Conquest in cyberspace: National security and information warfare

Conquest in Cyberspace: National Security and Information Warfare

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-323

  Libicki, Martin C ^a  

^a RAND CORPORATION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84923955628     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511804250     Document Type: Book

References (233)

1. Joseph Nye, Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power, New York (Basic Books), 1990.
2. Julian Dibbell, “The Unreal Estate Boom,” Wired, January 2003, 11, 1, pp. 106–13.
3. Lawrence Lessig, Code, and Other Laws of Cyberspace, New York (Basic Books), 1999.
4. D. P. Reed, and D. D. Clark, “End-to-End Arguments in System Design” ACM Transactions in Computer Systems, November 1984, 2, 4, pp. 277–88.
5. Benjamin Wallace-Wells, “Private Jihad: The Woman Who Became a Freelance Spy,” New Yorker, May 29, 2006, pp. 28–41.
6. Martin Libicki, What Is Information Warfare, Washington (NDU Press), 1995.
7. John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, “Cyberwar Is Coming!” Comparative Strategy, 12, 1993, pp. 141–65.
8. Richard Szafranski, “Neocortical Warfare? The Acme of Skill,” Military Review, November 1994, pp. 41–55.
9. Roger Molander, Andrew Riddile, and Peter Wilson, Strategic Information Warfare: A New Face of War, Santa Monica (RAND), 1996.
10. Roger Molander and Peter Wilson, Strategic Information War Rising, Santa Monica (RAND), 1998.
11. Robert Lemos, “Fast-Spreading Code Is Weapon of Choice for Net Vandals,” http://news.com.com/2009-1001-254061.html, March 15, 2001.
12. Thierry Breton, Softwar (English translation), New York (Holt, Rinehart, and Winston), 1986.
13. John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, “Cyberwar Is Coming!” Comparative Strategy, 12, 1993, pp. 141–65.
14. Richard Szafranski, “Neocortical Warfare? The Acme of Skill,” Military Review, November 1994, pp. 41–55.
15. Roger Molander, Andrew Riddile, and Peter Wilson, Strategic Information Warfare: A New Face of War, Santa Monica (RAND), 1996.
16. Robert Lemos, “Fast-Spreading Code Is Weapon of Choice for Net Vandals,” http://news.com.com/2009-1001-254061.html, March 15, 2001.
17. Tom Espiner, “F-Secure: Commwarrior Claims First Big Victim,” http://news.com.com/2102-7349 3-5845021.html, August 31, 2005.
18. Joris Evers, “BlackBerry Users Face Security Threat,” http://news.com.com/2102-10023-6016847.html, January 3, 2006.
19. Abraham Kandel, Fuzzy Mathematical Techniques with Applications, Reading [Addison-Wesley], 1986.
20. Stephen Blank, “Can Information Warfare Be Deterred?” Defense Analysis, 2001, 17, 2, pp. 121–38.
21. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, Choice, Values, and Frames, Cambridge (Cambridge University Press), 2000.
22. Robert Cialdini, The Psychology of Influence, New York (William Morrow), 1984.
23. Dorothy Denning, Cryptography and Data Security, Reading (Addison-Wesley), 1982.
24. Bruce Schneier, Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code in C (John Wiley and Sons), 1995, especially pp. 483–502.
25. Stephan Shankland, “NSA Funds Work to Thicken Linux Armor,” http://news.com.com/2100-10013-255541.html, April 9, 2001.
26. Greg Sandoval and Troy Wolverton, “Leading Web Sites under Attack,” http//www.news.com/2100-10173-236683.html, 0-1007-200-1545348, February 9, 2000.
27. James Bamford, Body of Secrets, New York (Random House), 2001, p. 422.
28. James Adams, “Virtual Defense,” Foreign Affairs, May/June 2001, pp. 98–112.
29. Ryan Henry and C. Edward Peartree, “Military Theory and Information Warfare,” Parameters, Autumn 1998, pp. 121–35.
30. Patricia Parmalee, ed., “Industry Outlook,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, August 1, 2005, p. 12.
31. Stuart McClure, Joel Schambray, and George Kurtz, Hacking Exposed, Berkeley (Osborne), 1999.
32. Robert Lemos, “Attack on Net Servers Fails,” http://news.com.com/2100-1001-963005.html, October 22, 2002;
33. David McGuire and Brian Krebs, “Large-Scale Attack Cripples Internet Backbone,” Washington Post, October 22, 2002, p. E05.
34. Robert Lemos, “Safety: Assessing the Infrastructure Risk,” http://news.com.com/2009-1001-954780.html, August 26, 2002.
35. Ashton Carter, John Deutch, and Philip Zelikow, “Catastrophic Terrorism: Tackling the New Danger,” Foreign Affairs, November/December 1998, pp. 80–94.
36. Gabriel Weimann, “Cyberterrorism: The Sum of All Fears?” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 28, 2005, pp. 129–49.
37. Kevin Poulson, “Cyber Terror in the Air,” Securityfocus.com, June 30, 2001.
38. Karen DeYoung, “Terrorism Warnings Focussed on Threat Overseas,” September 12, 2001, p. A19.
39. David Tucker, “Fighting Barbarians,” Parameters, Summer 1998, pp. 69–79.
40. Joshua Green, “The Myth of Cyberterrorism” Washington Monthly, November 2002, pp. 8–13.
41. Barton Gellman, “Cyber-Attacks by Al Qaeda Feared,” Washington Post, June 27, 2002, p. A1.
42. Nadya Labi, “Jihad 2.0,” Atlantic, 297, 6, July/August 2006, pp. 102–8j;
43. Paul Cruikshank and Mohanad Hage Ali, “Jihadist of Mass Destruction,” Washington Post, June 11, 2006, p. B2;
44. Audrey Kurth Cronin, “Cyber-Mobilization: The New Levee en Masse,” Parameters, Summer 2006, pp. 77–87;
45. Eshan Ahrari, “Al Qaeda and Cyberterrorism” www.atimes.com/atimes/printn.hmtl, August 18, 2004;
46. Steve Coll and Susan B. Glasser, “Terrorists Turn to the Web as Base of Operations,” Washington Post, August 7, 2005, p. A-1;
47. Timothy Thomas, “Al Qaeda and the Internet: The Danger of ‘Cyberplanning’,” Parameters, Spring 2003, pp. 112–23;
48. Douglas Frantz, Josh Meter, and Richard B. Schmidt, “Cyberspace Gives al Qaeda Refuge,” www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg/cyberterror15aug1,1,4439595.story
49. Mark Townsend, “Leak Reveals Official Story of London Bombings,” Observer, observer.guardian.co.uk/uk news/story/0,,1750139,00.html, April 9, 2006.
50. Claude Shannon, “A Mathematical Theory of Communication,” The Bell System Technical Journal, July, October 1948, 27, pp. 379–423, 623–56.
51. Survey “Securing the Cloud,” Economist, October 24, 2002, p. 17.
52. Charles C. Mann, “The Mole in the Machine,” New York Times Sunday Magazine, July 25, 1999, pp. 32–5.
53. Oliver Revell, A G-Man’s Journal, New York (Simon and Schuster), 1998.
54. Rob Cross, Stephen Borgatti, and Andrew Parker, “Making Invisible Work Visible: Using Social Network Analysis to Support Strategic Collaboration,” California Management Review, Winter 2002, p. 25.
55. Bruce Schneier, www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2005/12, December 22, 2005.
56. Brian Krebs, “Invasion of the Computer Snatchers,” Washington Post Sunday Magazine, February 19, 2006, pp. 10–15, 23–9.
57. Fred Katayama, “Hacker Accesses 2.2 Million Credit Cards,” www.cnn.com/2003/tech/02/17/creditcard.hack/index.html, February 17, 2003.
58. David Fulghum and Robert Wall, “Information Warfare Isn’t What You Think,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, 154, 9, February 26, 2001, p. 52–3.
59. David Fulghum, “Battling for Minds,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, 161, 9, September 6, 2004, p. 52.
60. Scott Shane and Rowman, Baltimore Sun, December 10, 1995, p. 1A.
61. Craig Ellison, “Exploiting and Protecting 802.11b Wireless Networks,” www.extremetech.com/print article/0,3428, a%253D13880,00.asp, September 4, 2001.
62. David Fulghum, “Yugoslavia Successfully Attacked by Computers,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, 151, 8, August 23, 1999, pp. 31, 34.
63. Matthew Williamson “Resilient Infrastructure for Network Security,” www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/2002/HPL-2002-273.pdf.
64. Robert Lemos, “Fast-Spreading Code Is Weapon of Choice for Net Vandals,” http://news.com.com/2009-1001-254061.html, March 15, 2001.
65. Dorothy Denning, “Cyber Security as an Emergent Infrastructure,” in Robert Lathan, ed., Bombs and Bandwidth: The Emerging Relationship between Information Technology and Security, New York (Free Press), 2003, pp. 25–48.
66. Stuart Staniford, Gary Gim, and Roelof Jonkman, “Flash Worms: Thirty Seconds to Infect the Internet,” Silicon Defense, August 16, 2001
67. Robert Lemos, “’Slammer’ Attacks May Become Way of Life for Net,” http://news.com.com/2009-1001-983540.html, February 6, 2003;
68. Steven M Cherry, “Internet Slammed Again,” IEEE Spectrum, February 2003, www.spectrum.ieee.org/WEBONLY/wonews/feb03.slammer.html.
69. Paul Bracken, The Command and Control of Nuclear Forces, New Haven (Yale University Press), 1983
70. Bruce Blair, Strategic Command and Control: Redefining the Nuclear Threat, Washington (Brookings Institution), 1985.
71. William Arkin, Code Names: Deciphering U.S. Military Plans, Programs and Operations in the 9/11 World, Hanover (Steerforth, 2005).
72. Matthew Campbell, “’Logic Bomb’ Arms Race Panics Russians,” Sunday Times, November 29, 1998
73. Stephen Blank, “Can Information Warfare Be Deterred?” Defense Analysis, 17, 2, 2001, pp. 121–38.
74. Robert Lemos, “Linux Worm Causes Peer Pressure” www.news.com2100-1001-958122, September 16, 2002.
75. Brian Livingstone, “Sneaky Service Pacts” Infoworld, 26 August 2002, p. 20.
76. Martin Van Creveld, Command in War, Cambridge (Harvard University Press), 1985.
77. Alan Campen, The First Information War, Arlington (AFCEA Press), 1993;
78. R. W. Reading, “Could Iraq Have Made Better Use of Its Air Force and Missile Technology during the Air War?” Australian Defence Force Journal, 94, May/June 1992, pp. 39–63.
79. Ben Charny and Jim Hu, “Verizon’s Fiber Race Is On,” http://news.com.com/2100-10343-5275171.html, July 19, 2004
80. David Talbot, “How Tech Failed in Iraq,” Technology Review, November 2004, pp. 36–45;
81. Michael Howard, Strategic Deception in the Second World War, New York (Crown), 1990;
82. John Cecil Masterman, The Double-Cross System in the War of 1939 to 1945, New Haven (Yale University Press), 1972.
83. Michael H. Goldhaber, “The Attention Economy and the Net,” http://www.heise.de/tp/r4/artikel/6/6097/1.html, November 27, 1997;
84. Josef Falkinger, “Limited Attention as the Scarce Resource in an Information-Rich Economy,” www.iza.org/index html?lang=en&mainframe=http%3A//www.iza.org/en/webcontent/teaching/bonn research seminar/bonnseminar description html%3Fsem id%3D876&topSelect=teaching&subSelect=bonnresearchseminar, November 10, 2004.
85. George Miller, “The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information,” Psychological Review, 63, 1956, pp. 81–97.
86. Richard Overy, Why the Allies Won, New York (W. W. Norton), 1996;
87. Eliot Cohen and John Gooch, Military Misfortunes: The Anatomy of Failure in War, New York (Free Press), 1990.
88. Eliot Cohen, Supreme Command, New York (Free Press), 2002.
89. James A. Dewar, Assumption-Based Planning: A Tool for Reducing Avoidable Surprises, Cambridge (Cambridge University Press), 2002.
90. F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby, New York (Scribner’s), 1925, p. 182.
91. Frank Fukuyama, Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity, New York (Free Press), 1995.
92. Jena McGregor, “The Office Chart that Really Counts,” Business Week, February 27, 2006, pp. 48–9.
93. John Hockenberry, “The Blogs of War,” Wired, August 2005, pp. 118–23
94. Thomas Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree, New York (Farrar, Straus, Giroux), 1999, p. 184.
95. Ken Auletta, “American Keiretsu: The Next Corporate Order,” New Yorker (1997), pp. 225–7.
96. Charles Ferguson and Charles Norris, Computer Wars, New York (Random House), 1993, pp. 174–82.
97. David Manasian, “Reboot System and Start Again, Economist February 27, 1993, pp. 7–11.
98. Damin Darlin, “The IPOD Ecosystem,” New York Times, February 3, 2006
99. Joe Wilcox, “Microsoft Program Meets Some Resistance,” CNET News.com, http://news.com.com/2100-10013-908773.html, May 10, 2002.
100. Carolyn Meinel, “Code Red for the Web,” Scientific American, October 2001, pp. 42–51.
101. Greg Sandoval, “Why Hackers Escape,” http://news.com.com/2009-1017-912708.html, May 14, 2002.
102. Tom Sullivan, “Take Your Medicine,” Infoworld, August 31, 2001, p. 32.
103. Marcia Stepanik, “Are You Web Smart?” Business Week E-Biz, January 18, 2000, p. 38.
104. Michael Porter, “Strategy and the Internet,” Harvard Business Review, March 2001, pp. 63–78
105. Carl Shapiro and Hal Varian, Information Rules, Boston (Harvard Business School Press), 1999.
106. W. Brian Arthur, “Positive Feedbacks in the Economy,” Scientific American, February 1990, pp. 92–9;
107. Charles Morris and Charles Ferguson, “How Architecture Wins Technology Wars,” Harvard Business Review, March-April 1993, pp. 86–96.
108. Stan Liebowitz, “Should Technology Be a Concern of Antitrust Policy,” Harvard Journal of Law and Technology, Summer 1996, pp. 283–318.
109. Stuart Johnson, Martin Libicki, and Gregrory Treverton, ed., New Challenges, New Techniques, Santa Monica (RAND), 2003, pp. 67–95.
110. Tiffany Danitz and Walter P. Strobel, “Networking Dissent,” in John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, ed., Networks and Netwars, Santa Monica (RAND), 2002, pp. 129–69.
111. Herbert J. Gans, The Urban Villagers; Group and Class in the Life of Italian-Americans, Glencoe (Free Press), 1962.
112. Ben Charny, “It’s Your Number; Take It with You,” http://news.com.com/2100-1037-5100892.html, November 3, 2003.
113. Stephen Shankland, “Energy Dept., IBM to Unveil Science Grid,” http://news.com.com/2100-1001-866452.html, March 21, 2001.
114. Jeff Clarke, “The Grail of Utility Computing,” http://news.com.com/2102-73393-5091350.html, October 15, 2003.
115. Troy Wolverton, “Mobile Commerce Rings Up No Sale,” http://news.com.com/2100-1017-956969.html, September 9, 2002
116. Ellen Neuborne “How Commercial Communities Can Click,” www.businessweek.com/technology/content/may2001/tc2001057248.htm, May 2001.
117. Paul Festa, “Beyond the Personalization Myth by Jupiter Research,” http://news.com.com/2100-1038-5090716.html, October 13, 2003.
118. Robyn Wagner, “Don’t Shoot the Messenger: Limiting the Liability of Anonymous Remailer Operations,” 32 New Mexico Law Review, Rev 99 (the “Frontiers of Law: The Internet and Cyberspace” issue), pp. 99–142.
119. Lawrence Kaplan, “Centripetal Force: The Case for Staying in Iraq,” New Republic, March 6, 2006, pp. 19–23.
120. Margeret Kane, “Government Seeks Accord on XML,” http://news.com.com/2100-1001-935223.html, June 17, 2002.
121. David Rocks, “Reinventing Herman Miller,” Business Week E-Biz, April 3, 2000, p. 90.
122. Alan Hall, “How the Web Is Retooling Detroit,” Business Week, November 27, 2000, p. 194B
123. Faith Keenan, “Opening the Spigot,” Business Week E-Biz, June 2001, p. 4.
124. James Asker, ed., “Washington Outlook,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, October 6, 1997, p. 23.
125. Gordon Adams, Guy Ben-Ari, John Logsdon, and Ray Williamson, “Bridging the Gap: European C4ISR Capabilities and Transatlantic Interoperability,” CTNSP Defense and Technology Paper No. 5, October 2004
126. David Gompert, Richard Kugler, and Martin Libicki, Mind the Gap: Promoting a Transatlantic Revolution in Military Affairs, Washington (NDU Press), 1999
127. Michael Elliott, “A Clear and Present Danger,” Time, October 8, 2001, p. 29.
128. Robert Lemos, “Bush Adviser: Terror a Real Threat to Tech,” http://news.com.com/2100-1001-829485.html, November 8, 2001.
129. Stephen S. Hall, Mapping the Millenium, New York (Random House), 1992.
130. Mark S. Monmonier, How to Lie with Maps, Chicago (University of Chicago Press), 1991.
131. Mark Monmonier, Rhumb Lines and Map Wars: A Social History of the Mercator Projection, Chicago (University of Chicago Press), 2004.
132. Martin Libicki, Information Technology Standards: Quest for the Common Byte, Boston [Digital Press], 1995, pp. 322–4.
133. Frank Morring, Jr., “In-Orbit,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, June 21, 2004, p. 27.
134. Robert Wall, “NRO Wants License to Take Risks,” Aviation Week, September 11, 2000, p. 38.
135. Beth Lachman, Public-Private Partnerships for Data Sharing: A Dynamic Environment, RAND draft, DRU-2259-NASA/OSTP, April 2000.
136. Frank Morring, Jr., “In Orbit,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, February 28, 2005, p. 17.
137. Richard Posner, “The 9/11 Report: a Dissent,” New York Times Book Review, August 29, 2004, p. 1
138. Kim Zetter, “Feds Rethinking RFID Passport,” Wired News, April 26, 2005, available at www.wired.com/news/privacy/0,1848,67333,00.html?tw=wnstoryrelated
139. Bruce Schneier, “Does Big Brother Want to Watch? Passport Radio Chips Send Too Many Signals,” International Herald Tribune, http://www.iht.com/articles/2004/10/04/edschneiered3php, October 4, 2004.
140. Ithiel de Sola Pool, Technologies of Freedom, Cambridge (Belknap Press), 1983.
141. Michael Froomkin, “The Death of Privacy” Stanford Law Review, 52, May 2000, p. 1461–1543;
142. Daniel Solove, “Digital Dossiers and the Dissipation of Fourth Amendment Privacy,” Southern California Law Review, 75, 2000, pp. 1083–1167.
143. Robert O’Harrow, No Place to Hide: Behind the Scenes of Our Emerging Surveillance Society, New York (Free Press), 2005;
144. Simson Garfinkel, Database Nation: The Death of Privacy in the 21st Century, Sebastopol (O’Reilly), 2000
145. Jean Kumagai and Steven Cherry, “Sensors and Sensibility” and subsequent articles, IEEE Spectrum, July 2004, pp. 22–48.
146. Jeffrey Rosen, “A Watchful State,” New York Times Magazine, October 7, 2001, p. 38.
147. John D. Woodward, Super Bowl Surveillance: Facing Up to Biometrics, Santa Monica [RAND], 2001
148. Robert Lemos, “Rental-Car Firm Exceeding the Privacy Limit?” http://news.com.com/2100-1040-268747.html, June 20, 2001.
149. Edward Balkovich, Tora K. Bikson, and Gordon Bitko, 9 to 5: Do You Know If Your Boss Knows Where You Are?: Case Studies of Radio Frequency Identification Usage in the Workplace, TR-197, Santa Monica (RAND), 2005.
150. Simon Garfinkel and Beth Rosenberg, ed., RFI: Applications, Security, and Privacy, Upper Saddle River (Addison-Wesley), 2005.
151. Winston Chai, “Radio ID Chips May Track Banknotes,” http://news.com.com/2100-1017-1009155.html, May 22, 2003.
152. David Brown, “Intensive Care, from a Distance,” Washington Post, 125, 179, June 2, 2002, p. A1.
153. Christopher Stern, “Privacy Fight Centers on AdZapper,” Washington Post, May 4, 2002, p. A1, A12
154. Joris Evers, “Microsoft Scales Back Passport Ambitions,” IDG News Service, www.infoworld.com/article/04/10/20/HNmsppscaleback 1.html, October 20, 2004.
155. Brian Livingston, Information World, October 1, 2001, p. 46.
156. Wayne Rash, “Your Stolen Passport,” techupdate.zdnet.com/techupdate/stories/main/0,14179,2814881,00.html, September 26, 2001.
157. Brian Livingston, Information World, November 19, 2001, p. 46.
158. Steve Gilmor, Infoworld, August 5, 2002, p. 50
159. Tom Yager, “Microsoft Rethink,” http://www.infoworld.com/article/02/04/26/020429opestrat1.html, April 9, 2002.
160. Brian Fonseca and Ed Scannel, “Microsoft Plans XML Politics,” Infoworld, April 15, 2002
161. Mike Ricciuti and Robert Lemos, “Network: Reinventing the Wheel in Real Time,” http://news.com.com/2009-1001-274440.html, October 22, 2001
162. Brian Livingston, “New Web Tracking Service Raises Old Privacy Concerns,” http://news.com.com/2010-1071-281326.html, June 16, 2000.
163. John Schwartz, “Giving Web a Memory Cost Its Users Privacy,” New York Times, September 4, 2001, p. A1.
164. Stephen Lawson, “IPv6 Enters the Real World,” Infoworld, February 2, 2002, p. 35.
165. Dawn Kopecki, “Where Opportunity Is Knocking for Small Business,” Business Week, December 4, 2006, p. 81.
166. Anne Brache, “Feds Slacking in Shift to Next Generation” http://news.com.com//2100-10283-5768937.html, June 29, 2005.
167. Chris Taylor, “What Spies Beneath,” Time, October 7, 2002, p. 106.
168. John Borland, “Spike in ‘Spyware’ Accelerates Arms Race,” http://news.com.com/2009-1023-985524.html, February 24, 2003
169. Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen, New York (Simon and Schuster, 1995), pp. 25, 88–96.
170. Steven Hetcher, “Changing the Social Meaning of Privacy in Cyberspace,” 15 Harvard Journal of Law and Technology, 2001, pp. 149.
171. Mike France, “Why Privacy Notices Are a Sham,” Business Week, June 18, 2001, pp. 82–3.
172. Paul Festa, “Promise of P3P Stalls as Backers Regroup,” http://news.com.com/2100-1023-963632.html, October 29, 2002.
173. Batya Friedman, Peter Kahn, and Daniel Howe, “Trust Online,” CACM, December 2000, pp. 34–40.
174. Andrew Odlyzko, “They’re Watching You,” Economist, October 16, 2003, p. 77.
175. Eric Goldman, The Crucial Decade and After: America, 1945–1960, New York (Random House), 1972.
176. Alice Lipowicz, “Privacy Matters,” Washington Technology, 20, 10, May 23, 2005, pp. 1, 30–2.
177. Barry Brigs, “WS-Security details the mechanisms by which a SOAP [Simple Object Access Protocol] message can describe not only its contents but also its credentials and the algorithms by which your XML packet’s privacy and nonrepudiability were generated.” Barry Brigs, Infoworld, June 17, 2001, p. 58.
178. Steven Pinker, Words and Rules, New York (Perseus), 1999.
179. Herbert Dreyfus, What Computers Still Cannot Do: A Critique of Artificial Reason, Cambridge (MIT Press), 1994.
180. George Lakoff, Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things, Chicago (University of Chicago Press), 1987.
181. S. J. Gould, “What, If Anything, Is a Zebra?” in S. J. Gould, Hen’s Teeth and Horse’s Toes, New York (W. W. Norton), pp. 355–65.
182. Edward Sapir, Language, New York (Harcourt, Brace, and World), 1921;
183. Benjamin L. Whorf, Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf, ed. John B. Carroll, Cambridge (MIT Press), 1956.
184. Gön R. Semin, “Language and Social Cognition,” in Scott Tindale and Michael A. Hogg, ed., Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology, Oxford (Oxford University Press), 2000, pp. 159–80.
185. Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, New York (Random House), 1961.
186. Tim Berners-Lee, Weaving the Web, San Francisco (Harper San Francisco), 1999, pp. 177–96.
187. Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler, and Ora Lassila, “The Semantic Web,” Scientific American, May 2001, pp. 34–43.
188. Otis Port, “The Semantic Web,” Business Week, March 4, 2002, pp. 97–102
189. Andrew Updegrove, “The Semantic Web: An Interview with Tim Berners-Lee,” www.consortiuminfo.org/bulletins/semanticweb.php, June 2005.
190. Robert Hof, “Look Ma, No Hands,” Business Week E-Biz, November 20, 2000, p. 132.
191. Martha Baer, “The Ultimate On-the-Fly Network,” both in Wired, December 2003, pp. 236
192. Annette Krygiel, Behind the Wizard’s Curtain, U.S. DoD C4ISR, Washington (Cooperative Research Program), 1999, especially Chapter 2, “Systems of Systems and Federations of Systems,” pp. 31–47.
193. G. L. Pottie and W. J. Kaiser, “Wireless Integrated Network Sensors,” CACM, 43, 5, May 2000, pp. 51–8;
194. Harold Abelson et al., “Amorphous Computing,” CACM, 43, 5, May 2000, pp. 74–82
195. Glover T. Ferguson, “Have Your Objects Call My Objects,” Harvard Business Review, June 2002, pp. 138–44;
196. Jean Kumagai and Steven Cherry, “Sensors and Sensibility,” and subsequent articles, IEEE Spectrum, July 2004, pp. 22–48;
197. Michael Kanellos, “Making Sense of Sensors,” http://news.com.com/2008-10823-5829415.html?tag=nefd.ac, August 15, 2005.
198. Charles Cooper, “.Net and the Emperor’s New Clothes,” http://news.com.com/2010-1071-948117.html August 2, 2002.
199. Shawn Birmley, “Tentacles of Jihad: Targeting Transnational Support Networks,” Parameters, Summer 2006, p. 40.
200. Blaine Harden, “In Montana, Casting a Web for Terrorists,” Washington Post, June 4, 2006, p. A 3, available at www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/03/AR2006060300530pf.html
201. Ian Austen and David Johnston, “17 Held in Plot to Bomb Sites across Ontario,” New York Times, June 4, 2006, p. A1.
202. Anthony DePalma, “Ontario Terrorism Suspects Face List of Charges in Plot,” New York Times, June 6, 2006, p. A11.
203. Fox News, “FBI Busts ‘Real Deal’ Terror Plot Aimed at NYC-NJ Underground Transit Link,” http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,202518,00.html, July 7, 2006;
204. Eric Lipton, “Recent Arrests in Terror Plots Yield Debate on Pre-Emptive Action by Government,” New York Times, July 9, 2006, p. A13.
205. A. L Baker and William K. Rashbaum, “3 Hold Overseas in Plan to Bomb New York Target,” New York Times, July 8, 2006, p. A1.
206. R. C. Molander, Strategic Information Warfare: A New Face of War, Santa Monica (RAND), 1996.
207. Bradley Graham, “Hackers Attack via Chinese Web Sites,” Washington Post, August 25, 2005, p. A1.
208. Eric Rescorla, “Is Finding Security Holes a Good Idea?” www.dtc.umn.edu/weis2004/rescorla.pdf, 2004.
209. Ross Anderson, “Security in Open versus Closed Systems: The Dance of Boltzmann, Coase, and Moore,” www.ftp.cl.cam.ac.uk/ftp/users/rja14/toulouse.pdf, 2002
210. Nancy Leveson, Safeware, Reading (Addison-Wesley), 1995
211. Robert Lemos, “New Laws Make Hacking a Black-and-White Choice,” http://news.com.com/2009-10013-958129.html, September 23, 2002.
212. Sandra Swanson and George Hulme, “Insuring against Cybercrime Gets Tougher,” Information Week, January 7, 2002, available at www.informationweek.com/story/IWK20020104S0022.
213. Lorenzo Valeri, “Securing Internet Society: Toward an International Regime for Information Assurance,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 23, 2000, pp. 129–46.
214. Declan McCullagh, “Republicans Defeat Net Neutrality Proposal,” http://news.com.com/2100-10283-6058223.html, June 8, 2006.
215. Brian Livingston, “Windows XP and DDOS,” Infoworld, March 11, 2001, p. 60.
216. Munir Kotadia, “Experts: Zombies Ousting Viruses,” http://news.com.com/2102-73553-5720428.html, May 25, 2005.
217. Hal Berghel, “The Code Red Worm,” CACM, December 2001, p. 19.
218. Charles Morris and Charles Ferguson, “How Architecture Wins Technology Wars,” Harvard Business Review, March-April 1993, pp. 86–96.
219. Tom Schelling, “On the Ecology of Micromotives,” Public Interest, Fall 1971, p. 25.
220. Declan McCullagh, “U.S. to Retain Control of Internet Domain Names,” http://news.com.com/2102-10283-5770937.html, June 30, 2005;
221. Andy Oram, “Thinking Outside the Outbox,” http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/network/2000/06/01/outbox.html, June 1, 2000.
222. Michael Kanellos, “Microsoft Gets Diplomatic in China,” http://news.com.com/2100-1001-932927.html, June 5, 2002
223. Paul Boutin, “When Good Search Engines Go Bad,” http://www.slate.com/id/2114308/, March 3, 2005.
224. Jim Hu, “Competition: Ultimate Challenge to AOL,” http://news.com.com/2009-1001-273801.html, October 19, 2001.
225. Brian Livingston, “Is It Secure? I Mean IIS” Infoworld, January 21, 2002, p. 39.
226. Peter Neumann, “Robust Open-Source Software,” 104, CACM, 42, 2, February 1999, p. 104.
227. Charles Greer et al., “CyberInsecurity: The Cost of Monopoly,” http://www.totse.com/en/technology/computer technology/cyberinsecurit171812.html, September 24, 2003.
228. Joris Evans, “Developers Fast to Fix Open-Source Bugs,” http://news.com.com/2102-1002 3-6057669.html, April 4, 2006.
229. Eric Raymond, “The Cathedral and the Bazaar,” http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/index.html#catbmain.
230. Bruce Schneier, Secrets and Lies: Digital Security in a Networked World, New York (John Wiley), 2000.
231. Stuart McClure, Joel Schambray, and George Kurtz, Hacking Exposed, Berkeley (Osborne), 1999.
232. David Winer, “Microsoft: Too Much Control of the Web?” news.zdnet.com/2100-959522-531040.html, November 8, 2001.
233. Aaron Tan, “South Korea Fines Microsoft $32 Million,” http://news.com.com/2100-10473-5985332.html, December 7, 2005.