Cyberterrorism: The sum of all fears?

Studies in Conflict and Terrorism

Volumn 28, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 129-149

  Weimann, Gabriel ^a,b  

^a UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HAIFA   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 27944454740     PISSN: 1057610X     EISSN: 15210731     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10576100590905110     Document Type: Review

References (64)

1. National Research Council. Computers at Risk (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1991).
2. D. Thomas. "Cyber Terrorism and Critical Infrastructure Protection." Statement to the subcommittee on Government Efficiency, Financial Management and Intergovernmental Relations, 24 July 2002.
3. J. Lewis. "Assessing the Risks of Cybertwrrorism, Cyber War, and Other Cyber Threats." Report submitted to the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Washington, DC, 2002), p. 1.
4. J. Green. 2002. "The Myth of Cyberterrorism." Washington Monthly, November, also available at (www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2001/ 0211/green/html).
5. For example, the downing of a U.S. spy plane in Chinese airspace (April 2001) resulted in an increase in attacks from both Chinese and U.S. hackers (mostly web site defacements). Another example occurred in 1997 when a group aligned with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam (LTTE) reportedly swamped Sri Lankan embassies with 800 e-mails a day over a two-week period.
6. A. Embar-Seddon. "Cyberterrorism." The American Behavioral Scientist 45 (2002), pp. 1033-1043.
7. R. White and S. Sclavos. "Targeting our Computers." The Washington Post, 15 August 2003, p. A27.
8. D. Denning. "Is Cyber Terror Next?" New York: U.S. Social Science Research Council, available at (http://www.ssrc.org/sept11/essays/ denning.htm.2001).
9. Green, "The Myth of Cyberterrorism."
10. Cited by Green, "The Myth of Cyberterrorism." ibid.
11. G. Weimann and C. Winn. The theater of terror (New York: Longman Publication, 1994), p. 20.
12. Mullins, W. A Sourcebook on Domestic and International Terrorism, 2nd edition (Springfield, Illinois: Charles Thomas Publisher, 1997), p. 9.
13. Smart, I. "The Power of Terror," in Contemporary Terrorism: Selected Readings, edited by J. D. Elliot and L. K. Gibson (Gaithersburg, MD: IACP, 1978).
14. B. Hoffman. Inside Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998).
15. M. Conway. "What is Cyberterrorism? The Story so Far." Journal of Information Warfare, 2(2) (2003), pp. 33-42;
16. M. Conway. "Reality Bytes: Cyberterrorism and Terrorist 'Use' of the Internet." First Monday, 7(11) (2002), available at (http://www. firstmonday.org/issues/issue7_11/conway/index.html).
17. On the use of the Internet for "conventional" purposes by modern terrorists, see Y. Tzfati and G. Weimann. "WWW.Terrorism.com: Terror on the Internet." Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 25(5) (2002), pp. 317-332;
18. G. Weimann. "WWW.Terror.Net: How Modern Terrorism Uses the Internet." Special Report, 116 (Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2004).
19. Cited by Green, "WWW.Terror.Net: How Modern Terrorism Uses the Internet." Special Report, 116 2004). ibid.
20. Cited in P. Thibodeau. "US commission eyes cyberterrorism threat ahead," Computerworld, 17 September 2001, available at (http://www. computerworld.com/securitytopics/security/story/0,10801,63965,00.html).
21. From NPR's Bob Edwards talk with senators Jon Kyl and Dianne Feinstein, 18 March 2004.
22. Cited in R. Bendrath. "The American Cyber-Angst and the Real World." In Robert Latham (Ed.): Bombs and Bandwidth: The Emerging Relationship between IT and Security (New York: The New Press, 2003), pp. 49-73.
23. Green, 2002.
24. A. Gonsalves. "Security Expected to Take a Larger Bite of IT Budgets." TechWeb News, 8 June 2004, available at (http://www.crime- research.org/news/08.06.2004/414).
25. Green, 2002.
26. To illustrate the supposed ease with which our enemies could subvert a dam, The Washington Post's June story on Al Qaeda cyberterrorism related an anecdote about a 12-year-old who hacked into the SCADA system at Arizona's Theodore Roosevelt Dam in 1998, and was, the article intimated, within mere keystrokes of unleashing millions of gallons of water on helpless downstream communities. But a subsequent investigation by the tech-news site CNet.com revealed the tale to be largely apocryphal - the incident occurred in 1994, the hacker was 27, and, most importantly, investigators concluded that he could not have gained control of the dam and that no lives or property were ever at risk.
27. D. Ronfeldt and J. Arquilla. "Networks, Netwars, and the Fight for the Future." First Monday 6(10) (2001);
28. J. Arquilla and D. Ronfeldt. "The Advent of Netwar" (revisited) (2001). In Networks and Netwars, edited by J. Arquilla and D. Ronfeldt (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation), pp. 1-25).
29. D. Denning. 1999. Activism, Hacktivism, and Cyberterrorism: The Internet as a Tool for Influencing Foreign Policy (Washington, DC: Nautilus, 1999), available at (http://www.nautilus.org/info-policy/workshop/papers/denning.html);
30. D. Denning. 2000a. Testimony before the Special Oversight Panel on Terrorism, U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Armed Services 23 May 2000a, available at (http://www.cs.georgetown.edu/~denning/infosec/cyberterror. html);
31. D. Denning. 2000b. "Cyberterrorism." Global Dialogue (Autumn), (2000b), available at (http://www.cs.georgetown.edu/~denning/infosec/ cyberterror-GD.doc);
32. Denning, Global Dialogue, op. cit.
33. Denning, Global Dialogue, Ibid.
34. C. Nicol. (not dated). "Internet Censorship Case Study: Euskal Herria Journal," The APC European Internet Rights Project, available at (http://europe.rights.apc.org/cases/ehj.html).
35. B. Collin. 1997. "The Future of Cyberterrorism." Crime and Justice International (March issue, 1997), pp. 15-18, available at (http://afgen.com/terrorism1.html).
36. See "Realizing the Potential of C4I: Fundamental Challenges," a report prepared by the Committee to Review DOD C4I Plans and Programs, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications, National Research Council, 1999. Available at (http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6457.html).
37. D. Verton. Black Ice: The Invisible Threat of Cyberterrorism (New York: McGraw-Hill Osborne Media, 2003a).
38. Reported at (http://www.computerworld.com/securitytopics/security/story/) .
39. D., Denning. 2001. Is Cyber Terror Next?, Black Ice: The Invisible Threat of Cyberterrorism, op. cit..
40. Reported by B. Krebs. 2003. "Feds Building Internet Monitoring Center." The Washington Post Online, January 31, at: http://www. washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A3409-2003Jan30.
41. Cited in Krebs, B. Krebs. 2003. Feds Building Internet Monitoring Center. The Washington Post Online, http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A3409- 2003Jan30. ibid.
42. Cited in The Washington Post, 3 September 2003.
43. A. Lake. Six Nightmares (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2000).
44. K. Coleman. 2003. "Cyber Terrorism." Directions Magazine, 10 October 2003, available at (http://www.directionsmag.com/article.php?article_id= 432).
45. M. A. Vatis.. "Cyber Attacks During the War on Terrorism: A Predictive Analysis," 2001. Special Report, Institute for Security and Technology Studies, available at (http://www.ists.dartmouth.edu/ISTS/ counterterrorism/cyber_attacks.htm).
46. Thomas, Cyber Attacks during the War on Terrorism: A Predictive Analysis, op. cit.
47. Lewis, Cyber Attacks during the War on Terrorism: A Predictive Analysis, op. cit.
48. Cited in N. Shachtman. 2002. "Terrorists on the Net? Who cares?" Wired News, 20 December 2002, available at (http://www.wired.com/ news/infostructure/0,1377,56935,00.html).
49. N. Shachtman. 2002. Terrorists on the Net? Who cares? Wired News, (http://www.wired.com/news/infostructure/0,1377,56935,00.html). Op. cit.
50. See (http://2004.rsaconference.com/).
51. Cited in E. Montalbano. 2004. "Homeland Security Chair likens 'Cyber Terrorists' to Al Qaeda." CRN News, available at (http://www.crn.com/ sections/BreakingNews/dailyarchives.asp?ArticleID=48215).
52. Green, 2002.
53. Green, CRN News, op. cit.
54. Green, CRN News, Ibid.
55. Denning, CRN News, op. cit.
56. Cited in Green, CRN News, op. cit.
57. T. Spellman. 2004. "Expert: U.S. At Risk of Cyberterrorism." The Dartmouth Online, 19 April 2004, available at (http://www.thedartmouth.com/ article.php?aid=2004041901010k/).
58. Cited in Spellman, T. Spellman. 2004. Expert: U.S. At Risk of Cyberterrorism. The Dartmouth Online, (http://www.thedartmouth.com/article.php? aid=2004041901010k/). ibid.
59. T. Spellman. 2004. Expert: U.S. At Risk of Cyberterrorism. The Dartmouth Online, (http://www.thedartmouth.com/article.php?aid=2004041901010k/). ibid.
60. Verton, 2003a, Expert: U.S. At Risk of Cyberterrorism." The Dartmouth Online, op. cit., p. 93.
61. Hamid Mir, editor of Ausaf newspaper, cited in Verton 2003a, op. cit., p. 108.
62. Court transcript, U.S. vs. Osama bin Laden, 21 February 2002.
63. Ibid.
64. D. Verton. Cyberterrorism & security: New definitions for new realities, paper presented at the Cato Institute Book Forum, 12 November 2003b, Washington, DC.