Double jeopardy: Why latinos were hit hardest by the US foreclosure crisis

Social Forces

Volumn 93, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 1139-1184

  Rugh, Jacob S ^a  

^a BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84924536015     PISSN: 00377732     EISSN: 15347605     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/sf/sou107     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. Abel, Joshua, and Joseph Tracy. 2012. "The Changing Face of Foreclosures." Liberty Street Economics Blog, Federal Reserve Bank of New York. http://libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org/2012/03/the-changing-face-of-foreclosures.html.
2. Agius Vallejo, Jody. 2012. Barrios to Burbs: The Making of the Mexican American Middle Class. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
3. Alba, Richard D., and John R. Logan. 1993. "Minority Proximity to Whites in Suburbs: An Individual-Level Analysis of Segregation." American Journal of Sociology 98(6):1388-1427.
4. Alba, Richard D., John R. Logan, and Paul E. Bellair. 1994. "Living with Crime: The Implications of Racial/Ethnic Differences in Suburban Location." Social Forces 73(2):395-434.
5. Alba, Richard D., and Victor Nee. 2005. Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
6. Allen, Ryan. 2011. "The Relationship between Residential Foreclosures, Race, Ethnicity, and Nativity Status." Journal of Planning Education and Research 31(2):125-42.
7. Apgar, William, and Allegra Calder. 2005. "The Dual Mortgage Market: The Persistence of Discrimination in Mortgage Lending." In Geography of Opportunity: Race and Housing Choice in Metropolitan America, edited by Xavier de Souza Briggs, 101-24. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
8. Aughinbaugh, Alison. 2013. "Patterns of Homeownership, Delinquency, and Foreclosure among Youngest Baby Boomers." Beyond the Numbers: Special Studies & Research 2(2). US Bureau of Labor Statistics, February.
9. Bean, Frank D., James D. Bachmeier, Susan K. Brown, Jennifer Van Hook, and Mark A. Leach. 2014. "Unauthorized Mexican Migration and the Socioeconomic Attainment of Mexican Americans." In Diversity and Disparities: America in a New Century, edited by J. Logan. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
10. Been, Vicki, Ingrid Ellen, and Josiah Madar. 2009. "The High Cost of Segregation: Exploring Racial Disparities in High-Cost Lending." Fordham Urban Law Journal 36:361-93.
11. Bhardwaj, Geetesh, and Rajdeep Sengupta. 2009. "Where's the Smoking Gun? A Study of Underwriting Standards for US Subprime Mortgages." Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Working Paper 2008-036C.
12. Bocian, Debbie Gruenstein, Delvin Davis, Sonia Garrison, and Bill Sermons. 2012. The State of Lending and Its Impact on US Households. Washington, DC: Center for Responsible Lending.
13. Bocian, Debbie Gruenstein, Wei Li, and Keith S. Ernst. 2008. "Race, Ethnicity and Subprime Home Loan Pricing." Journal of Economics and Business 60:110-24.
14. Bocian, Debbie Gruenstein, Wei Li, and Keith S. Ernst. 2010. Foreclosures by Race and Ethnicity: The Demographics of a Crisis. Washington, DC: Center for Responsible Lending.
15. Bocian, Debbie Gruenstein, Wei Li, Carolina Reid, and Roberto G. Quercia. 2011. Lost Ground, 2011: Disparities in Mortgage Lending and Foreclosures. Washington, DC: Center for Responsible Lending.
16. Bond, Carolyn, and Richard Williams. 2007. "Residential Segregation and the Transformation of Home Mortgage Lending." Social Forces 86(2):671-98.
17. Bostic, Raphael W., Kathleen C. Engel, Patricia A. McCoy, Anthony Pennington-Cross, Susan M. Wachter. 2008. "State and Local Anti-Predatory Lending Laws: The Effect of Legal Enforcement Mechanisms." Journal of Economics and Business 60:47-66.
18. Botein, Hilary. 2013. "From Redlining to Subprime Lending: How Neighborhood Narratives Mask Financial Distress in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn." Housing Policy Debate 23(4):714-37.
19. Bowdler, Janis, Roberto Quercia, and David A. Smith. 2010. The Foreclosure Generation: The Long-Term Impact of the Housing Crisis on Latino Children and Families. National Council of La Raza and the UNC Center for Community.
20. Brooks, Rick, and Ruth Simon. 2007. "Sub-Prime Debacle Traps Even Very Credit-Worthy." Wall Street Journal (December 3), A1.
21. Brown, Susan K. 2007. "Delayed Spatial Assimilation: Multigenerational Incorporation of the Mexican-Origin Population in Los Angeles." City & Community 6(3):193-209.
22. Cahill, Meagan E., and Rachel S. Franklin. 2013. "The Minority Homeownership Gap, Foreclosure, and Nativity: Evidence from Miami-Dade County." Journal of Regional Science 53(1):91-117.
23. Calem, Paul S., Kevin Gillen, and Susan Wachter. 2004. "The Neighborhood Distribution of Subprime Mortgage Lending." The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 29(4):393-410.
24. Calem, Paul, Leonard Nakamura, and Susan Wachter. 2011. "Implications of the Housing Market Bubble for Sustainable Homeownership." In The American Mortgage System: Crisis and Reform, edited by Susan M. Wachter and Marvin M. Smith. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
25. Charles, Camille Z. 2003. "The Dynamics of Racial Residential Segregation." Annual Review of Sociology 29(1):167-207.
26. Collins, J. Michael, and Maximilian D. Schmeiser. 2013. "The Effects of Foreclosure Counseling for Distressed Homeowners." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 32(1):83-106.
27. Conley, Dalton. 1999. Being Black, Living in the Red: Race, Wealth, and Social Policy in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
28. Crowder, Kyle, Matthew Hall, and Stewart E. Tolnay. 2011. "Neighborhood Immigration and Native Out-Migration." American Sociological Review 76(1):25-47.
29. Currie, Janet, and Erdal Tekin. 2011. "Is the Foreclosure Crisis Making Us Sick?" National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper #17310.
30. Durand, Jorge, Douglas S. Massey, and Chiara Capoferro. 2005. "The New Geography of Mexican Immigration." In New Destinations: Mexican Immigration in the United States edited by Victor Zuñiga, and Rubén Hernández-León, 1-20. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
31. Duany, Jorge, and Patricia Silver. 2010. "The 'Puerto Ricanization' of Florida: Historical Background and Current Status." Centro Journal 22(1):4-31.
32. Engel, Kathleen C., and Patricia A. McCoy. 2011. Subprime Virus: Reckless Credit, Regulatory Failure, and Next Steps. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
33. Ennis, Sharon R., Merarys Rios-Vargas, and Nora G. Albert. 2011. "The Hispanic Population." 2010 Census Brief C2010BR-04 (May).
34. Faber, Jacob W. 2013. "Racial Dynamics of Subprime Mortgage Lending at the Peak." Housing Policy Debate 23(2):328-49.
35. Farley, Reynolds, and William H. Frey. 1994. "Changes in the Segregation of Whites from Blacks during the 1980s: Small Steps toward a More Integrated Society." American Sociological Review 59(1):23-45.
36. Farley, Reynolds, Howard Schuman, Suzanne Bianchi, Diane Colasanto, and Shirley Hatchett. 1978. "'Chocolate City, Vanilla Suburbs': Will the Trend toward Racially Separate Communities Continue?" Social Science Research 7(4):319-44.
37. Feagin, Joe R., and José A. Cobas. 2008. "Latinos/as and White Racial Frame: The Procrustean Bed of Assimilation." Sociological Inquiry 78(1):39-53.
38. Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC). 2006. Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA): Loan Application Register (LAR) Raw Data, 2005. http://www.ffiec.gov/hmda/hmdaflat.htm [data prior to 2007 no longer available].
39. Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC). 2010. Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA): Loan Application Register (LAR) Raw Data, 2006. ICPSR24611-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research [distribu{reversed not sign}tor], 2010-10-20. http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR24611.v1.
40. Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC). 2011. Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA): Loan Application Register (LAR) Raw Data, 2007. ICPSR24612-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research [distribu{reversed not sign}tor], 2011-06-03. http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR24612.v1.
41. Fischer, Mary J. 2013. "Black and White Homebuyer, Homeowner, and Household Segregation in the United States, 1990-2010." Social Science Research 42(6):1726-36.
42. Fischer, Mary J., and Marta Tienda. 2006. "Redrawing Spatial Color Lines: Latino Metropolitan Dispersal, Segregation, and Economic Opportunity." In Latinos and the Future of America, edited by Marta Tienda and Faith Mitchell. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
43. Flippen, Chenoa A. 2004. "Unequal Returns to Housing Investments? A Study of Real Housing Appreciation among Black, White, and Hispanic Households." Social Forces 82(4):1527-55.
44. Foster, Thomas B., and Rachel Garshick Kleit. 2014. "The Changing Relationship Between Housing and Inequality, 1980-2010." Housing Policy Debate. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2014.933118.
45. Frank, Reanne, Ilana Redstone Akresh, and Bo Lu. 2010. "Latino Immigrants and the US Racial Order: How and Where Do They Fit In?" American Sociological Review 75(3):378-401.
46. Frey, William H. 2009. "The Great American Migration Slowdown: Regional and Metropolitan Dimensions." Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
47. Frey, William H. 2011. "Melting-Pot Cities and Suburbs: Racial and Ethnic Change in Metro America in the 2000s." Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
48. Galster, George. 1988. "Residential Segregation in American Cities: A Contrary Review." Population Research and Policy Review 7:93-112.
49. Gilderbloom, John I., Joshua D. Ambrosius, Gregory D. Squires, Matthew J. Hanka, and Zachary E. Kenitzer. 2012. "Investors: The Missing Piece in the Foreclosure Racial Gap Debate." Journal of Urban Affairs 34(5):559-82.
50. Gordon, Milton M. 1964. Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
51. Hall, Matthew. 2013. "Residential Integration on the New Frontier: Immigrant Segregation in Established and New Destinations." Demography 50(5):1873-96.
52. Hardwick, Susan W. 2008. "Toward a Suburban Immigrant Nation." In Twenty-First Century Gateways: Immigrant Incorporation in Suburban America, edited by Audrey Singer, Susan W. Hardwick, and Caroline B. Brettell. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
53. Hernández, Jesus. 2009. "Redlining Revisited: Mortgage Lending Patterns in Sacramento 1930-2004." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 33(2):291-313.
54. Hepp, Selma. 2013. "Foreclosures and Metropolitan Spatial Structure: Establishing the Connection." Housing Policy Debate 23(3):497-520.
55. Hirsch, Arnold R. 1983. Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago 1940-1960. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
56. Hitlin, Steven J., Scott Brown, and Glen H. Elder. 2007. "Measuring Latinos: Racial vs. Ethnic Classification and Self-Understandings." Social Forces 86(2):587-611.
57. Hudson, Michael W. 2010. The Monster: How a Gang of Predatory Lenders and Wall Street Bankers Fleeced America-And Spawned a Global Crisis. New York: Times Books.
58. Hyra, Derek S., Gregory D. Squires, Robert N. Renner, and David S. Kirk. 2013. "Metropolitan Segregation and the Subprime Lending Crisis." Housing Policy Debate 23(1):177-98.
59. Iceland, John. 2009. Where We Live Now: Immigration and Race in the United States. Berkeley: University of California Press.
60. Iceland, John, and Kyle Anne Nelson. 2008. "Hispanic Segregation in Metropolitan America: Exploring the Multiple Forms of Spatial Assimilation." American Sociological Review 73(5):741-65.
61. Iceland, John, Gregory Sharp, and Jeffrey M. Timberlake. 2013. "Sun Belt Rising: Regional Population Change and the Decline in Black Residential Segregation, 1970-2009." Demography 50(1):97-123.
62. Iceland, John, and Rima Wilkes. 2006. "Does Socioeconomic Status Matter? Race, Class, and Residential Segregation." Social Problems 53(2):248-73.
63. Immergluck, Dan. 2009. Foreclosed: High-Risk Lending, Deregulation, and the Undermining of America's Mortgage Market. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
64. Immergluck, Dan. 2010. "Neighborhoods in the Wake of the Debacle: Intrametropolitan Patterns of Foreclosed Properties." Urban Affairs Review 46:3-36.
65. Inside Mortgage Finance. 2008. Mortgage Yearbook for 2007: Market Trends and Industry Leaders in the Residential Mortgage Business and MBS Markets. Bethesda, MD: Inside Mortgage Finance Publications.
66. Jensen, Leif, Jeffrey H. Cohen, Almeida Jacqueline Toribio, Gordon F. De Jong, and Leila Rodríguez. 2006. "Ethnic Identities, Language, and Economic Outcomes among Dominicans in a New Destination." Social Science Quarterly 87(5):1089-1099.
67. Jiménez, Tomás. 2010. Replenished Ethnicity: Mexican Americans, Immigration, and Identity. Berkeley: University of California Press.
68. Jiménez, Tomás, and David Fitzgerald. 2007. "Mexican Assimilation: A Temporal and Spatial Reorientation." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 4(2):337-54.
69. Khan, Azmat. 2013. "Blowing the Whistle on the Mortgage Bubble." The Untouchables (PBS Frontline episode transcript: January 22, 2013). http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/untouchables/.
70. Kingsley, G. Thomas, and Kathryn L. S. Pettit. 2009. High-Cost and Investor Mortgages: Neighborhood Patterns. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
71. Kochhar, Rakesh, Richard Fry, and Paul Taylor. 2011. Twenty-to-One: Wealth Gaps Rise to Record Highs between Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics. Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center.
72. Kochhar, Rakesh, Ana Gonzalez-Barrera, and Daniel Dockterman. 2009. Through Boom and Bust: Minorities, Immigrants, and Homeownership. Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center.
73. Kneebone, Elizabeth, and Alan Berube. 2013. Confronting Suburban Poverty in America. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
74. Kuebler, Meghan, and Jacob S. Rugh. 2013. "New Evidence on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Homeownership in the United States from 2001-2010." Social Science Research 42(5):1357-74.
75. Kuebler, Meghan, and Jacob S. Rugh. 2012. "All's Fair? The Foreclosure Crisis and Middle-Class Black (In)Stability." American Behavioral Scientist 56(11):1565-80.
76. Lee, Jennifer, and Frank D. Bean. 2010. The Diversity Paradox: Immigration and the Color Line in 21st-Century America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
77. Lichter, Daniel T., Domenico Parisi, and Michael C. Taquino. 2012. "The Geography of Exclusion: Race, Segregation, and Concentrated Poverty." Social Forces 59(3):364-88.
78. Lichter, Daniel T., Domenico Parisi, and Michael C. Taquino. 2014. "Toward a New Macro-Segregation? Decomposing Segregation within and between Metropolitan Cities and Suburbs." Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Boston, MA, USA.
79. Light, Ivan. 2006. Deflecting Immigration: Networks, Markets, and Regulation in Los Angeles. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
80. Logan, John R. 1978. "Growth, Politics, and the Stratification of Places." American Journal of Sociology 84(2):404-16.
81. Logan, John. 2003. "Ethnic Diversity Grows, Neighborhood Integration Lags Behind." Pp. 235-256. In Bruce Katz and Robert E. Lang (eds), Redefining Urban and Suburban America: Evidence from Census 2000. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
82. Logan, John R., Richard D. Alba, and Wenquan Zhang. 2002. "Immigrant Enclaves and Ethnic Communities in New York and Los Angeles." American Sociological Review 67(2):299-322.
83. Logan, John R., and Mark Schneider. 1984. "Racial Segregation and Racial Change in American Suburbs, 1970-1980." American Journal of Sociology 89(1):874-88.
84. Logan, John R., and Brian J. Stults. 2011. "The Persistence of Segregation in the Metropolis: New Findings from the 2010 Census." Census Brief prepared for Project US2010.
85. Logan, John R., Zengwang Xu, and Brian Stults. 2014. "Interpolating US Decennial Census Tract Data from as Early as 1970 to 2010: A Longitudinal Tract Database." Professional Geographer 66(3):412-20.
86. Logan, John R., and Charles Zhang. 2010. "Global Neighborhoods: New Pathways to Diversity and Separation." American Journal of Sociology 115:1069-09.
87. Martinez, Baldy. 2008. "Subprime Loans: Turning the American Dream into a Nightmare." St. Thomas Law Review 21:514-42.
88. Massey, Douglas S. 1985. "Ethnic Residential Segregation: A Theoretical Synthesis and Empirical Review." Sociology and Social Research 69:315-50.
89. Massey, Douglas S. 2013. "Immigration Enforcement as a Race-Making Institution." In Immigration, Poverty, and Socioeconomic Inequality, edited by David Card and Steven Raphael, 257-81. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
90. Massey, Douglas S., and Nancy A. Denton. 1993. "American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass." Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
91. Massey, Douglas S., and C. Capoferro. 2008. "The Geographic Diversification of US Immigration." In New Faces in New Places: The Changing Geography of American Immigration, edited by Douglas S. Massey, 25-50. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
92. Massey, Douglas S., Jonathan Rothwell, and Thurston Domina. 2009. "Changing Bases of Segregation in the United States." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 626:74-90.
93. Massey, Douglas S., Jacob S. Rugh, and Karen A. Pren. 2010. "The Geography of Undocumented Mexican Migration." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 26(1):129-52.
94. McConnell, Eileen Diaz. 2012. "House Poor in Los Angeles: Examining Patterns of Housing-Induced Poverty by Race, Ethnicity, and Legal Status." Housing Policy Debate 22(4):605-31.
95. Molina, Emily Tumpson. 2012. "Reversed Gains? The Foreclosure Crisis and African American Neighborhoods in the Los Angeles Region, 2008-2009." In Black California Dreamin': The Crises of California's African American Communities, edited by Ingrid Banks, Gaye Johnson, George Lipsitz, Ula Taylor, Daniel Widener, and Clyde Woods, 127-41. Santa Barbara, CA: UCSB Center for Black Studies Research.
96. Morenoff, Jeffrey D., and Marta Tienda. 1997. "Underclass Neighborhoods in Temporal and Ecological Perspective." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 551:59-72.
97. Myers, Dowell. 1999. "Demographic Dynamism and Metropolitan Change: Comparing Los Angeles, New York, Chicago, and Washington, DC." Housing Policy Debate 10(4):919-54.
98. Myers, Dowell, and John Pitkin. 2013. Immigrant Contributions to Housing Demand in the United States: A Comparison of Recent Decades and Projections to 2020 for the States and Nation. Washington, DC: Research Institute for Housing America.
99. Newman, Katherine, and Alex Schafran. 2013. "Assessing the Foreclosure Crisis from the Ground Up." Housing Policy Debate 23(1):1-4.
100. Niedt, Christopher, and Isaac William Martin. 2013. "Who Are the Foreclosed? A Statistical Portrait of America in Crisis." Housing Policy Debate 23(1):159-76.
101. Olesiuk, Shayna M., and Kathy R. Kalser. 2009. "The Sand States: Anatomy of a Perfect Housing-Market Storm." FDIC Quarterly 3(1):30-32.
102. Oliver, Melvin L., and Thomas M. Shapiro. 1995. Black Wealth/White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality. London: Routledge.
103. Owens, Lindsay. 2011. "Getting a Workout: Mortgage Modification, Class, and Shifting Financial Institutions." (September 21, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1931880.
104. Owens, Lindsay A. 2014. "Intrinsically Advantageous? Reexamining the Production of Class Advantage in the Case of Home Mortgage Modification." Social Forces 93(3) 1185-209.
105. Pager, Devah, and Hana Shepherd. 2008. "The Sociology of Discrimination: Racial Discrimination in Employment, Housing, Credit, and Consumer Markets." Annual Review of Sociology 34:181-209.
106. Pais, Jeremy, Scott J. South, and Kyle Crowder. 2012. "Metropolitan Heterogeneity and Minority Neighborhood Attainment: Spatial Assimilation or Place Stratification?" Social Problems 59(2):258-81.
107. Park, Julie, and Dowell Myers. 2010. "Intergenerational Mobility in the Post-1965 Immigration Era: Estimates by an Immigrant Generation Cohort Method." Demography 47(2):369-92.
108. Park, Robert E., Ernest W. Burgess, and Roderick D. McKenzie. 1925. The City. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
109. Passel, Jeffrey, D'Vera Cohn, and Ana Gonzalez-Barrera. 2012. Net Migration from Mexico Falls to Zero-And Perhaps Less. Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center.
110. Pattillo-McCoy, Mary. 1999. Black Picket Fences: Privilege and Peril among the Black Middle Class. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
111. Pendall, Rolf. 2000. "Local Land-Use Regulation and the Chain of Exclusion." Journal of the American Planning Association 66(2):125-42.
112. Pfeiffer, Deirdre, Karna Wong, Paul Ong, and Melany De La Cruz-Viesca. 2014. Pathways to Trouble: Homeowners and the Foreclosure Crisis in Los Angeles Ethnic Communities. Los Angeles: UCLA Asian American Studies Center. http://www.aasc.ucla.edu/besol/UCLA_AASC_CSI_Ford_Pathways_Report_Final_July_2014.pdf.
113. Portes, Alejandro. 2007. "The New Latin Nation." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 4(2):271-301.
114. Portes, Alejandro, and Rubén G. Rumbaut. 2006. Immigrant America: A Portrait. 3rd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.
115. Portes, Alejandro, and Min Zhou. 1993. "The New Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and Its Variants." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 530:74-90.
116. Prevost, Lisa. 2013. "Awaiting Immigration Reform." New York Times (June 9), RE6. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/09/realestate/immigration-reform-could-be-a-boon-to-real-estate.html?_r=0.
117. Reid, Carolina. 2010. "Sought or Sold? Social Embeddedness and Consumer Decisions in the Mortgage Market." Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Working Paper 2010-09.
118. Reskin, Barbara. 2012. "The Race Discrimination System." Annual Review of Sociology 38:17-35.
119. Ross, Stephen L., and John Yinger. 2002. The Color of Credit: Mortgage Discrimination, Research Methodology, and Fair-Lending Enforcement. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
120. Rothwell, Jonathan, and Douglas S. Massey. 2009. "The Effect of Density Zoning on Racial Segregation in US Urban Areas." Urban Affairs Review 44:799-806.
121. Roxburgh, Charles, Susan Lund, Tony Wimmer, Eric Amar, Charles Atkins, Ju-Hon Kwek, Richard Dobbs, and James Manyika. 2011. Debt and Deleveraging: The Global Credit Bubble and Its Economic Consequences. New York: McKinsey Global Institute.
122. Rugh, Jacob S., and Douglas S. Massey. 2010. "Racial Segregation and the American Foreclosure Crisis." American Sociological Review 75(5):629-51.
123. Rugh, Jacob S., and Douglas S. Massey. 2013. "Segregation in Post-Civil Rights America: Stalled Integration or End of the Segregated Century?" Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X13000180.
124. Rugh, Jacob S., Len Albright, and Douglas S. Massey. Forthcoming. "Race, Space, and Cumulative Disadvantage: A Case Study of the Subprime Lending Collapse." Social Problems.
125. Saiz, Albert. 2007. "Immigration and Housing Rents in American Cities." Journal of Urban Economics 61:345-71.
126. Schafran, Alex, and Jake Wegmann. 2012. "Restructuring, Race, and Real Estate: Changing Home Values and the New California Metropolis, 1980-2010." Urban Geography 33(5):630-54.
127. Shanklin, Mary. 2011. "Housing Slump Hits Black, Hispanic Neighborhoods Hardest." Orlando Sentinel (September 24). http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2011-09-24/business/os-orlando-area-minorities-home-values-20110924_1_housing-slump-hits-home-values-zip-code.
128. Shertzer, Allison, Tate Twinam, and Randall P. Walsh. 2014. "Race, Ethnicity, and Discriminatory Zoning." NBER Working Paper 20108. http://www.nber.org/papers/w20108.
129. Singer, Audrey. 2004. The Rise of New Immigrant Gateways. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
130. Singer, Audrey. 2008. "Twenty-First Century Gateways." In Twenty-First Century Gateways: Immigrant Incorporation in Suburban America, edited by Audrey Singer, Susan W. Hardwick, and Caroline B. Brettell, 3-30. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
131. Stearns, Linda Brewster, and John R. Logan. 1986. "The Racial Structuring of the Housing Market and Segregation in Suburban Areas." Social Forces 65:28-42.
132. Stuart, Guy. 2003. Discriminating Risk: The US Mortgage Lending Industry in the Twentieth Century. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
133. Sugrue, Thomas J. 1996. The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
134. Telles, Edward E., and Vilma Ortiz. 2008. Generations of Exclusion: Mexican Americans, Assimilation, and Race. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
135. Tienda, Marta, and Norma Fuentes. 2014. "Hispanics in Metropolitan America: New Realities and Old Debates." Annual Review of Sociology 40:499-520.
136. Vasquez, Jessica M. 2011. Mexican Americans across Generations: Immigrant Families, Racial Realities. New York: New York University Press.
137. Vélez, William, Michael Martin, and Edgar Mendez. 2009. "Segregation Patterns in Metro Areas: Latinos and African Americans in 2000." Centro Journal 21(1):118-37.
138. Vesselinov, Elena, and Andrew Beveridge. 2011. "Avenue to Wealth or Road to Financial Ruin? Homeownership and the Racial Distribution of Mortgage Foreclosures." In Forging a New Housing Policy: Opportunity in the Wake of Crisis, edited by Christopher Niedt and Marc Silver, 45-55. Hempstead, NY: National Center for Suburban Studies.
139. Waters, Mary C., and Tomas R. Jiménez. 2005. "Assessing Immigrant Assimilation: New Empirical and Theoretical Challenges." Annual Review of Sociology 31:105-25.
140. White, Michael, and Eileen Shy. 2002. "Housing Segregation: Policy Issues for an Increasingly Diverse Society." In American Diversity: A Demographic Challenge for the Twenty-First Century, edited by Nancy A. Denton and Stewart E. Tolnay, 159-80. Albany: State University of New York Press.
141. Williams, Richard, Reynold Nesiba, and Eileen Diaz McConnell. 2005. "The Changing Face of Inequality in Home Mortgage Lending." Social Problems 52(2):181-208.
142. Wolff, Edward N. 2013. The Asset Price Meltdown and the Wealth of the Middle Class. Providence, RI: Brown University American Communities Project.
143. Wyly, Elvin, C. S. Ponder, Pierson Nettling, Bosco Ho, Sophie Ellen Fung, Zachary Liebowitz, and Dan Hammel. 2012. "New Racial Meanings of Housing in America." American Quarterly 64(3):571-604.
144. Zuñiga, Victor, and Rubén Hernández-León. 2005. New Destinations: Mexican Immigration in the United States. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.