Con: Vascular calcification is a surrogate marker, but not the cause of ongoing vascular disease, and it is not a treatment target in chronic kidney disease

Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation

Volumn 30, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 352-357

  Zoccali, Carmine ^a   London, Gerard ^b  

^a CNR   (Italy)

^b PARIS CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH CENTER   (France)

Author keywords

atherosclerosis; cardiovascular risk; CKD MBD disorders; ESRD; phosphate; vascular calcification

Indexed keywords

ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN 2; BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN 4; CALCIUM; CATHEPSIN S; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 23; GELATINASE A; GELATINASE B; INTERLEUKIN 6; OSTEOCALCIN; OSTEOPONTIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR RUNX2; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX9; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; ARTERY CALCIFICATION; ATHEROGENESIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLOOD VESSEL CALCIFICATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DEATH; DISEASE MARKER; END STAGE RENAL DISEASE; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; PERIPHERAL OCCLUSIVE ARTERY DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; VASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; COMPLICATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

BIOMARKERS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HUMANS; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; RISK FACTORS; VASCULAR CALCIFICATION;

EID: 84924357400     PISSN: 09310509     EISSN: 14602385     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv021     Document Type: Review

References (41)

1. Greenland P. More evidence for coronary calcium as a measure of cardiovascular risk: has anything changed? JAMA 2014; 311: 247-248
2. London GM. Mechanisms of arterial calcifications and consequences for cardiovascular function. Kidney Int Suppl 2013; 3: 442-445
3. Fleming TR. Surrogate endpoints and FDA's accelerated approval process. Health Aff (Millwood) 2005; 24: 67-78
4. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) Investigators. Preliminary report: effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality in a randomized trial of arrhythmia suppression after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 406-412
5. Shao JS, Cai J, Towler DA. Molecular mechanisms of vascular calcification: lessons learned from the aorta. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26: 1423-1430
6. Demer LL, Tintut Y. Inflammatory, metabolic, and genetic mechanisms of vascular calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34: 715-723
7. Sage AP, Tintut Y, Demer LL. Regulatory mechanisms in vascular calcification. Nat Rev Cardiol 2010; 7: 528-536
8. Jaffe IZ, Tintut Y, Newfell BG et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor activation promotes vascular cell calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27: 799-805
9. Mody N, Parhami F, Sarafian TA et al. Oxidative stress modulates osteoblastic differentiation of vascular and bone cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 31: 509-519
10. New SE, Aikawa E. Molecular imaging insights into early inflammatory stages of arterial and aortic valve calcification. Circ Res 2011; 108: 1381-1391
11. Demer LL, Tintut Y. Vascular calcification: pathobiology of a multifaceted disease. Circulation 2008; 117: 2938-2948
12. Leopold JA. Vascular calcification: an age-old problem of old age. Circulation 2013; 127: 2380-2382
13. Hruska KA, Mathew S, Lund RJ et al. The pathogenesis of vascular calcification in the chronic kidney disease mineral bone disorder: the links between bone and the vasculature. Semin Nephrol 2009; 29: 156-165
14. Huang JC, Sakata T, Pfleger LL et al. PTH differentially regulates expression of RANKL and OPG. J Bone Miner Res 2004; 19: 235-244
15. Shao JS, Cheng SL, Charlton-Kachigian N et al. Teriparatide (human parathyroid hormone (1-34)) inhibits osteogenic vascular calcification in diabetic low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 50195-50202
16. London GM, Marchais SJ, Guerin AP et al. Association of bone activity, calcium load, aortic stiffness, and calcifications in ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19: 1827-1835
17. Hu MC, Shi M, Zhang J et al. Klotho deficiency causes vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22: 124-136
18. Zhao MM, Xu MJ, Cai Y et al. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species promote p65 nuclear translocation mediating high-phosphate-induced vascular calcification in vitro and in vivo. Kidney Int 2011; 79: 1071-1079
19. Rudd JH, Myers KS, Bansilal S et al. Relationships among regional arterial inflammation, calcification, risk factors, and biomarkers: a prospective fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography/computed tomography imaging study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2009; 2: 107-115
20. Abdelbaky A, Corsini E, Figueroa AL et al. Focal arterial inflammation precedes subsequent calcification in the same location: a longitudinal FDG-PET/CT study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 6: 747-754
21. Huang H, Virmani R, Younis H et al. The impact of calcification on the biomechanical stability of atherosclerotic plaques. Circulation 2001; 103: 1051-1056
22. Kono K, Fujii H, Nakai K et al. Composition and plaque patterns of coronary culprit lesions and clinical characteristics of patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2012; 82: 344-351
23. Fleming TR. Surrogate end points in cardiovascular disease trials. Am Heart J 2000; 139: S193-S196
24. Jamal SA, Vandermeer B, Raggi P et al. Effect of calcium-based versus non-calcium-based phosphate binders on mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2013; 382: 1268-1277
25. Barreto DV, Barreto FC, de Carvalho AB et al. Phosphate binder impact on bone remodeling and coronary calcification-results from the BRiC study. Nephron Clin Pract 2008; 110: c273-c283
26. Block GA, Spiegel DM, Ehrlich J et al. Effects of sevelamer and calcium on coronary artery calcification in patients new to hemodialysis. Kidney Int 2005; 68: 1815-1824
27. Block GA, Wheeler DC, Persky MS et al. Effects of phosphate binders in moderate CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23: 1407-1415
28. Chertow GM, Burke SK, Raggi P. Sevelamer attenuates the progression of coronary and aortic calcification in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2002; 62: 245-252
29. Kakuta T, Tanaka R, Hyodo T et al. Effect of sevelamer and calcium-based phosphate binders on coronary artery calcification and accumulation of circulating advanced glycation end products in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2011; 57: 422-431
30. Qunibi W, Moustafa M, Muenz LR et al. A 1-year randomized trial of calcium acetate versus sevelamer on progression of coronary artery calcification in hemodialysis patients with comparable lipid control: the Calcium Acetate Renagel Evaluation-2 (CARE-2) study. Am J Kidney Dis 2008; 51: 952-965
31. Russo D, Miranda I, Ruocco C et al. The progression of coronary artery calcification in predialysis patients on calcium carbonate or sevelamer. Kidney Int 2007; 72: 1255-1261
32. Block GA, Raggi P, Bellasi A et al. Mortality effect of coronary calcification and phosphate binder choice in incident hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2007; 71: 438-441
33. Suki WN. Effects of sevelamer and calcium-based phosphate binders on mortality in hemodialysis patients: results of a randomized clinical trial. J Ren Nutr 2008; 18: 91-98
34. Sadek T, Mazouz H, Bahloul H et al. Sevelamer hydrochloride with or without alphacalcidol or higher dialysate calcium vs calcium carbonate in dialysis patients: an open-label, randomized study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18: 582-588
35. Di Iorio B, Bellasi A, Russo D. Mortality in kidney disease patients treated with phosphate binders: a randomized study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 7: 487-493
36. Raggi P, Chertow GM, Torres PU et al. The ADVANCE study: a randomized study to evaluate the effects of cinacalcet plus low-dose vitamin D on vascular calcification in patients on hemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26: 1327-1339
37. Chertow GM, Block GA, Correa-Rotter R et al. Effect of cinacalcet on cardiovascular disease in patients undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 2482-2494
38. Tsuruta Y, Ohbayashi T, Fujii M et al. Change in coronary artery calcification score due to cinacalcet hydrochloride administration. Ther Apher Dial 2008; 12(Suppl 1): S34-S37
39. McCullough PA, Chinnaiyan KM. Annual progression of coronary calcification in trials of preventive therapies: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 2009; 169: 2064-2070
40. Yamada S, Tokumoto M, Tatsumoto N et al. Phosphate overload directly induces systemic inflammation and malnutrition as well as vascular calcification in uremia. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 306: F1418-F1428
41. Villarroel P, Reyes M, Fuentes C et al. Adipogenic effect of calcium sensing receptor activation. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 384: 139-145