Pain and placebo in pediatrics: A comprehensive review of laboratory and clinical findings

Pain

Volumn 155, Issue 11, 2014, Pages 2229-2235

  Simmons, Kanesha ^a   Ortiz, Robin ^a   Kossowsky, Joe ^b,c   Krummenacher, Peter ^c,d   Grillon, Christian ^a   Pine, Daniel ^a   Colloca, Luana ^a,e,f  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BASEL   (Switzerland)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^e NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

^f National Institutes of Health   (United States)

Author keywords

Age; Analgesia; Children; Clinical applications; Conditioning; Development; Expectations

Indexed keywords

PLACEBO;

AGE; ANALGESIA; COPING BEHAVIOR; DOCTOR PATIENT RELATION; FACES PAIN SCALE; FACIAL EXPRESSION; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS; NOCICEPTION; PAIN; PAIN MEASUREMENT; PARENTAL BEHAVIOR; PLACEBO EFFECT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THERAPY EFFECT; TREATMENT OUTCOME; PEDIATRICS; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGY;

ANALGESIA; HUMANS; PAIN; PEDIATRICS; PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS; PLACEBO EFFECT;

EID: 84923646153     PISSN: 03043959     EISSN: 18726623     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.08.036     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. American Academy of Pediatrics. Guidelines for the ethical conduct of studies to evaluate drugs in pediatric populations. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 1995. p. 286-94.
2. Anderson BJ, Woollard GA, Holford NH. Acetaminophen analgesia in children: placebo effect and pain resolution after tonsillectomy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2001;57:559-69.
3. Bachiocco V, Mondardini MC. Julia's placebo effect. PAIN- 2010;150:582-5.
4. Benedetti F. Placebo and the new physiology of the doctor-patient relationship. Physiol Rev 2013;93:1207-46.
5. Berde CB, Walco GA, Krane EJ, Anand KJ, Aranda JV, Craig KD, Dampier CD, Finkel JC, Grabois M, Johnston C, Lantos J, Lebel A, Maxwell LG, McGrath P, Oberlander TF, Schanberg LE, Stevens B, Taddio A, von Baeyer CL, Yaster M, Zempsky WT. Pediatric analgesic clinical trial designs, measures, and extrapolation: report of an FDA scientific workshop. Pediatrics 2012;129:354-64.
6. Boner AL, Vallone G, Peroni DG, Piacentini GL, Gaburro D. Efficacy and duration of action of placebo responses in the prevention of exercise-induced asthma in children. J Asthma 1988;25:1-5.
7. Broberg DJ, Bernstein IL. Candy as a scapegoat in the prevention of food aversions in children receiving chemotherapy. Cancer 1987;60:2344-7.
8. Brody H, Waters DB. Diagnosis is treatment. J Fam Pract 1980;10:445-9.
9. Brody HB, Brody D. Placebo and health-II. Three perspectives on the placebo response: expectancy, conditioning, and meaning. Adv Mind Body Med 2000;16:216-32.
10. Buck M. The placebo response in pediatric clinical trials. Pediatr Pharmacol 2012;18(3). http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/761908.
11. Ceci SJ, Bruck M. Children's suggestibility: characteristics and mechanisms. Adv Child Dev Behav 2006;34:247-81.
12. Cohen D, Consoli A, Bodeau N, Purper-Ouakil D, Deniau E, Guile JM, Donnelly C. Predictors of placebo response in randomized controlled trials of psychotropic drugs for children and adolescents with internalizing disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2010;20:39-47.
13. Cohen D, Deniau E, Maturana A, Tanguy ML, Bodeau N, Labelle R, Breton JJ, Guile JM. Are child and adolescent responses to placebo higher in major depression than in anxiety disorders? A systematic review of placebocontrolled trials. PLoS One 2008;3:e2632.
14. Colloca L, Benedetti F. Placebos and painkillers: is mind as real as matter? Nat Rev Neurosci 2005;6:545-52.
15. Colloca L, Flaten MA, Meissner K. Placebo and pain: from bench to bedside. Oxford, UK: Elsevier; 2013.
16. Colloca L, Klinger R, Flor H, Bingel U. Placebo analgesia: psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. PAIN- 2013;154:511-4.
17. Colloca L, Lopiano L, Lanotte M, Benedetti F. Overt versus covert treatment for pain, anxiety, and Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol 2004;3:679-84.
18. Colloca L, Miller FG. How placebo responses are formed: A learning perspective. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011;366:1859-69.
19. Colloca L, Sigaudo M, Benedetti F. The role of learning in nocebo and placebo effects. PAIN- 2008;136:211-8.
20. Colloca L, Tinazzi M, Recchia S, Le Pera D, Fiaschi A, Benedetti F, Valeriani M. Learning potentiates neurophysiological and behavioral placebo analgesic responses. PAIN- 2008;139:306-14.
21. De Pascalis V, Chiaradia C, Carotenuto E. The contribution of suggestibility and expectation to placebo analgesia phenomenon in an experimental setting. PAIN- 2002;96:393-402.
22. Derivan AT, Leventhal BL, March J, Wolraich M, Zito JM. The ethical use of placebo in clinical trials involving children. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2004;14:169-74.
23. Doering BK, Rief W. Utilizing placebo mechanisms for dose reduction in pharmacotherapy. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012;33:165-72.
24. Evans S, Seidman LC, Lung KC, Zeltzer LK, Tsao JC. Sex differences in the relationship between maternal fear of pain and children's conditioned pain modulation. J Pain Res 2013;6:231-8.
25. Evers S, Marziniak M, Frese A, Gralow I. Placebo efficacy in childhood and adolescence migraine: An analysis of double-blind and placebo-controlled studies. Cephalalgia 2009;29:436-44.
26. Fabrizi L, Slater R, Worley A, Meek J, Boyd S, Olhede S, Fitzgerald M. A shift in sensory processing that enables the developing human brain to discriminate touch from pain. Curr Biol 2011;21:1552-8.
27. Fein JA, Zempsky WT, Cravero JP, Committee on Pediatric Emergency M, Section on A, Pain M, American Academy of P. Relief of pain and anxiety in pediatric patients in emergency medical systems. Pediatrics 2012;130:e139-405.
28. Finniss DG, Kaptchuk TJ, Miller F, Benedetti F. Biological, clinical, and ethical advances of placebo effects. Lancet 2010;375:686-95.
29. Geiger F, Wolfgram L. Overshadowing as prevention of anticipatory nausea and vomiting in pediatric cancer patients: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2013;14:103.
30. Gergely G, Watson JS. The social biofeedback theory of parental affectmirroring: the development of emotional self-awareness and self-control in infancy. Int J Psychoanal 1996;77:1181-212.
31. Goodenough B, Kampel L, Champion GD, Laubreaux L, Nicholas MK, Ziegler JB, McInerney M. An investigation of the placebo effect and age-related factors in the report of needle pain from venipuncture in children. PAIN- 1997;72:383-91.
32. Grelotti DJ, Kaptchuk TJ. Placebo by proxy. BMJ 2011;343:d4345.
33. Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, van Korlaar I, Goodenough B. The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement. PAIN- 2001;93:173-83.
34. Hoover DW, Milich R. Effects of sugar ingestion expectancies on mother-child interactions. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1994;22:501-15.
35. Huber A, Lui F, Porro CA. Hypnotic susceptibility modulates brain activity related to experimental placebo analgesia. PAIN- 2013;154:1509-18.
36. Kapelushnik J, Koren G, Solh H, Greenberg M, DeVeber L. Evaluating the efficacy of EMLA in alleviating pain associated with lumbar puncture; comparison of open and double-blinded protocols in children. PAIN- 1990;42:31-4.
37. Kearns GL, Abdel-Rahman SM, Alander SW, Blowey DL, Leeder JS, Kauffman RE. Developmental pharmacology-drug disposition, action, and therapy in infants and children. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1157-67.
38. King BH, Hollander E, Sikich L, McCracken JT, Scahill L, Bregman JD, Donnelly CL, Anagnostou E, Dukes K, Sullivan L, Hirtz D, Wagner A, Ritz L, Network SP. Lack of efficacy of citalopram in children with autism spectrum disorders and high levels of repetitive behavior: citalopram ineffective in children with autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009;66:583-90.
39. King HS. Shifting from traditional to biopsychosocial pediatrics modifying the pediatrician-parent relationship to promote normal childhood development. Perm J 2005;9:60-3.
40. Kossowsky J, Donado C, Berde CB. Immediate rescue designs in pediatric analgesic trials: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesthesiology 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000000445.
41. Krummenacher P, Candia V, Folkers G, Schedlowski M, Schonbachler G. Prefrontal cortex modulates placebo analgesia. PAIN- 2010;148:368-74.
42. Krummenacher P, Kossowsky J, Schwarz C, Brugger P, Meyer AH, Gaab J. Expectancy-induced placebo analgesia in children and the role of magical thinking. J Pain 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2014.09.005 [Epub ahead of print].
43. Landier W, Tse AM. Use of complementary and alternative medical interventions for the management of procedure-related pain, anxiety, and distress in pediatric oncology: An integrative review. J Pediatr Nurs 2010;25:566-79.
44. Lau JY, Britton JC, Nelson EE, Angold A, Ernst M, Goldwin M, Grillon C, Leibenluft E, Lissek S, Norcross M, Shiffrin N, Pine DS. Distinct neural signatures of threat learning in adolescents and adults. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011;108:4500-5.
45. Mangione-Smith R, McGlynn EA, Elliott MN, Krogstad P, Brook RH. The relationship between perceived parental expectations and pediatrician antimicrobial prescribing behavior. Pediatrics 1999;103:711-8.
46. Mayes TL, Tao R, Rintelmann JW, Carmody T, Hughes CW, Kennard BD, Stewart SM, Emslie GJ. Do children and adolescents have differential response rates in placebo-controlled trials of fluoxetine? CNS Spectr 2007;12:147-54.
47. McGrath PJ, Stevens BJ, Walker SM, Zempsky WT. Oxford textbook of paediatric pain. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2014.
48. McMurtry CM, Chambers CT, McGrath PJ, Asp E. When, ''don't worry'' communicates fear: children's perceptions of parental reassurance and distraction during a painful medical procedure. PAIN- 2010;150:52-8.
49. Miller FG, Colloca L, Kaptchuk TJ. The placebo effect: illness and interpersonal healing. Perspect Biol Med 2009;52:518-39.
50. Miller FG, Wendler D, Wilfond B. When do the federal regulations allow placebo-controlled trials in children? J Pediatr 2003;142:102-7.
51. Moller C, Berg IM, Berg T, Kjellman M, Stromberg L. Nedocromil sodium 2% eye drops for twice-daily treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis: A Swedish multicentre placebo-controlled study in children allergic to birch pollen. Clin Exp Allergy 1994;24:884-7.
52. Nichols K, Gergely G, Fonagy P. Experimental protocols for investigating relationships among mother-infant interaction, affect regulation, physiological markers of stress responsiveness, and attachment. Bull Menninger Clin 2001;65:371-9.
53. Nicolas S, Collins T, Gounden Y, Roediger III HL. Natural suggestibility in children. Conscious Cogn 2011;20:394-8.
54. Ovchinsky A, Ovchinsky N, Rosenfeld RM. A new measure of placebo response and patient satisfaction in office encounters. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;131:280-7.
55. Parellada M, Moreno C, Moreno M, Espliego A, de Portugal E, Arango C. Placebo effect in child and adolescent psychiatric trials. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2012;22:787-99.
56. Peebles-Kleiger MJ. The use of hypnosis in emergency medicine. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2000;18:327-38.
57. Piira T, Sugiura T, Champion GD, Donnelly N, Cole AS. The role of parental presence in the context of children's medical procedures: A systematic review. Child Care Health Dev 2005;31:233-43.
58. Rattaz C, Dubois A, Michelon C, Viellard M, Poinso F, Baghdadli A. How do children with autism spectrum disorders express pain? A comparison with developmentally delayed and typically developing children. PAIN- 2013;154: 2007-13.
59. Rheims S, Cucherat M, Arzimanoglou A, Ryvlin P. Greater response to placebo in children than in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis in drugresistant partial epilepsy. PLoS Med 2008;5:e166.
60. Rosengren KS, Johnson CN, Harris PL. Imagining the impossible: magical, scientific, and religious thinking in children. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2000.
61. Rowe KS. Double-blind randomized controlled trial to assess the efficacy of intravenous gammaglobulin for the management of chronic fatigue syndrome in adolescents. J Psychiatr Res 1997;31:133-47.
62. Rutherford BR, Sneed JR, Tandler JM, Rindskopf D, Peterson BS, Roose SP. Deconstructing pediatric depression trials: An analysis of the effects of expectancy and therapeutic contact. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011;50:782-95.
63. Salim MA, Di Sessa TG. Effectiveness of fludrocortisone and salt in preventing syncope recurrence in children: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:484-8.
64. Sandler AD, Glesne CE, Bodfish JW. Conditioned placebo dose reduction: A new treatment in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder? J Dev Behav Pediatr 2010;31:369-75.
65. Saps M, Youssef N, Miranda A, Nurko S, Hyman P, Cocjin J, Di Lorenzo C. Multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of amitriptyline in children with functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterology 2009;137: 1261-9.
66. Shafiei A, Moin M, Pourpak Z, Gharagozlou M, Aghamohammadi A, Sajedi V, Soheili H, Sotoodeh S, Movahedi M. Synbiotics could not reduce the scoring of childhood atopic dermatitis (SCORAD): A randomized double blind placebocontrolled trial. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2011;10:21-8.
67. Sorof JM, Cargo P, Graepel J, Humphrey D, King E, Rolf C, Cunningham RJ. Betablocker/thiazide combination for treatment of hypertensive children: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatr Nephrol 2002;17:345-50.
68. Sun H, Bastings E, Temeck J, Smith PB, Men A, Tandon V, Murphy D, Rodriguez W. Migraine therapeutics in adolescents: A systematic analysis and historic perspectives of triptan trials in adolescents. JAMA Pediatr 2013;167: 243-9.
69. Taddio A, Katz J, Ilersich AL, Koren G. Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination. Lancet 1997;349(9052): 599-603.
70. Taddio A, Shah V, Gilbert-MacLeod C, Katz J. Conditioning and hyperalgesia in newborns exposed to repeated heel lances. JAMA 2002;288:857-61.
71. Tates K, Meeuwesen L. Doctor-parent-child communication. A (re)view of the literature. Soc Sci Med 2001;52:839-51.
72. Tsao JC, Seidman LC, Evans S, Lung KC, Zeltzer LK, Naliboff BD. Conditioned pain modulation in children and adolescents: effects of sex and age. J Pain 2013;14:558-67.
73. Vagnoli L, Caprilli S, Robiglio A, Messeri A. Clown doctors as a treatment for preoperative anxiety in children: A randomized, prospective study. Pediatrics 2005;116:e563-7.
74. Vervoort T, Huguet A, Verhoeven K, Goubert L. Mothers' and fathers' responses to their child's pain moderate the relationship between the child's pain catastrophizing and disability. PAIN- 2011;152:786-93.
75. Waschbusch DA, Pelham Jr WE, Waxmonsky J, Johnston C. Are there placebo effects in the medication treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder? J Dev Behav Pediatr 2009;30:158-68.
76. Weimer K, Gulewitsch MD, Schlarb AA, Schwille-Kiuntke J, Klosterhalfen S, Enck P. Placebo effects in children: A review. Pediatr Res 2013;74:96-102.
77. Weimer K, Colloca L, Enck P. Age and sex as moderators of the placebo response-an evaluation of systematic reviews and meta-analyses across medicine. Gerontology 2014, in press.
78. Weisman SJ, Bernstein B, Schechter NL. Consequences of inadequate analgesia during painful procedures in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998;152:147-9.
79. Worchel FF, Prevatt BC, Miner J, Allen M, Wagner L, Nation P. Pediatrician's communication style: relationship to parent's perceptions and behaviors. J Pediatr Psychol 1995;20:633-44.
80. Yarnitsky D. Conditioned pain modulation (the diffuse noxious inhibitory control-like effect): its relevance for acute and chronic pain states. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2010;23:611-5.
81. Yarnitsky D, Arendt-Nielsen L, Bouhassira D, Edwards RR, Fillingim RB, Granot M, Hansson P, Lautenbacher S, Marchand S, Wilder-Smith O. Recommendations on terminology and practice of psychophysical DNIC testing. Eur J Pain 2010;14:339.