Copyright trolling, an empirical study

Iowa Law Review

Volumn 100, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 1105-1147

  Sag, Matthew ^a  

^a LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO   (United States)

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EID: 84924087195     PISSN: 00210552     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (230)

1. See, e.g., Edgar Walters, Tech Companies Fight Back Against Patent Lawsuits, N.Y. TIMES (Jan. 23, 2014), http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/24/us/tech-companies-fight-back-against-patent-lawsuits.html.
2. See, e.g., FED. TRADE COMM'N, THE EVOLVING IP MARKETPLACE: ALIGNING PATENT NOTICE AND REMEDIES WITH COMPETITION (2011), available at http://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/reports/evolving-ip-marketplace-aligning-patent-notice-and-remedies-competition-report-federal-trade/110307patentreport.pdf;
3. FED. TRADE COMM' N, TO PROMOTE INNOVATION: THE PROPER BALANCE OF COMPETITION AND PATENT LAW AND POLICY (2003), available at http://www.ftc.gov/os/2003/10/innovationrpt.pdf
4. See generally Mark A. Lemley & A. Douglas Melamed, Missing the Forest for the Trolls, 113 COLUM. L. REV. 2117 (2013).
5. Christopher A. Cotropia et al., Unpacking Patent Assertion Entities (PAEs), 99 MINN. L. REV. 649, 678 fig. 3 (2014).
6. Colleen Chien, Patent Trolls by the Numbers, PATENTLYO (Mar. 14, 2013), http://www.patentlyo.com/patent/2013/03/chien-patent-trolls.html.
7. Gene Sperling, Taking on Patent Trolls to Protect American Innovation, WHITE HOUSE BLOG (June 4, 2013, 1:55 PM), http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2013/06/04/taking-patent-trolls-protect-american-innovation;
8. see also EXEC. OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT, PATENT ASSERTION AND U.S. INNOVATION 2 (2013), available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/patent-report.pdf.
9. Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (AIA), Pub. L. No. 112-29, 125 Stat. 284 (2011)
10. codified in scattered sections of 35 U.S.C.
11. See 35 U.S.C. § 299 (2012).
12. See, e.g., In re BitTorrent Adult Film Copyright Infringement Cases, 296 F.R.D. 80, 82 (E.D.N.Y. 2012).
13. See generally MARIA A. PALLANTE, U.S. COPYRIGHT OFFICE, COPYRIGHT SMALL CLAIMS (2013), available at http://www.copyright.gov/docs/smallclaims/usco-smallcopyrightclaims.pdf.
14. James DeBriyn, Shedding Light on Copyright Trolls: An Analysis of Mass Copyright Litigation in the Age of Statutory Damages, 19 UCLA ENT. L. REV. 79 (2012);
15. Sean B. Karunaratne, Note, The Case Against Combating BitTorrent Piracy Through Mass John Doe Copyright Infringement Lawsuits, 111 MICH. L. REV. 283 (2012);
16. Gregory S. Mortenson, Comment, BitTorrent Copyright Trolling: A Pragmatic Proposal for a Systemic Problem, 43 SETON HALL L. REV. 1105 (2013);
17. Patience Ren, Note, The Fate of BitTorrent John Does: A Civil Procedure Analysis of Copyright Litigation, 64 HASTINGS L.J. 1343 (2013).
18. see Christopher Civil, Mass Copyright Infringement Litigation: Of Trolls, Pornography, Settlement and Joinder, 30 SYRACUSE J. SCI. & TECH. L. 2 (2014), available at http://jost.syr.edu/wpcontent/uploads/Volume30.pdf;
19. Joshua A. Druckerman, Note, The Uncertifiable Swarm: Why Defendant Class Actions and Mass BitTorrent Copyright Litigation Don't Mix, 58 N.Y.L. SCH. L. REV. 931 (2013-2014);
20. Evan Hoole, Note, An Uncomfortable Threesome: Permissive Party Joinder, BitTorrent, and Pornography, 63 EMORY L.J. 1211 (2014);
21. Shipra Metha, Comment, Light at the End of the Narrow Tunnel, 24 DEPAUL J. ART TECH & INTELL. PROP. L. 425 (2014).
22. See generally Lemley & Melamed, supra note 2.
23. Parties generally may not initiate discovery prior to satisfying the meet and confer requirement of FED. R. CIV. P. 26(f);
24. Thus, plaintiffs in MDJD suits must apply for earlier discovery under FED. R. CIV. P. 26(d).
25. See Digital Sin, Inc. v. Does 1-176, 279 F.R.D. 239, 241 (S.D.N.Y. 2012).
26. Note also that without a court-ordered subpoena, many of the ISPs, who qualify as "cable operators" for purposes of 47 U.S.C. § 522(5) (2012),
27. are effectively prohibited by 47 U.S.C. § 551(c) (2012) from disclosing the identities of the putative defendants.
28. See, e.g., Flava Works, Inc. v. Does 1-293, No. 12 C 07869, 2014 WL 222722, at ∗1 (N.D. Ill. Jan. 21, 2014);
29. Malibu Media, LLC v. Does 1-68, Nos. 12 cv 6675, 12 cv 6677, 2013 WL 5423872, at∗1 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 27, 2013).
30. See, e.g., Settlement Letter from John L. Steele, Attorney, Steele Hansmeier, PLLC (May 16, 2011), http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/MSNBC/Sections/NEWS/z-Personal/AJohnson/110719-Steele-Hansmeier-Settlement-Letter.pdf.
31. See 17 U.S.C. § 504(c)(2) (2013).
32. Ingenuity 13 LLC v. Doe, No. 2:12-cv-833-ODW (JCx), 2013 WL 1898633, at ∗1 (C.D. Cal. May 6, 2013).
33. See Shyamkrishna Balganesh, The Uneasy Case Against Copyright Trolls, 86 S. CAL. L. REV. 723, 739-40 (2013).
34. E.g., Righthaven, LLC v. Hoehn, 792 F. Supp. 2d 1138, 1147-51 (D. Nev. 2011),
35. aff'd in part, vacated in part, 716 F.3d 1166 (9th Cir. 2013);
36. Righthaven LLC v. Realty One Grp., Inc., No. 2:10-cv-1036-LRH-PAL, 2010 WL 4115413, at ∗1-3 (D. Nev. Oct. 19, 2010);
37. Righthaven LLC v. Klerks, No. 2:10-cv-00741-GMN-LRL, 2010 WL 3724897, at ∗2-5 (D. Nev. Sept. 17, 2010).
38. Righthaven LLC v. Democratic Underground, LLC, 791 F. Supp. 2d 968, 973 (D. Nev. 2011).
39. See Silvers v. Sony Pictures Entm't, Inc., 402 F.3d 881, 884 (9th Cir. 2005).
40. Democratic Underground, 791 F. Supp. 2d at 972.
41. Ian Polonsky, You Can't Go Home Again: The Righthaven Cases and Copyright Trolling on the Internet, 36 COLUM. J.L. & ARTS 71, 87-90 (2012).
42. Balganesh, supra note 23, at 732.
43. Charles Colman, California Federal Jury Finds for Copyright Plaintiff L.A. Printex in Aeropostale Fabric Pattern Case: Blurgh, LAW FASHION (Feb. 1, 2013), http://lawoffashion.com/blog/story/02/01/2013/173.
44. See generally L.A. Printex Indus., Inc. v. Aeropostale, Inc., 676 F.3d 841 (9th Cir. 2012).
45. See Tim Wu, Tolerated Use, 31 COLUM. J.L. & ARTS 617, 619 (2008).
46. See Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd., 545 U.S. 913, 963 (2005);
47. BMG Music v. Gonzalez, 430 F.3d 888, 890 (7th Cir. 2005);
48. A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004, 1020-21 (9th Cir. 2001).
49. see generally Kenneth Ayotte et al., A Safety Valve Model of Equity as Anti-Opportunism (Northwestern Law & Econ. Research Paper No. 13-15, 2013), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2245098.
50. FED. R. CIV. P. 11.
51. See, e.g., Raw Films, Ltd. v. Does 1-32, No. 3:11cv532-JAG, 2011 WL 6182025, at ∗2 (E.D. Va. Oct. 5, 2011) (issuing a show cause order for allegations of harassment, though sanctions were not ultimately imposed);
52. Giddings v. Vision House Prod., Inc., 584 F. Supp. 2d 1222, 1230 (D. Ariz. 2008).
53. Grokster, 545 U.S. at 963 (Breyer, J., concurring).
54. Annemarie Bridy, Why Pirates (Still) Won't Behave: Regulating P2P in the Decade After Napster, 40 RUTGERS L.J. 565, 602 (2009).
55. See Sarah McBride & Ethan Smith, Music Industry to Abandon Mass Suits, WALL ST. J. (Dec. 19, 2008, 12:01 AM), http://online.wsj.com/articles/SB122966038836021137.
56. See Complaint at 1, Voltage Pictures, LLC v. Does 1-5000, No. 1:10-cv-00873 (D.D.C. May 24, 2010), 2010 WL 4955131.
57. First Amended Complaint for Copyright Infringement at 1, Voltage Pictures, LLC v. Vasquez, No. 1:10-cv-00873-BAH (D.D.C. May 31, 2011), 2011 WL 2681946.
58. Eriq Gardner, New Litigation Campaign Quietly Targets Tens of Thousands of Movie Downloaders, HOLLYWOOD REP. (Dec. 21, 2010, 10:56 AM), http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/blogs/thr-esq/litigation-campaign-quietly-targets-tens-63769.
59. See, e.g., Ingenuity 13 LLC v. Doe, No. 2:12-cv-8333-ODW (JCx), 2013 WL 1898633, at ∗2 (C.D. Cal. May 6, 2013).
60. See, e.g., In re BitTorrent Adult Film Copyright Infringement Cases, 296 F.R.D. 80, 82 (E.D.N.Y. 2012).
61. MATTHEW SAG, COPYRIGHT FILING DATA (TO JUNE 30 2014) (2014), available at http://matthewsag.com/?page-id=19.
62. See The Register's Call for Updates to U.S. Copyright Law Before the Subcomm. on Courts, Intellectual Property, and the Internet, 113th Cong. 4-6 (2013) (statement of Maria A. Pallante, Register of Copyrights), available at http://judiciary.house.gov/-files/hearings/printers/113th/113-20-80067.pdf;
63. see also Maria A. Pallante, The Next Great Copyright Act, 36 COLUM. J.L. & ARTS 315, 329 (2013).
64. U.S.C. § 504(c) (2012).
65. See Pamela Samuelson & Tara Wheatland, Statutory Damages in Copyright Law: A Remedy in Need of Reform, 51 WM. & MARY L. REV. 439, 448 (2009).
66. See 17 U.S.C. § 412
67. see generally Samuelson & Wheatland, supra note 56.
68. Samuelson & Wheatland, supra note 56, at 442-43.
69. Capitol Records, Inc. v. Thomas, 579 F. Supp. 2d 1210, 1213 (D. Minn. 2008).
70. U.S.C. § 504(c).
71. See LED H6203 Series Smart TV, SAMSUNG, http://www.samsung.com/us/video/tvs/UN50H6203AFXZA (last visited Jan. 15, 2015).
72. NAT'L ASS'N. OF REALTORS, SALES PRICE OF EXISTING SINGLE-FAMILY HOMES (2014), available at http://www.realtor.org/sites/default/files/reports/2014/embargoes/ehs-09-22/ehs-08-2014-single-family-only-2014-09-22.pdf.
73. U.S.C. § 504(c)(2).
74. See, e.g., S. REP. NO. 94-473, at 144-45 (1975);
75. H.R. REP. NO. 94-1476, at 162 (1976);
76. see also Samuelson & Wheatland, supra note 56, at 452-63.
77. Samuelson & Wheatland, supra note 56 at 441;
78. see also 4 MELVILLE B. NIMMER & DAVID NIMMER, NIMMER ON COPYRIGHT § 14.04(B)(3)(a) (2013).
79. See, e.g., Rogers v. Koons, 960 F.2d 301, 313 (2d Cir. 1992).
80. See, e.g., Ingenuity 13 LLC v. Doe, No. 2:12-cv-8333-ODW (JCx), 2013 WL 1898633, at ∗3 (C.D. Cal. May 6, 2013).
81. Third Degree Films, Inc. v. Does 1-72, No. 12-cv-14106, 2013 WL 1164024, at ∗6 n.7 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 18, 2013);
82. FED. R. CIV. P. 20(a)(2)(A).
83. R. 20(a)(2)(B).
84. United Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 724 (1966).
85. Malibu Media, LLC v. Does 1-68, Nos. 12 cv 6675, 12 cv 6677, 2013 WL 5423872, at ∗4-5 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 27, 2013).
86. See, e.g., SBO Pictures, Inc. v. Does 1-57, No. RWT 12cv22, 2012 WL 1415523, at ∗2 (D. Md. Apr. 20, 2012);
87. Patrick Collins, Inc. v. Does 1-23, No. 11-cv-15231, 2012 WL 1019034, at ∗4 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 26, 2012);
88. SBO Pictures, Inc. v. Does 1-3036, No. 11-4220 SC, 2011 WL 6002620, at ∗3 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 30, 2011);
89. MCGIP, LLC v. Does 1-149, No. C11-02331 LB, 2011 WL 4352110, at ∗3 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 16, 2011);
90. Hard Drive Prods., Inc. v. Does 1-188, 809 F. Supp. 2d 1150, 1164 (N.D. Cal. 2011);
91. Boy Racer, Inc. v. Does 1-60, No. C11-01738 SI, 2011 WL 3652521, at ∗4 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 19, 2011).
92. Dragon Quest Prods., LLC v. Does 1-100, Civ. Nos. 12-6611 (JHR/AMD), 12-6633 (NLH/AMD), 13-482 (NLH/AMD), 13-483 (NLH/AMD), 13-484 (NLH/AMD), 13-485 (NLH/AMD), 13-486 (NLH/AMD), 13-487 (NLH/AMD), 2013 WL 2949407, at ∗6 (D.N.J. June 14, 2013).
93. See, e.g., Bicycle Peddler, LLC v. Does 1-12, 295 F.R.D. 274, 277 (N.D. Ill. 2013);
94. Pac. Century Int'l v. Does 1-31, No. 11 C 9064, 2012 WL 2129003, at ∗2 (N.D. Ill. June 12, 2012);
95. Patrick Collins, Inc. v. Does 1-39, No. 12-cv-00096-AW, 2012 WL 1432224, at ∗3 (D. Md. Apr. 24, 2012);
96. Digital Sin, Inc. v. Does 1-176, 279 F.R.D. 239, 244 (S.D.N.Y. 2012);
97. First Time Videos, LLC v. Does 1-76, 276 F.R.D. 254, 257 (N.D. Ill. 2011).
98. Malibu Media, LLC v. John Does 1-6, 291 F.R.D. 191, 204 (N.D. Ill. 2013);
99. TCYK, LLC v. Does 1-62, No. 13 c 3842, 2013 WL 6671675, at ∗4 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 18, 2013)
100. Patrick Collins, Inc. v. Does 1-21, 282 F.R.D. 161, 165 (E.D. Mich. 2012);
101. see also Malibu Media, LLC, 291 F.R.D. at 202;
102. TCYK, LLC, 2013 WL 6671675, at ∗3.
103. See, e.g., Malibu Media, LLC v. Does 1-68, Nos. 12 cv 6675, 12 cv 6677, 2013 WL 5423872, at ∗2 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 27, 2013);
104. Digital Sin, Inc., 279 F.R.D. at 243;
105. Sunlust Pictures, LLC v. Does 1-75, No. 12 C 1546, 2012 WL 3717768, at ∗3 (N.D. Ill. Aug. 27, 2012).
106. TCYK, LLC, 2013 WL 6671675, at ∗4;
107. see also Pac. Century Int'l, 2012 WL 2129003, at ∗2.
108. TCYK, LLC, 2013 WL 6671675, at ∗3.
109. quoting FED. R. CIV. P. 20(a)(2)(A).
110. See, e.g., Patrick Collins, Inc. v. Does 1-38, 941 F. Supp. 2d 153, 158 (D. Mass. 2013).
111. See, e.g., Patrick Collins, Inc., 941 F. Supp. 2d at 156-57
112. finding that although "joinder of the defendants may be permissible under FED. R. CIV. P. 20(a)
113. the interests of justice and judicial economy would best be served if all of the defendants except Doe Number 1 were severed and dropped from the case pursuant to FED. R. CIV. P. 21").
114. See, e.g., Malibu Media, LLC v. Does 1-22, No. 12-CV-5091 (SRC)(CLW), 2013 WL 1704291, at ∗4-5 (D.N.J. Apr. 19, 2013);
115. Malibu Media, LLC v. Does 1-30, No. 12-3896-MAS, 2012 WL 6203697, at ∗8-9 (D.N.J. Dec. 12, 2012);
116. Amselfilm Prods. GMBH & Co. KG v. Swarm 6a6dc, No. 12-3865 (FSH) (PS), 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 186476, at ∗1-7 (D.N.J. Oct. 10, 2012);
117. Malibu Media, LLC v. Does 1-5, 285 F.R.D. 273, 277 (S.D.N.Y. 2012);
118. Next Phase Distrib., Inc. v. Does 1-27, 284 F.R.D. 165, 169-71 (S.D.N.Y. 2012).
119. See, e.g., Malibu Media, LLC v. Does 1-39, No. 12-6945-MAS-DEA, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 44053, at ∗4 (D.N.J. Mar. 28, 2013).
120. Third Degree Films, Inc. v. Does 1-131, 280 F.R.D. 493, 498-99 (D. Ariz. 2012),
121. reh'g denied, No. CV 12-0108-PHX-JAT, 2012 WL 2383560 (D. Ariz. June 25, 2012).
122. Third Degree Films v. Does 1-47, 286 F.R.D. 188, 189-91 (D. Mass. 2012);
123. see also Patrick Collins, Inc., 941 F. Supp. 2d at 156-57;
124. Kick Ass Pictures, Inc. v. Does 1-25, C.A. No. 12-10810-MLW, 2013 WL 1497229, at ∗1 (D. Mass. Jan. 4, 2013);
125. Pac. Century Int'l, Ltd. v. Does 1-101, No. C-11-02533 (DMR), 2011 WL 5117424, at ∗2 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 27, 2011).
126. Third Degree Films, 286 F.R.D. at 190;
127. see also Hard Drive Prods., Inc. v. Does 1-90, No. C 11-03825 HRL, 2012 WL 1094653, at ∗3 & n.4, ∗7 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 30, 2012).
128. See, e.g., Hard Drive Prods., Inc., 2012 WL 1094653, at ∗3-4, ∗3 n.4.
129. Patrick Collins, Inc., 941 F. Supp. 2d at 165-66
130. quoting Third Degree Films, 286 F.R.D. at 197;
131. Patrick Collins, Inc., 941 F. Supp. 2d at 157.
132. E.g., In re BitTorrent Adult Film Copyright Infringement Cases, 296 F.R.D. 80, 92 (E.D.N.Y. 2012).
133. Third Degree Films, 286 F.R.D. at 198;
134. see also Patrick Collins, Inc., 941 F. Supp. 2d at 166.
135. See, e.g., John Blackstone, Cat Videos Take Over Internet, Marketing World, CBS NEWS (Sept. 2, 2013, 8:18 AM), http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/cat-videos-take-over-internet-marketing-world/.
136. See Porn Sites Get More Visitors Each Month Than Netflix, Amazon and Twitter Combined, HUFFINGTON POST (May 4, 2013, 10:45 AM), http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/03/internet-porn-stats-n-3187682.html.
137. Flava Works, Inc. v. Gunter, 689 F.3d 754, 755 (7th Cir. 2012);
138. see also Jartech, Inc. v. Clancy, 666 F.2d 403, 406 (9th Cir. 1982);
139. Mitchell Bros. Film Grp. v. Cinema Adult Theatre, 604 F.2d 852, 862-63 (5th Cir. 1979).
140. But see Ann Bartow, Copyright Law and Pornography, 91 OR. L. REV. 1 (2012).
141. See generally Peter Johnson, Pornography Drives Technology: Why Not to Censor the Internet, 49 FED. COMM. L.J. 217 (1996).
142. See, e.g., Patrick Collins, Inc. v. Does 1-38, 941 F. Supp. 2d 153, 155 (D. Mass. 2013).
143. See Guava, LLC v. Does 1-5, No. 1:12-CV-8000, 2013 WL 3270663, at ∗3 (N.D. Ill. June 27, 2013);
144. see also Joe Mullin, 'Porn Troll' Prenda Law Sanctioned in Defamation Lawsuit, ARS TECHNICA (Jan. 23, 2014, 6:45 PM), http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2014/01/porn-troll-prenda-law-sanctioned-in-defamation-lawsuit/.
145. Kashmir Hill, How Porn Copyright Lawyer John Steele Has Made a 'Few Million Dollars' Pursuing (Sometimes Innocent) 'Porn Pirates', FORBES (October 15, 2012, 2:09 PM), http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2012/10/15/how-porn-copyright-lawyer-john-steele-justifies-his-pursuit-of-sometimes-innocent-porn-pirates/.
146. See Mike Masnick, Prenda Law Accused of Trying to Start Over Again Under a New Name, TECHDIRT (Dec. 18, 2012, 7:49 PM), https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20121214/22290621392/prenda-law-accused-trying-to-start-over-again-under-new-name.shtml.
147. Claire Suddath, Prenda Law, the Porn Copyright Trolls, BUS. WK. (May 30, 2013), http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-05-30/prenda-law-the-porn-copyright-trolls.
148. Malibu Media, LLC v. Does 1-3, Nos. 13-C-536, 13-C-544, 13-C-779, 2013 WL 6579338, at ∗5 (E.D. Wis. Dec. 12, 2013);
149. see also Malibu Media, LLC v. Does 1-11, Nos. 13-cv-205-wmc, 13-cv-207-wmc, 13-cv-208-wmc, 13-cv-209-wmc, 13-cv-315-wmc, 13-cv-317-wmc, 13-cv-318-wmc, 13-cv-319-wmc, 13-cv-320-wmc, 13-cv-321-wmc, 13-cv-322-wmc, 2013 WL 4821911, at ∗5 (W.D. Wis. Sept. 10, 2013).
150. But see Malibu Media, LLC v. Helferich, No. 1:12-cv-00842-TWP-MJD, 2014 WL 690921, at ∗3 (S.D. Ind. Feb. 21, 2014) (denying Motion for Sanctions by defendants).
151. Lightspeed Media Corp. v. Smith, 761 F.3d 699, 712 (7th Cir. 2014);
152. Lightspeed Media Corp. v. Smith, No. 12-889-GPM, 2013 WL 6225093, at ∗4 (S.D. Ill. Nov. 27, 2013);
153. Ingenuity 13 LLC v. Doe, No. 2:12-cv-8333-ODW (JCx), 2013 WL 1898633, at ∗2-3, ∗5 (C.D. Cal. May 6, 2013).
154. Cyrus Farivar, Prenda Seeded Its Own Porn Files Via BitTorrent, New Affidavit Argues, ARS TECHNICA (June 3, 2013, 8:15 PM), http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/06/prenda-seeded-its-own-porn-files-via-bittorrent-new-affidavit-shows/.
155. Mike Masnick, 'Defendant' in Prenda Law Case Reveals He Agreed to Take a Dive, TECHDIRT (Jan. 25, 2013, 6:44 PM), https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20130125/15575421793/defendant-prenda-law-case-reveals-he-agreed-to-take-dive.shtml.
156. See Ingenuity 13 LLC, 2013 WL 1898633, at ∗4.
157. See Suddath, supra note 113.
158. See, e.g., Patrick Collins, Inc. v. Does 1-38, 941 F. Supp. 2d 153, 155 (D. Mass. 2013).
159. Statute of Anne, 8 Ann. c. 19 (1710).
160. U.S. CONST., art. I, § 8, cl. 8.
161. Feist Publ'ns, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co., 499 U.S. 340, 349 (1991)
162. quoting U.S. CONST. art. I, § 8, cl. 8
163. citing Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. Aiken, 422 U.S. 151, 154 (1975).
164. Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. v. Nation Enters., 471 U.S. 539, 558 (1985);
165. see also Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186, 219 (2003).
166. See generally William M. Landes & Richard A. Posner, An Economic Analysis of Copyright Law, 18 J. LEGAL STUD. 325 (1989).
167. See Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd., 545 U.S. 913, 940 (2005);
168. BMG Music v. Gonzalez, 430 F.3d 888, 890 (7th Cir. 2005);
169. A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004, 1017 (9th Cir. 2001).
170. See 17 U.S.C. § 505 (2013).
171. Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc., 510 U.S. 517, 534-35 (1994).
172. Capitol Records, Inc. v. Alaujan, 593 F. Supp. 2d 319, 321 (D. Mass. 2009);
173. Capitol Records Inc. v. Thomas, 579 F. Supp. 2d 1210, 1213, 1227 (D. Minn. 2008).
174. See Pamela Samuelson et al., Statutory Damages: A Rarity in Copyright Laws Internationally, But for How Long?, 60 J. COPYRIGHT SOC'Y U.S.A. 529, 536-44 (2013).
175. Copyright Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-42, s. 38.1 (2012).
176. 17 U.S.C. § 504;
177. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 416 (2003).
178. Compare 17 U.S.C. § 504(c) (1976),
179. with 17 U.S.C. § 25(b) (1926).
180. See generally Stan J. Liebowitz, File Sharing: Creative Destruction or Just Plain Destruction?, 49 J.L. & ECON. 1, 15-16 (2006);
181. Alejandro Zentner, Measuring the Effect of File Sharing on Music Purchases, 49 J.L & ECON. 63, 65-66 (2006).
182. But see Felix Oberholzer-Gee & Koleman Strumpf, The Effect of File Sharing on Record Sales: An Empirical Analysis, 115 J. POL. ECON. 1, 3 (2007);
183. Joel Waldfogel, Bye, Bye, Miss American Pie? The Supply of New Recorded Music Since Napster 7-9 (Nat'l Bureau of Econ. Research, Working Paper No. 16882, 2011), available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w16882.pdf.
184. See generally UMG Recordings, Inc. v. MP3.com, Inc., 92 F. Supp. 2d 349 (S.D.N.Y. 2000);
185. Jim Hu, MP3.com Pays $53.4 Million to End Copyright Suit, CNET (Nov. 15, 2000, 11:20 AM), http://news.cnet.com/MP3.com-pays-53.4-million-to-end-copyright-suit/2100-1023-3-248583.html.
186. Gary S. Becker, Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach, in ESSAYS IN THE ECONOMICS OF CRIME AND PUNISHMENT 1, 17 (Gary S. Becker & William M. Landes, eds., 1974).
187. Campbell, 538 U.S. at 425.
188. see also BMW of N. Am., Inc. v. Gore, 517 U.S. 559, 581 (1996).
189. See, e.g., Sony BMG Music Entm't v. Tenenbaum, 719 F.3d 67, 71-72 (1st Cir. 2013);
190. Capitol Records, Inc. v. Thomas-Rasset, 692 F.3d 899, 907-10 (8th Cir. 2012),
191. cert. denied, 133 S. Ct. 1584 (2013);
192. Zomba Enters., Inc. v. Panorama Records, Inc., 491 F.3d 574, 586-88 (6th Cir. 2007)
193. cert. denied, 553 U.S. 1032 (2008);
194. Lowry's Reports, Inc. v. Legg Mason, Inc., 302 F. Supp. 2d 455, 458-60 (D. Md. 2004).
195. See U.S. SENTENCING GUIDELINES MANUAL §§ 2A4.1, 5E1.2 (2013).
196. See generally Ben Depoorter et al., Copyright Backlash, 84 S. CAL. L. REV. 1251 (2011).
197. See generally TOM R. TYLER, WHY PEOPLE OBEY THE LAW (1990).
198. TYLER, supra note 141, at 25.
199. Cf. Depoorter et al., supra note 138, at 1268-69.
200. See Capitol Records, Inc. v. Alaujan, 593 F. Supp. 2d 319, 321-22 (D. Mass. 2009);
201. Capitol Records Inc. v. Thomas, 579 F. Supp. 2d 1210, 1213, 1227 (D. Minn. 2008).
202. See State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 425 (2003).
203. citing Pac. Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Haslip, 499 U.S. 1, 23-24 (1991;
204. BMW of N. Am., Inc. v. Gore, 517 U.S. 559, 581 (1996).
205. Mathias v. Accor Econ. Lodging, Inc., 347 F.3d 672, 676 (7th Cir. 2003).
206. U.S.C. § 504(c)(1) (2012).
207. Clifford Ward, CBS 2 Reporter Savini Pleads Guilty to DUI, CHI. TRIB. (Feb. 4, 2014, 10:00 AM), http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/naperville-lisle/chi-savini-case-could-be-resolved-tuesday-20140203-story.html.
208. Impaired Driving: Get the Facts, CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL & PREVENTION, http://www.cdc.gov/motorvehiclesafety/impaired-driving/impaired-drv-factsheet.html (last updated Oct. 7, 2014).
209. Samuelson & Wheatland, supra note 56, at 509-10.
210. See Sample Settlement, RIGHTSCORP, http://www.rightscorp.com/enforcement/sample-settlement-agreement (last visited Dec. 26, 2014).
211. See generally Ernesto, Anti-Piracy Firm Wants to Fine Aussie and Canadian File-Sharers, TORRENTFREAK (July 18, 2014), http://torrentfreak.com/anti-piracy-firm-wants-fine-aussie-canadian-file-sharers-140718/.
212. Rightscorp's Copyright Monetization Service Increases Representation of 'Billboard' Hot 100 Songs, RIGHTSCORP (July 31, 2014, 7:06 AM), http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/rightscorps-copyright-monetization-service-increases-representation-of-billboard-hot-100-songs-269354671.html.
213. See In re BitTorrent Adult Film Copyright Infringement Cases, 296 F.R.D. 80, 82 (E.D.N.Y. 2012);
214. see also Righthaven LLC v. Democratic Underground, LLC 791 F. Supp. 2d 968, 979 (D. Nev. 2011).
215. See, e.g., Voltage Pictures, LLC, v. Doe No. 1, Nos. 6:14-cv-812-MC, 6:14-cv-816-MC, 2014 WL 2830845, at ∗1 (D. Or. June 20, 2014).
216. Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co., 188 U.S. 239, 251 (1903).
217. Patrick Collins, Inc. v. Does 1-38, 941 F. Supp. 2d 153, 166 (D. Mass. 2013)
218. FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(2).
219. See generally World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286 (1980).
220. See, e.g., First Time Videos, LLC v. Does 1-500, 276 F.R.D. 241, 251 (N.D. Ill. 2011);
221. see also Malibu Media, LLC v. Does 1-6, 291 F.R.D. 191, 206 (N.D. Ill. 2013);
222. First Time Videos, LLC v. Does 1-76, 276 F.R.D. 254, 259 (N.D. Ill. 2011);
223. MGCIP v. Does 1-316, No. 10 C 6677, 2011 WL 2292958, at ∗2 (N.D. Ill. June 9, 2011).
224. see, for example, London-Sire Records, Inc. v. Doe 1, 542 F. Supp. 2d 153, 180-81 (D. Mass. 2008);
225. Sony Music Entm't, Inc. v. Does 1-40, 326 F. Supp. 2d 556, 567 (S.D.N.Y. 2004).
226. But see DigiProtect USA Corp. v. Does 1-240, No. 10 Civ. 8760(PAC), 2011 WL 4444666, at ∗3 & n.3 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 26, 2011).
227. TCYK, LLC v. Does 1-62, No. 13 C 3842, 2013 WL6671675, at ∗3 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 18, 2013)
228. quoting TCYK, LLC v. Does 1-87, No. 13 C 3845, 2013 WL 3465186, at ∗4 (N.D. Ill. July 10, 2013).
229. See generally Brad A. Greenberg, Copyright Trolls and Presumptively Fair Uses, 85 U. COLO. L. REV. 53 (2014).
230. See U.S. CONST. art. I, § 8, cl. 8.