My facts are better than your facts: Spreading good news about global warming

How Well do Facts Travel? The Dissemination of Reliable Knowledge

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 136-166

  Oreskes, Naomi ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84923637938     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511762154.008     Document Type: Chapter

References (122)

1. ABC News. "Exclusive: Cheney on Global Warming - Vice President's Views at Odds with Majority of Climate Scientists." ABC News - Science and Technology. Feb. 23, 2007. Jan. 20, 2009 http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/ Story?id=2898539&page=1.
2. Allen, L.H., et al. " Response of vegetation to rising carbon dioxide: photosynthesis, biomass, and seed yield of soybean." Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 1:1 (Mar. 1987): 1-14.
3. Amos, Deborah. Transcript: Hot Politics. Apr. 24, 2007. Frontline. Accessed Jan. 20, 2009 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/hotpolitics/etc/script.html.
4. Arizona Daily Sun " Global Warming ad campaign termed irresponsible." Arizona Daily Sun 45: 281 (May 24, 1991).
5. Baur, David C. L. "Hot Debate: Bowling Green now battleground in heated global warming dispute". Bowling Green Daily News (Archive, American Meteorological Society).
6. Bazzaz, F. A. " Theresponse of natural ecosystems to the rising global CO2 levels." Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 21 (1990): 167 -96.
7. Boykof, Maxwell T and Jules M.Boykof. " Balance as Bias: Global Warming and the U.S. Prestige Press." Global Environmental Change 14 (2004): 125 -36.
8. Brandt, Allan M. TheCigarette Century: TheRise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Dei ned America. New York: Basic Books, 2007.
9. Brooke, James. "Thearth Summit; President, in Rio, Defends His Stand on Environment." TheNew York Times. Jun. 13, 1992. Accessed Jan. 20, 2009 http://www.nytimes. com/1992/06/13/world/the-earth-summit-president-in-rio-defends-his-standon- environment.html?scp=4&sq=Bush+Earth+Summit&st=ny.
10. Campbell, W. J., et al. " Ef ects of CO2 concentration of Rubisco activity, amount, and photosynthesis in soybean leaves." Plant Physiology 88 (1988): 1310 -6
11. Cess, Robert D. and Gerald L. Potter. " A Commentary on the Recent CO2-Climate Controversy." Climatic Change 6:4 (Dec. 1984): 365 -76.
12. Chamberlain, J., et al. "Comments on S. B. Idso's Paper: 'Climatological Significance of a Doubling of Earth's Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide.'" JASON Technical Report JSN- 80-01, SRI International, August 1980.
13. Charney, J., et al. "Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Scientific Assessment." Report of an Ad Hoc Study Group on Carbon Dioxide and Climate. Woods Hole, Massachusetts, July 23-27, 1979.
14. To the Climate Research Board, Assembly of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1979.
15. Clough J. M., et al. " Ef ects of high atmospheric CO2 and sink size on rates of photosynthesis of a soybean cultivar." Plant Physiology 67 (1981): 1007 -10.
16. Comments and Prepared Testimony of Western Fuels Association, Inc. Doctor Robert Balling in the Matter of: Rules Concerning Resource Planning. Docket No. 91R- 642EG. Colorado Public Utilities Commission. Feb. 14, 1992. Copy in American
17. Meteorological Society Archives, Washington, D.C.
18. Comments and Prepared Testimony of Western Fuels Association, Inc. Doctor Patrick Michaels in the Matter of: Rules Concerning Resource Planning. Docket No. 91R- 642EG. Colorado Public Utilities Commission. Feb. 14, 1992. Copy in American Meteorological Society Archives, Washington, D.C.
19. Comments and Prepared Testimony of Western Fuels Association, Inc. General Manager and Chief Executive Fredrick D. Palmer in the Matter of: Rules Concerning Resource Planning. Docket No. 91R-642EG. Colorado Public Utilities Commission. Feb. 14, 1992.
20. Copy in American Meteorological Society Archives, Washington, D.C. Comments and Prepared Testimony of Western Fuels Association, Inc. Rebuttal Testimony of Dr. Patrick J. Michaels before the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission, In the matter of the Quantification of Environmental Costs Pursuant to Laws of Minn. 1993, Chapter 356, Section 3. Docket No. E-999/CI-93-583. Sponsored by Western Fuels Association, Inc., Lignite Energy Council, Center for energy and Economic Development, State of North Dakota. Mar. 15, 1995.
21. Copy in American Meteorological Society Archives, Washington, D.C. Cure J. D. and Basil Acock. " Crop responses to carbon dioxide doubling: A literature survey." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 38 (1986): 127 -45.
22. Doran, Peter D. and Maggie Kendall Zimmerman. EOS 90:3 (Jan. 20, 2009):21-2.
23. Encyclopædia Britannica. "Green Revolution." 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Accessed Feb. 3, 2009 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/245058/ Green- Revolution.
24. Fleming, James R. Historical Perspectives on Climate Change. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
25. Fritsch, Jane. "Sometimes, Lobbyists Strive to Keep Public in the Dark." TheNew York Times on the Web. Mar. 19, 1996. Accessed Jan. 20, 2009 http://www.nytimes. com/1996/03/19/us/ sometimes-lobbyists-strive-to-keep-public-in-the-dark.html? scp=1&sq=Sometimes+lobbyists+strive+to+keep&st=nyt.
26. Gelbspan, Ross. TheHeat Is On: TheHigh Stakes Battle over Earth's Thereatened Climate. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1997.
27. Boiling Point: How Politicians, Big Oil, and Coal, Journalists and Activists Are Fueling the Climate Crisis, and What We Can Do to Avert Disaster. New York: Basic Books, 2004.
28. Greening Earth Society. Membership materials and press releases. Copy in American Meteorological Society Archives, Washington, D.C.
29. Greening Earth Society. TheGreening of Planet Earth: Thef ects of Carbon Dioxide on the Biosphere. Transcript of Video recording. TheInstitute for Biospheric Research, Inc., Tempe Arizona. Copy in American Meteorological Society Archives, Washington, D.C.
30. Greening Earth Society. TheGreening of Planet Earth: Thef ects of Carbon Dioxide in the Biosphere. VHS video. Oregon State University Library: Multimedia Collection. http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/video/met4.html.
31. Greening Earth Society Press Release. "About Frederick D. Palmer." Contact: Marianne Brewster. Copy in AMS archives.
32. Greening Earth Society Press Release. "New Group Promotes 'Positive Environmental Theinking.' " Contact: Marianne Brewster, Executive Director. Apr. 21, 1998. Copy in American Meteorological Society Archives, Washington, D.C.
33. Greening Earth Society Press Release. "ASU Climate Data Task Force Report Finds no Warming in New Hampshire Ground Temperature Data." Contact: Ned Leonard. Jan. 20, 1999. Copy in American Meteorological Society Archives, Washington, D.C.
34. Greening Earth Society Press Release. "Lenin's Sea-Ice Stations Show No Global Warming." Contact: Ned Leonard. Feb. 17, 1999.
35. Copy in American Meteorological Society Archives, Washington, D.C. "1437 Years of Bristlecone Pine Data: 20th Century Warming Normal, CO 2 Enhanced
36. Growth. " Contact: Ned Leonard. Mar. 25, 1999. Copy in American Meteorological Society Archives, Washington, D.C.
37. Growth. "ASU Climate Data Task Force Finds 90 Years of 'Cooling' At MT. Wilson Observatory Outside LA." Contact: Ned Leonard. May 18, 1999. Copy in American Meteorological Society Archives, Washington, D.C.
38. Growth. "Kitt Peak, Arizona, Records Reveal Short-Term Warming, Longer-Term Cooling." Contact: Ned Leonard. June 28, 1999. Copy in American Meteorological Society Archives, Washington, D.C.
39. Growth. "Finnish Summer Saw No Warming or Cooling Over 595 Years." Contact: Ned Leonard. Oct. 5, 1999. Copy in American Meteorological Society Archives, Washington, D.C.
40. Growth. "Balling Finds Cooling at China's Theree Gorges Damsite." Contact: Ned Leonard. Oct. 25, 1999. Copy in American Meteorological Society Archives, Washington, D.C.
41. Growth. "No Warming in Panama." Contact: Ned Leonard. Dec. 13, 1999. Copy in American Meteorological Society Archives, Washington, D.C.
42. Growth. Greenwire "Inside Track: Sowing the seeds of doubt in the greenhouse." Greenwire, June 19, 1991.
43. Hansen, James. Global Warming 20 Years Later: Tipping Points Near. 2008. Accessed Jan. 20, 2009 http://www.columbia.edu/~jeh1/2008/TwentyYearsLater_20080623.pdf.
44. Hendrey, G. R., et al. " A free-air enrichment system for exposing tall forest vegetation to elevated atmospheric CO2." Global Change Biology 5 (1999): 293 -309.
45. Houghton, J.T., et al. Eds. Climate Change 1995: IPCC Second Assessment Report: Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Summary for Policy Makers. Cambridge University Press: UK, 1996.
46. Idso, Craig D. "TheGreening of Planet Earth: Its Progression from Hypothesis to h eory." Climatological Publications Scientific Paper #25 Ofiice of Climatology. Tempe Arizona: Arizona State University, Jan. 1997.
47. Idso, Sherwood B. " TheClimatological Significance of a Doubling of Earth's Atmospheric
48. Carbon Dioxide Concentration." Science. 207:4438 (May 28, 1980): 1462-3.
49. Carbon Dioxide: Friend or Foe? Tempe, AZ: IBR Press, 1982.
50. " CO2 and Climatic Change." BioScience 38:7, Conservation Biology. (Jul.-Aug. 1988): 442.
51. Carbon Dioxide and Global Climate: Earth in Transition. Tempe, AZ: IBR Press, 1989.
52. "CO 2 and the Biosphere: TheIncredible Legacy of the Industrial Revolution." Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN. 1995.
53. Idso, Sherwood B., et al. " Ef ects of free-air CO2 enrichment on the light response curve of net photosynthesis on cotton leaves." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 70 (Aug. 1994): 183 -8.
54. Idso, Sherwood B., R. C. Balling, and R. S.Cerveny. " Carbon Dioxide and Hurricanes: Implications of Northern Hemispheric Warming for Atlantic/Caribbean
55. Storms." Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 42:3-4 (Dec. 1990): 259 -63.
56. Informed Citizens for the Environment (ICE): Mission Statement. 1991. Copy in American Meteorological Society Archives, Washington, D.C.
57. Mission Statement - Strategies: Reposition Global Warming as Theory (Not Fact). Copy in American Meteorological Society Archives, Washington, D.C. Test Market Proposal. Copy in American Meteorological Society Archives, Washington, D.C.
58. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). "Second Assessment Synthesis of Scientific-Technical Information relevant to interpreting Article 2 of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change." 1995. http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/climate- changes-1995/2nd-assessment-synthesis.pdf.
59. Fourth Assessment Report. Working Group II Report: "Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability." http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4-wg2.htm.
60. Jacoby, Gordon C. and Rosanne D. D'Arrigo. "Tree rings, carbon dioxide, and climatic change." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94 (1997): 8350-53.
61. Johnson, H. B., et al. "Increasing CO2 and plant-plant interactions: Ef ects on natural vegetation." Vegetatio. 104/105 (1993):157-70.
62. Karnosky, D. F., et al. "FACE systems for studying the impacts of greenhouse gases on forest ecosystems." In: D. F. Karnosky et al. (eds.), TheImpact of Carbon Dioxide and Other Greenhouse Gases on Forest Ecosystems, CABI, Wallingford, U.K., 2001, pp.297-324.
63. Kerr, Richard A. "Climate change: Model gets it right - Without fudge factors." Science 276:5315 (May 16, 1997):1040-2.
64. Kimball, B. A. " Carbon dioxide and agricultural yield: An assemblage and analysis of 430 Prior Observations." Agronomy Journal 75 (1983): 779 -88.
65. Kimball B. A., et al. " Productivity and water use of wheat under free air CO2 enrichment " Global Change Biology 1 (1995): 429 -42.
66. King, John S., et al. " A multi-year synthesis of soil respiration response to elevated CO2, from four forest FACE experiments." Global Change 10.6 (2004): 1027 -42.
67. Lambers, Hans, F., Stuart Chapin III and Thes L. Pons. Plant Physiological Ecology. New York: Springer, 2008.
68. Latour, Bruno. ThePasteurization of France. Trans. Alan Sheridan and John Law. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1988.
69. Leonard, Ned. "TheGreening of Planet Earth." Range Magazine. Fall 2000. Accessed Jan. 20, 2009 http://www.rangemagazine.com/archives/stories/fall00/greening_planet_ earth.htm.
70. Leiserowitz, Anthony, Principal Investigator. "American Opinion on Global Warming." Yale University/Gallop/ClearVision Institute Poll. July 2007. Accessed Jan. 20, 2009 http://environment.research.yale.edu/documents/downloads/ a-g/Americans GlobalWarmingReport.pdf.
71. Long S. P., et al. " Food for thought: Lower-than-expected crop yield stimulation with rising CO2 concentrations ". Science 312:5782 (June 30, 2006): 1918-21.
72. MacCormick, Neil. "On narrative coherence." Enquiry, Evidence, and Facts: An Interdisciplinary Conference of the British Academy, 2007.
73. MacDonald G.F., et al. Thelong term impact of atmospheric carbon dioxide on climate. JASON Technical Report JSR-78 - 07. Prepared for U.S. Dept of Energy. Arlington, Virginia: SRI International, 1979.
74. Maria, Steven F., et al. " Organic aerosol growth mechanisms and their climate-forcing implications." Science 306:5703 (Dec. 10, 2004): 1921 -4.
75. Mauney, Jack R., et al. " Growth and yield of cotton in response to a free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) environment." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 70 (Dec. 1994): 49 -67.
76. McCright, Aaron M. and Riley E. Dunlap. " Anti-rel exivity: TheAmerican Conservative Movement's Success in Undermining Climate Science and Policy." Theory Culture Society 27:2-3 (2010): 100 -133.
77. Michaels, Patrick J. Drat Letter, May 5, 1991. Greening Earth Society, ICE Campaign.
78. Copy in American Meteorological Society Archives, Washington, D.C. S tate of the Climate Report: Essays on Global Climate Change. Published by New Hope Environmental Services, Inc. Funded by Western Fuels Association. 1998. Copy in American Meteorological Society Archives, Washington, D.C.
79. Ming, Yi., et al. " Health and climate policy impacts on sulphur emission control." Reviews of Geophysics 43, RG4001. 2005.
80. Mooney, Chris. TheRepublican War on Science. New York: Basic Books, 2005.
81. Mooney, Chris and Sheril Kirshenbaum. Unscientific America: How Scientific Illiteracy Threatens Our Future. New York: Basic Books, 2009.
82. National Academy of Sciences Archives. "An Evaluation of the Evidence for CO 2 - Induced Climate Change," Assembly of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Climate Research Board, Study Group on Carbon Dioxide, 1979, Film Label: CO 2 and Climate Change: Ad Hoc: General. Natural Resources Defense Council Press Release. "NRDC Calls on President Bush to Fuli ll His Father's Promises at Rio." Aug. 30, 2002. Accessed February 9, 2009. http://www.nrdc.org/media/pressreleases/020830.asp.
83. New Hope Environmental Services. "In Defense of Carbon Dioxide: A Comprehensive Review of Carbon Dioxide's Ef ects on Human Health, Welfare, and the Environment." Prepared by for the Greening Earth Society. Copy in American Meteorological Society Archives, Washington, D.C.
84. New York Times. "Thearth Summit; Excerpts From Speech by Bush on 'Action Plan.'" New York Times on the Web. June 13, 1992, accessed Jan 20, 2008. http://query. nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE6DD1F3CF930A25755C0A964958260 &n=Top/News/Science/Topics/Environment.
85. Nisbet, Matthew C. and Teresa Myers. "ThePolls-Trends: Twenty Years of Public Opinion about Global Warming." Public Opinion Quarterly 71:3 (Fall 2007): 444-70. http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/71/3/444.
86. O'Driscoll, Mary. " Greenhouse ads target 'low income' women, 'less educated' men." The Energy Daily 19:120 (June 24, 1991a): 1-2.
87. O'Driscoll, Mary. ICE gets cool reception at meeting on global warming." Thenergy Daily 19 (July 2, 1991b): 126.
88. Oreskes, Naomi. " Beyond the ivory tower: Thescientific consensus on climate change." Science 306:5702 (Dec. 3, 2004): 1686.
89. Testimony before the Committee on Environmental and Public Works. United States Senate. Dec. 6, 2006. http://www.stanford.edu/dept/cisst/ORESKES.Senate%20 EPW.FINAL.pdf.
90. Oreskes, Naomi"Thescientific consensus on climate change: How do we know we're not wrong?" In: Joseph F. C. DiMento and Pamela Doughman (eds.), Climate Change: What It Means for Us, Our Children, and Our Grandchildren, MIT Press, 2007, pp. 65-99.
91. Oreskes, Naomi, and Erik Conway. "Challenging knowledge: How climate science became a victim of the Cold War." In: Robert N. Proctor and Londa Schiebinger (eds.), Agnotology: TheMaking and Unmaking of Ignorance, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2008. pp. 55-89.
92. Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. London: Bloomsbury Press, 2010.
93. Oreskes, Naomi, Erik M. Conway, and Matthew Shindell. " From Chicken Little to Dr. Pangloss: William Nierenberg, global warming, and the social deconstruction of scientific knowledge." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 38:1 (2008): 109-52.
94. Palmer, Fredrick D. "Fossil Fuels or the Rio Treaty - Competing Visions for the Future." Speech by Frederick D. Palmer, General Manager and Chief Executive Ofice, Western Fuels Association, Inc. Coaltrans 96. Madrid Spain. 1996.
95. "We Are One: Kyoto and Our Collective Economic Future." Speech by Frederick D. Palmer, General Manager and Chief Executive Ofiice, Western Fuels Association, Inc. President - Board of Directors, Greening Earth Society. 1998 Australian Coal Conference and Trade Exhibition. Brisbane, Queensland. May 18, 1998.
96. General Manager and Chief Executive Ofiicer Western Fuels Association, Inc. Testimony before the Subcommittee on National Economic Growth. Natural Resource and Regulatory Af airs. U.S. House of Representatives. July 15, 1999. July 20, 1999a.
97. Copy in American Meteorological Society Archives, Washington, D.C. "Re: CO 2 as 'pollution'" e-mail to Bryan Hannegan. Nov. 22, 1999b. Copy in American Meteorological Society Archives, Washington, D.C.
98. Pollard, David and Starley L. Theompson. "Theclimatic ef ect of doubled stomatal resistance," Chapter 13 in Wendy Howe and Ann Henderson-Sellers (eds.), 1997, Assessing Climate Change: Results from the Model Evaluation Consortium for Climate Assessment, http://www.springerlink.com/content/k658r3n533600228/.
99. Proctor, Robert. Cancer Wars: How Politics Shapes What We Know and Don't Know About Cancer. New York: Basic Books, 1995.
100. Ramanathan V. and G. Carmichael. " Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon." Nature Geoscience 1:4(Apr. 2008): 221 -7. Accessed Jan. 20, 2009. http:// www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n4/pdf/ngeo156.pdf.
101. Rampton, Sheldon and John Stauber. Trust Us, We're Experts! How Industry Manipulates Science and Gambles with Your Future. New York: Tarcher/Putnam, 2001.
102. Rudwick, Martin, J. S. Bursting the Limits of Time: TheReconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.
103. Worlds before Adam: TheReconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Reform. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
104. Rupke, Nicolaas. TheGreat Chain of History: William Buckland and the English School of Geology, 1814-1849. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983.
105. Sage R.F., et al. " Acclimation of photosynthesis to elevated CO2 in i ve C3 species." Plant Physiology 89 (1989): 590 -6.
106. Schneider, Stephen H. Science as a Contact Sport: Inside the Battle to Save Earth's Climate. National Geographic, 2009.
107. Schneider, Stephen H., et al. " Carbon Dioxide and Climate." Science 210:4465 (Oct. 3, 1980): 6 -8.
108. Shapin, Steven. A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
109. Shugart, Herman H. "Remote Sensing Detection of High Elevation Vegetation Change." Advances in Global Change Research 23 (2005): 457-65.
110. Socci, Tony, Associate Director, US Global Climate Research Program. Re: TheHeat is Online - TheIndustry's "ICE" Campaign. E-mail to self. July 7, 2000. Copy in American Meteorological Society Archives, Washington, D.C.
111. Stitt M. " Rising CO2 levels and their potential significance for carbon l ow in photosynthetic cells." Plant, Cell and Environment 14 (1991): 741 -62.
112. Thomson, A. C. "Timeline: TheScience and Politics of Global Warming." Apr. 24, 2007. Frontline. Accessed Jan. 20, 2009 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/hotpolitics/ etc/cron.html.
113. United Nation Conference on Environment and Development (1992). May. 23, 1997. United Nations. Dept. of Public Information. Accessed Jan. 20, 2009 http://www.un.org/ geninfo/bp/enviro.html.
114. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Facing and Surveying the Problem. Accessed Jan. 20, 2009 http://unfccc.int/essential_background/ feeling_the_heat/items/2914.php.
115. United States National Research Council. Panel on Weather Modification. "Weather and Climate Modification Problems and Prospects; Final Report of the Panel on Weather and Climate Modification." Washington: National Academy of Sciences- National Research Council, 1966.
116. United States National Research Council. Committee on Health, Environmental, and Other External Costs and Benei ts of Energy Production and Consumption, 2010. Hidden Costs of Energy: Unpriced Costs of Energy Production and Use (Washington DC, National Research Council). http://www.nap.edu/catalog. php?record_id=12794.
117. United States President's Science Advisory Committee. Environmental Pollution Panel
118. United States President's Science Advisory Committee"Restoring the quality of our environment: Report of the Environmental Pollution Panel." Washington: The White House, 1965.
119. Weart, Spencer R. The Discovery Of Global Warming. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003.
120. Wald, Matthew. "Pro-Coal Ad Campaign Disputes Warming Idea." The New York Times on July 8, 1991.
121. Yelle S., et al. " Acclimation of two tomato species to high atmospheric CO2." Plant Physiology 90 (1989): 1473 -7.
122. Zak, Donald R., et al. " Soil nitrogen cycling under elevated CO2: A synThe sis of forest FACE experiments." Ecological Applications 13:6 (2003): 1508 -14.