose biosensor based on direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase immobilized on colloidal gold modified carbon paste electrode. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2003, 19, 177–183.
63. Xiao, Y.; Patolsky, F.; Katz, E.; Hainfeld, J.F.; Willner, I. “Plugging into enzymes”: Nanowiring of redox enzymes by a gold nanoparticle. Science 2003, 299, 1877–1881.
64. Ghalkhani, M.; Shahrokhian, S.; Ghorbani-Bidkorbeh, F. Voltammetric studies of sumatriptan on the surface of pyrolytic graphite electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes decorated with silver nanoparticles. Talanta 2009, 80, 31–38.
65. Jiménez, A.; Armada, M.P.G.; Losada, J.; Villena, C.; Alonso, B.; Casado, C.M. Amperometric biosensors for nadh based on hyperbranched dendritic ferrocene polymers and Pt nanoparticles. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2014, 190, 111–119.
66. Wang, J.; Xu, D.; Kawde, A.-N.; Polsky, R. Metal nanoparticle-based electrochemical stripping potentiometric detection of DNA hybridization. Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 5576–5581.
67. Guo, S.; Wang, E. Synthesis and electrochemical applications of gold nanoparticles. Anal. Chim. Acta 2007, 598, 181–192.
68. Kienberger, F.; Kada, G.; Mueller, H.; Hinterdorfer, P. Single molecule studies of antibody–antigen interaction strength versus intra-molecular antigen stability. J. Mol. Biol. 2005, 347, 597–606.
69. Lai, G.; Yan, F.; Wu, J.; Leng, C.; Ju, H. Ultrasensitive multiplexed immunoassay with electrochemical stripping analysis of silver nanoparticles catalytically deposited by gold nanoparticles and enzymatic reaction. Anal. Chem. 2011, 83, 2726–2732.
70. Dungchai, W.; Siangproh, W.; Chaicumpa, W.; Tongtawe, P.; Chailapakul, O. Salmonella typhi determination using voltammetric amplification of nanoparticles: A highly sensitive strategy for metalloimmunoassay based on a copper-enhanced gold label. Talanta 2008, 77, 727–732.
71. Tan, E.; Yin, P.; Lang, X.; Wang, X.; You, T.; Guo, L. Functionalized gold nanoparticles as nanosensor for sensitive and selective detection of silver ions and silver nanoparticles by surface-enhanced raman scattering. Analyst 2012, 137, 3925–3928.
72. Pei, X.; Zhang, B.; Tang, J.; Liu, B.; Lai, W.; Tang, D. Sandwich-type immunosensors and immunoassays exploiting nanostructure labels: A review. Anal. Chim. Acta 2013, 758, 1–18.
73. Omidfar, K.; Khorsand, F.; Darziani Azizi, M. New analytical applications of gold nanoparticles as label in antibody based sensors. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2013, 43, 336–347.
74. Das, R.S.; Singh, B.; Banerjee, R.; Mukhopadhyay, S. Pvp stabilized Pt nano particles catalyzed de-oxygenation of phenoxazine group by hydrazine in physiological buffer media: Surfactant competes with reactants for the same surface sites. Dalton Trans. 2013, 42, 4068–4080.
75. Xu, Z.; Zhang, H.; Zhong, H.; Lu, Q.; Wang, Y.; Su, D. Effect of particle size on the activity and durability of the Pt/C electrocatalyst for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2012, 111–112, 264–270.
76. Zhang, J.; Ting, B.P.; Khan, M.; Pearce, M.C.; Yang, Y.; Gao, Z.; Ying, J.Y. Pt nanoparticle label-mediated deposition of Pt catalyst for ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensors. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2010, 26, 418–423.
77. Tang, H.; Chen, J.; Nie, L.; Kuang, Y.; Yao, S. A label-free electrochemical immunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen (cea) based on gold nanoparticles (aunps) and nonconductive polymer film. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2007, 22, 1061–1067.
78. Ozsoz, M.; Erdem, A.; Kerman, K.; Ozkan, D.; Tugrul, B.; Topcuoglu, N.; Ekren, H.; Taylan, M. Electrochemical genosensor based on colloidal gold nanoparticles for the detection of factor v leiden mutation using disposable pencil graphite electrodes. Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 2181–2187.
79. Das, J.; Aziz, M.A.; Yang, H. A nanocatalyst-based assay for proteins: DNA-free ultrasensitive electrochemical detection using catalytic reduction of p-nitrophenol by gold-nanoparticle labels. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2006, 128, 16022–16023.
80. Cai, H.; Wang, Y.; He, P.; Fang, Y. Electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization based on silver-enhanced gold nanoparticle label. Anal. Chim. Acta 2002, 469, 165–172.
81. Ting, B.P.; Zhang, J.; Gao, Z.; Ying, J.Y. A DNA biosensor based on the detection of doxorubicin-conjugated Ag nanoparticle labels using solid-state voltammetry. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2009, 25, 282–287.
82. Feng, L.-N.; Bian, Z.-P.; Peng, J.; Jiang, F.; Yang, G.-H.; Zhu, Y.-D.; Yang, D.; Jiang, L.-P.; Zhu, J.-J. Ultrasensitive multianalyte electrochemical immunoassay based on metal ion functionalized titanium phosphate nanospheres. Anal. Chem. 2012, 84, 7810–7815.
83. Feng, L.-N.; Peng, J.; Zhu, Y.-D.; Jiang, L.-P.; Zhu, J.-J. Synthesis of Cd2+-functionalized titanium phosphate nanoparticles and application as labels for electrochemical immunoassays. Chem. Commun.2012, 48, 4474–4476.
84. Gao, H.; Zhong, J.; Qin, P.; Lin, C.; Sun, W.; Jiao, K. Electrochemical DNA hybridization assay for the fmv 35s gene sequence using pbs nanoparticles as a label. Microchim. Acta 2009, 165, 173–178.
85. Zhugesi Formation. In Geological Formation Names of China (1866–2000); Zhang, S., Ed.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2009; pp. 1414–1414.
86. Omidfar, K.; Zarei, H.; Gholizadeh, F.; Larijani, B. A high-sensitivity electrochemical immunosensor based on mobile crystalline material-41–polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposite and colloidal gold nanoparticles. Anal. Biochem.2012, 421, 649–656.
87. Wang, J.; Liu, G.; Merkoçi, A. Electrochemical coding technology for simultaneous detection of multiple DNA targets. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3214–3215.
88. Numnuam, A.; Chumbimuni-Torres, K.Y.; Xiang, Y.; Bash, R.; Thavarungkul, P.; Kanatharana, P.; Pretsch, E.; Wang, J.; Bakker, E. Potentiometric detection of DNA hybridization. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2007, 130, 410–411.
89. Zhu, N.; Zhang, A.; Wang, Q.; He, P.; Fang, Y. Lead sulfide nanoparticle as oligonucleotides labels for electrochemical stripping detection of DNA hybridization. Electroanalysis 2004, 16, 577–582.
90. Zhou, N.; Li, J.; Chen, H.; Liao, C.; Chen, L. A functional graphene oxide-ionic liquid composites-gold nanoparticle sensing platform for ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of Hg2+. Analyst 2013, 138, 1091–1097.
91. Chazalviel, J.-N.; Allongue, P. On the origin of the efficient nanoparticle mediated electron transfer across a self-assembled monolayer. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2010, 133, 762–764.
92. Leng, C.; Wu, J.; Xu, Q.; Lai, G.; Ju, H.; Yan, F. A highly sensitive disposable immunosensor through direct electro-reduction of oxygen catalyzed by palladium nanoparticle decorated carbon nanotube label. Biosens.Bioelectron.2011, 27, 71–76.
93. Lu, J.; Liu, Y.; Wang, X.; Wang, S.; Di, X. Development and validation of a rapid high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of wj-38, a novel aldose reductase inhibitor, in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. J. Chromatogr. B 2012, 893–894, 29–33.
94. Dong, X.-Y.; Mi, X.-N.; Zhang, L.; Liang, T.-M.; Xu, J.-J.; Chen, H.-Y. Dnazyme-functionalized Pt nanoparticles/carbon nanotubes for amplified sandwich electrochemical DNA analysis. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2012, 38, 337–341.
95. Tang, J.; Tang, D.; Li, Q.; Su, B.; Qiu, B.; Chen, G. Sensitive electrochemical immunoassay of carcinoembryonic antigen with signal dual-amplification using glucose oxidase and an artificial catalase. Anal. Chim. Acta 2011, 697, 16–22.
96. Li, Y.; Yuan, R.; Chai, Y.; Song, Z. Electrodeposition of gold–platinum alloy nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes as electrochemical sensing interface for sensitive detection of tumor marker. Electrochim. Acta 2011, 56, 6715–6721.
97. Wang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Su, Y.; Li, F.; Ma, H.; Li, H.; Du, B.; Wei, Q. Ultrasensitive non-mediator electrochemical immunosensors using Au/Ag/Au core/double shell nanoparticles as enzyme-mimetic labels. Talanta 2014, 124, 60–66.
98. Tu, M.-C.; Chen, H.-Y.; Wang, Y.; Moochhala, S.M.; Alagappan, P.; Liedberg, B. Immunosensor based on carbon nanotube/manganese dioxide electrochemical tags. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2015, 853, 228–233.
99. Li, Y.; Xu, C.; Li, H.; Wang, H.; Wu, D.; Ma, H.; Cai, Y.; Du, B.; Wei, Q. Nonenzymatic immunosensor for detection of carbohydrate antigen 15–3 based on hierarchical nanoporous PtFe alloy. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2014, 56, 295–299.
100. Xiao, F.; Zhao, F.; Mei, D.; Mo, Z.; Zeng, B. Nonenzymatic glucose sensor based on ultrasonic-electrodeposition of bimetallic ptm (m = Ru, Pd and Au) nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes–ionic liquid composite film. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2009, 24, 3481–3486.
101. Xie, J.; Zhang, X.; Wang, H.; Zheng, H.; Huang, Y. Analytical and environmental applications of nanoparticles as enzyme mimetics. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2012, 39, 114–129.
102. He, W.; Wu, X.; Liu, J.; Hu, X.; Zhang, K.; Hou, S.; Zhou, W.; Xie, S. Design of agm bimetallic alloy nanostructures (m = Au, Pd, Pt) with tunable morphology and peroxidase-like activity. Chem. Mater.2010, 22, 2988–2994.
103. Zhang, Z.; Zhu, H.; Wang, X.; Yang, X. Sensitive electrochemical sensor for hydrogen peroxide using Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles as a mimic for peroxidase. Microchim. Acta 2011, 174, 183–189.
104. Zhang, S.; Tang, S.; Lei, J.; Dong, H.; Ju, H. Functionalization of graphene nanoribbons with porphyrin for electrocatalysis and amperometric biosensing. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2011, 656, 285–288.
105. Zhang, Y.; Zhang, K.; Ma, H. Electrochemical DNA biosensor based on silver nanoparticles/poly(3-(3-pyridyl) acrylic acid)/carbon nanotubes modified electrode. Anal. Biochem.2009, 387, 13–19.
106. Kim, H.; Kwon, H.-S.; Ahn, J.; Lee, C.-H.; Ahn, I.-S. Evaluation of a silica-coated magnetic nanoparticle for the immobilization of a his-tagged lipase. Biocatal. Biotransform. 2009, 27, 246–253.
107. Besanger, T.R.; Chen, Y.; Deisingh, A.K.; Hodgson, R.; Jin, W.; Mayer, S.; Brook, M.A.; Brennan, J.D. Screening of inhibitors using enzymes entrapped in sol−gel-derived materials. Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 2382–2391.
108. Pan, C.; Hu, B.; Li, W.; Sun, Y.; Ye, H.; Zeng, X. Novel and efficient method for immobilization and stabilization of β-d-galactosidase by covalent attachment onto magnetic Fe3O4–chitosan nanoparticles. J. Mol. Catal. B Enzym. 2009, 61, 208–215.
109. Crespilho, F.N.; Emilia Ghica, M.; Florescu, M.; Nart, F.C.; Oliveira, O.N., Jr; Brett, C.M.A. A strategy for enzyme immobilization on layer-by-layer dendrimer–gold nanoparticle electrocatalytic membrane incorporating redox mediator. Electrochem. Commun. 2006, 8, 1665–1670.
110. Yang, M.; Yang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Shen, G.; Yu, R. Platinum nanoparticles-doped sol–gel/carbon nanotubes composite electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2006, 21, 1125–1131.
111. Wang, J.; Polsky, R.; Xu, D. Silver-enhanced colloidal gold electrochemical stripping detection of DNA hybridization. Langmuir 2001, 17, 5739–5741.
112. Ahmad, M.; Pan, C.; Gan, L.; Nawaz, Z.; Zhu, J. Highly sensitive amperometric cholesterol biosensor based on Pt-incorporated fullerene-like ZnO nanospheres. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 114, 243–250.
113. Jeyapragasam, T.; Saraswathi, R. Electrochemical biosensing of carbofuran based on acetylcholinesterase immobilized onto iron oxide–chitosan nanocomposite. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2014, 191, 681–687.
114. Shi, A.; Wang, J.; Han, X.; Fang, X.; Zhang, Y. A sensitive electrochemical DNA biosensor based on gold nanomaterial and graphene amplified signal. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2014, 200, 206–212.
115. Zhang, S.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, X.; Yang, P.; Cai, J. An efficient nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensor for sensitive recognition of drug-resistant leukemia cells. Analyst 2014, 139, 3629–3635.
116. Liu, X.; Zhang, J.; Yan, R.; Zhang, Q.; Liu, X. Preparation of graphene nanoplatelet–titanate nanotube composite and its advantages over the two single components as biosensor immobilization materials. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2014, 51, 76–81.
117. Palanisamy, S.; Karuppiah, C.; Chen, S.M. Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of glucose oxidase immobilized on reduced graphene oxide and silver nanoparticles nanocomposite modified electrode. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2014, 114, 164–169.
118. Song, W.; Li, H.; Liang, H.; Qiang, W.; Xu, D. Disposable electrochemical aptasensor array by using in situ DNA hybridization inducing silver nanoparticles aggregate for signal amplification. Anal. Chem. 2014, 86, 2775–2783.
119. Xu, W.; Wu, Y.; Yi, H.; Bai, L.; Chai, Y.; Yuan, R. Porous platinum nanotubes modified with dendrimers as nanocarriers and electrocatalysts for sensitive electrochemical aptasensors based on enzymatic signal amplification. Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 1451–1453.
120. Xiong, P.; Gan, N.; Cui, H.; Zhou, J.; Cao, Y.; Hu, F.; Li, T. Incubation-free electrochemical immunoassay for diethylstilbestrol in milk using gold nanoparticle-antibody conjugates for signal amplification. Microchim. Acta 2014, 181, 453–462.
121. Wang, H.; Li, X.; Mao, K.; Li, Y.; Du, B.; Zhang, Y.; Wei, Q. Electrochemical immunosensor for α-fetoprotein detection using ferroferric oxide and horseradish peroxidase as signal amplification labels. Anal. Biochem. 2014, 465, 121–126.
122. Jia, X.; Chen, X.; Han, J.; Ma, J.; Ma, Z. Triple signal amplification using gold nanoparticles, bienzyme and platinum nanoparticles functionalized graphene as enhancers for simultaneous multiple electrochemical immunoassay. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2014, 53, 65–70.
123. Gao, J.; Guo, Z.; Su, F.; Gao, L.; Pang, X.; Cao, W.; Du, B.; Wei, Q. Ultrasensitive electrochemical immunoassay for cea through host–guest interaction of β-cyclodextrin functionalized graphene and Cu@Ag core–shell nanoparticles with adamantine-modified antibody. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2015, 63, 465–471.
124. Akter, R.; Kyun Rhee, C.; Aminur Rahman, M. Sensitivity enhancement of an electrochemical immunosensor through the electrocatalysis of magnetic bead-supported non-enzymatic labels. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2014, 54, 351–357.
125. Feng, R.; Zhang, Y.; Ma, H.; Wu, D.; Fan, H.; Wang, H.; Li, H.; Du, B.; Wei, Q. Ultrasensitive non-enzymatic and non-mediator electrochemical biosensor using nitrogen-doped graphene sheets for signal amplification and nanoporous alloy as carrier. Electrochim. Acta 2013, 97, 105–111.
126. Liang, B.; Fang, L.; Yang, G.; Hu, Y.; Guo, X.; Ye, X. Direct electron transfer glucose biosensor based on glucose oxidase self-assembled on electrochemically reduced carboxyl graphene. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2013, 43, 131–136.
127. Li, G.; Li, T.; Deng, Y.; Cheng, Y.; Shi, F.; Sun, W.; Sun, Z. Electrodeposited nanogold decorated graphene modified carbon ionic liquid electrode for the electrochemical myoglobin biosensor. J. Solid State Electrochem. 2013, 17, 2333–2340.
128. Zhao, B.; Liu, Z.; Fu, W.; Yang, H. Construction of 3d electrochemically reduced graphene oxide–silver nanocomposite film and application as nonenzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensor. Electrochem. Commun. 2013, 27, 1–4.
129. 2 nanomaterials over the non-enzymatic sensing ability of hydrogen peroxide. J. Nanoparticle Res. 2014, 16, 1–10.