Race/ethnicity moderates the relationship between depressive symptom severity and C-reactive protein: 2005-2010 NHANES data

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

Volumn 41, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 101-108

  Case, Stephanie M ^a   Stewart, Jesse C ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF INDIANAPOLIS   (United States)

^b INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

C reactive protein; Depressive symptoms; Ethnicity; Inflammation; Moderator; NHANES; Race; Somatic symptoms

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; HORMONE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BLACK PERSON; CAUCASIAN; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; ETHNICITY; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEXICAN AMERICAN; NATIONAL HEALTH AND NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY; NEPHELOMETRY; PATIENT HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE 9; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; RACE; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; UNITED STATES; AGED; BLOOD; COMORBIDITY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; ETHNOLOGY; HISPANIC; INFLAMMATION; MEXICO; MIDDLE AGED; NUTRITION; PSYCHOLOGY; SELF REPORT; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SOCIOECONOMICS; SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA; SYMPTOM ASSESSMENT; VERY ELDERLY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; AFRICAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; COMORBIDITY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DEPRESSION; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; HISPANIC AMERICANS; HORMONES; HUMANS; HYPOLIPIDEMIC AGENTS; INFLAMMATION; LATIN AMERICA; MALE; MEXICO; MIDDLE AGED; NUTRITION SURVEYS; SELF REPORT; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; SYMPTOM ASSESSMENT; UNITED STATES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84924063194     PISSN: 08891591     EISSN: 10902139     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.04.004     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Abraham G., Sundaram V., Mathew M., Leslie N., Sathiah V. C-reactive protein, a valuable predictive marker in chronic kidney disease. Saudi J Kidney Dis. Transplant. 2009, 20:811.
2. Boyle S.H., Jackson W.G., Suarez E.C. Hostility, anger, and depression predict increases in C3 over a 10-year period. Brain Behav. Immun. 2007, 21:816-823.
3. Callahan C.M., Wolinsky F.D. The effect of gender and race on the measurement properties of the CES-D in older adults. Med. Care 1994, 32:341-356.
4. Cameron I.M., Cardy A., Crawford J.R., du Toit S.W., Hay S., Lawton K., Mitchell K., Sharma S., Shivaprasad S., Winning S. Measuring depression severity in general practice. Discriminatory performance of the PHQ-9, HADS-D, and BDI-II. Br. J. Gen. Practice 2011, 61:e419.
5. Carney R.M., Freedland K.E. Are somatic symptoms of depression better predictors of cardiac events than cognitive symptoms in coronary heart disease?. Psychosom. Med. 2012, 74:33-38.
6. Casas J.P., Shah T., Hingorani A.D., Danesh J., Pepys M.B. C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease: a critical review. J. Intern. Med. 2008, 264:295-314.
7. Chilcot J., Rayner L., Lee W., Price A., Goodwin L., Monroe B., Sykes N., Hansford P., Hotopf M. The factor structure of the PHQ-9 in palliative care. J. Psychosom. Res. 2013, 75:60-64.
8. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences 1988, Lawarence Earlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ. second ed.
9. Conradi H.J., Ormel J., de Jonge P. Presence of individual (residual) symptoms during depressive episodes and periods of remission: a 3-year prospective study. Psychol. Med. 2011, 41:1165-1174.
10. Dantzer R. Cytokine-induced sickness behaviour: a neuroimmune response to activation of innate immunity. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2004, 500:399-411.
11. Dantzer R., O'Connor J.C., Freund G.G., Johnson R.W., Kelley K.W. From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2008, 9:46-56.
12. Davidson K.W., Rieckmann N., Rapp M.A. Definitions and distinctions among depressive syndromes and symptoms: implications for a better understanding of the depression-cardiovascular disease association. Psychosom. Med. 2005, 67(Suppl.1):S6-S9.
13. de Jonge P., Mangano D., Whooley M.A. Differential association of cognitive and somatic depressive symptoms with heart rate variability in patients with stable coronary heart disease: findings from the Heart and Soul Study. Psychosom. Med. 2007, 69:735-739.
14. Deverts D.J., Cohen S., DiLillo V.G., Lewis C.E., Kiefe C., Whooley M., Matthews K.A. Depressive symptoms, race, and circulating c-reactive protein: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Psychosom. Med. 2010, 72:734-741.
15. Duivis H.E., Vogelzangs N., Kupper N., de Jonge P., Penninx B.W.J.H. Differential associations of somatic and cognitive symptoms of depression and anxiety with inflammation: findings from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013, 38:1573-1585.
16. Epstein F.H., Ross R. Atherosclerosis-an inflammatory disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999, 340:115-126.
17. Everson S.A., Goldberg D.E., Kaplan G.A., Cohen R.D., Pukkala E., Tuomilehto J., Salonen J.T. Hopelessness and risk of mortality and incidence of myocardial infarction and cancer. Psychosom. Med. 1996, 58:113-121.
18. Gan W.Q., Man S.F.P., Senthilselvan A., Sin D.D. Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic inflammation: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Thorax 2004, 59:574-580.
19. Gimeno D., Kivimäki M., Brunner E.J., Elovainio M., De Vogli R., Steptoe A., Kumari M., Lowe G.D.O., Rumley A., Marmot M.G., Ferrie J.E. Associations of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 with cognitive symptoms of depression: 12-year follow-up of the Whitehall II study. Psychol. Med. 2009, 39:413-423.
20. Hackam D.G., Anand S.S. Emerging risk factors for atherosclerotic vascular disease: a critical review of the evidence. JAMA 2003, 290:932-940.
21. Hamer M., Molloy G.J., de Oliveira C., Demakakos P. Persistent depressive symptomatology and inflammation: to what extent do health behaviours and weight control mediate this relationship?. Brain. Behav. Immun. 2009, 23:413-418.
22. Hasler G., Drevets W.C., Manji H.K., Charney D.S. Discovering endophenotypes for major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004, 29:1765-1781.
23. Howren M.B., Lamkin D.M., Suls J. Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: a meta-analysis. Psychosom. Med. 2009, 71:171-186.
24. Huang F.Y., Chung H., Kroenke K., Delucchi K.L., Spitzer R.L. Using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 to measure depression among racially and ethnically diverse primary care patients. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 2006, 21:547-552.
25. Hybels C.F., Steffens D.C., McQuoid D.R., Krishnan K.R.R. Residual symptoms in older patients treated for major depression. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2005, 20:1196-1202.
26. Kaptoge S., Di Angelantonio E., Pennells L., Wood A.M., White I.R., Gao P., Walker M., Thompson A., Sarwar N., Caslake M., Butterworth A.S., Amouyel P., Assmann G., Bakker S.J.L., Barr E.L.M., Barrett-Connor E., Benjamin E.J., Björkelund C., Brenner H., Brunner E., Clarke R., Cooper J.A., Cremer P., Cushman M., Dagenais G.R., D'Agostino R.B., Dankner R., Davey-Smith G., Deeg D., Dekker J.M., Engström G., Folsom A.R., Fowkes F.G.R., Gallacher J., Gaziano J.M., Giampaoli S., Gillum R.F., Hofman A., Howard B.V., Ingelsson E., Iso H., Jørgensen T., Kiechl S., Kitamura A., Kiyohara Y., Koenig W., Kromhout D., Kuller L.H., Lawlor D.A., Meade T.W., Nissinen A., Nordestgaard B.G., Onat A., Panagiotakos D.B., Psaty B.M., Rodriguez B., Rosengren A., Salomaa V., Kauhanen J., Salonen J.T., Shaffer J.A., Shea S., Ford I., Stehouwer C.D.A., Strandberg T.E., Tipping R.W., Tosetto A., Wassertheil-Smoller S., Wennberg P., Westendorp R.G., Whincup P.H., Wilhelmsen L., Woodward M., Lowe G.D.O., Wareham N.J., Khaw K.-T., Sattar N., Packard C.J., Gudnason V., Ridker P.M., Pepys M.B., Thompson S.G., Danesh J. C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and cardiovascular disease prediction. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012, 367:1310-1320.
27. Kessel A., Elias G., Pavlotzky E., Zuckerman E., Rosner I., Toubi E. Anti-C-reactive protein antibodies in chronic hepatitis C infection: correlation with severity and autoimmunity. Hum. Immunol. 2007, 68:844-848.
28. Kiecolt-Glaser J.K., Preacher K.J., MacCallum R.C., Atkinson C., Malarkey W.B., Glaser R. Chronic stress and age-related increases in the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2003, 100:9090-9095.
29. Kline R.B. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling 2010, Guilford Press, New York. third ed.
30. Kop W.J., Gottdiener J.S. The role of immune system parameters in the relationship between depression and coronary artery disease. Psychosom. Med. 2005, 67:S37-S41.
31. Korhonen T., Broms U., Varjonen J., Romanov K., Koskenvuo M., Kinnunen T., Kaprio J. Smoking behaviour as a predictor of depression among Finnish men and women: a prospective cohort study of adult twins. Psychol. Med. 2007, 37:705-715.
32. Krause J.S., Bombardier C., Carter R.E. Assessment of depressive symptoms during inpatient rehabilitation for spinal cord injury: is there an underlying somatic factor when using the PHQ?. Rehabil. Psychol. 2008, 53:513-520.
33. Kroenke K., Spitzer R.L. The PHQ-9: a new depression diagnostic and severity measure. Psychiatr. Ann. 2002, 32:509-515.
34. Kroenke K., Spitzer R.L., Williams J.B. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 2001, 16:606-613.
35. Kubzansky L.D., Sparrow D., Vokonas P., Kawachi I. Is the glass half empty or half full? A prospective study of optimism and coronary heart disease in the normative aging study. Psychosom. Med. 2001, 63:910-916.
36. Luppino F.S., de Wit L.M., Bouvy P.F., Stijnen T., Cuijpers P., Penninx B.W., Zitman F.G. Overweight, obesity, and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2010, 67:220.
37. Manea L., Gilbody S., McMillan D. Optimal cut-off score for diagnosing depression with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9): a meta-analysis. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 2012, 184:E191-E196.
38. Matthews K.A., Räikkönen K., Sutton-Tyrrell K., Kuller L.H. Optimistic attitudes protect against progression of carotid atherosclerosis in healthy middle-aged women. Psychosom. Med. 2004, 66:640-644.
39. McCaffery J.M., Frasure-Smith N., Dubé M.-P., Théroux P., Rouleau G.A., Duan Q., Lespérance F. Common genetic vulnerability to depressive symptoms and coronary artery disease: a review and development of candidate genes related to inflammation and serotonin. Psychosom. Med. 2006, 68:187-200.
40. Michal M., Wiltink J., Kirschner Y., Wild P.S., Münzel T., Ojeda F.M., Zeller T., Schnabel R.B., Lackner K., Blettner M., Zwiener I., Beutel M.E. Differential associations of depressive symptom dimensions with cardio-vascular disease in the community: results from the Gutenberg Health Study. PLoS ONE 2013, 8:e72014.
41. Miller G.E., Blackwell E. Turning up the heat: inflammation as a mechanism linking chronic stress, depression, and heart disease. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. (Wiley-Blackwell) 2006, 15:269-272.
42. Miller G.E., Freedland K.E., Carney R.M., Stetler C.A., Banks W.A. Pathways linking depression, adiposity, and inflammatory markers in healthy young adults. Brain Behav. Immun. 2003, 17:276-285.
43. Omori H., Tsuji M., Sata K., Iyonaga C., Narimatsu A., Mihara S., Marubayashi T., Tomiguchi S., Nomori H., Kohrogi H. Correlation of C-reactive protein with disease severity in CT diagnosed emphysema. Respirology 2009, 14:551-558.
44. Patten S.B., Schopflocher D. Longitudinal epidemiology of major depression as assessed by the Brief Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Compr. Psychiatry 2009, 50:26-33.
45. Pearson T.A., Mensah G.A., Alexander R.W., Anderson J.L., Cannon R.O., Criqui M., Fadl Y.Y., Fortmann S.P., Hong Y., Myers G.L., Rifai N., Smith S.C., Taubert K., Tracy R.P., Vinicor F. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2003, 107:499-511.
46. Raison C.L., Capuron L., Miller A.H. Cytokines sing the blues: inflammation and the pathogenesis of depression. Trends Immunol., England 2006, 24-31.
47. Rosengren A., Hawken S., Ounpuu S., Sliwa K., Zubaid M., Almahmeed W.A., Blackett K.N., Sitthi-amorn C., Sato H., Yusuf S. Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11119 cases and 13648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 2004, 364:953-962.
48. Sokka T., Pincus T. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, or rheumatoid factor are normal at presentation in 35%-45% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis seen between 1980 and 2004: analyses from Finland and the United States. J. Rheumatol. 2009, 36:1387-1390.
49. Stewart J.C., Janicki D.L., Muldoon M.F., Sutton-Tyrrell K., Kamarck T.W. Negative emotions and 3-year progression of subclinical atherosclerosis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2007, 64:225-233.
50. Stewart J.C., Rand K.L., Muldoon M.F., Kamarck T.W. A prospective evaluation of the directionality of the depression-inflammation relationship. Brain Behav. Immun. 2009, 23:936-944.
51. Stewart J.C., Zielke D.J., Hawkins M.A.W., Williams D.R., Carnethon M.R., Knox S.S., Matthews K.A. Depressive symptom clusters and 5-year incidence of coronary artery calcification: the coronary artery risk development in young adults study. Circulation 2012, 126:410-417.
52. Tien P.C., Choi A.I., Zolopa A.R., Benson C., Tracy R., Scherzer R., Bacchetti P., Shlipak M., Grunfeld C. Inflammation and mortality in HIV-infected adults: analysis of the FRAM study cohort. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 2010, 55(316-322):3. 10.1097/QAI.1090b1013e3181e66216.
53. Tilg H., Wilmer A., Vogel W., Herold M., Nolchen B., Judmaier G., Huber C. Serum levels of cytokines in chronic liver diseases. Gastroenterology 1992, 103:264-274.
54. Van der Kooy K., van Hout H., Marwijk H., Marten H., Stehouwer C., Beekman A. Depression and the risk for cardiovascular diseases: systematic review and meta analysis. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2007, 22:613-626.
55. Wiltink J., Michal M., Wild P., Zwiener I., Blettner M., Munzel T., Schulz A., Kirschner Y., Beutel M. Associations between depression and different measures of obesity (BMI, WC, WHtR, WHR). BMC Psychiatry 2013, 13:223.
56. Wittkampf K.A., Naeije L., Schene A.H., Huyser J., van Weert H.C. Diagnostic accuracy of the mood module of the Patient Health Questionnaire: a systematic review. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 2007, 29:388-395.