메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 102, Issue , 2015, Pages 184-197

Daily GPP estimates in Mediterranean ecosystems by combining remote sensing and meteorological data

Author keywords

GPP; Light use efficiency; MODIS; MSG; Water stress

Indexed keywords

CARBON DIOXIDE; METEOROLOGY; RADIOMETERS;

EID: 84923624355     PISSN: 09242716     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2015.01.017     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (49)

References (65)
  • 1
    • 84923620699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino. Gobierno de España.
    • AEMet, 2009. Calendario Meteorológico, Tech. Rep., Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino. Gobierno de España. http://www.aemet.es/documentos_d/conocermas/biblioteca/calendarios/cm-2009.pdf.
    • (2009) Calendario Meteorológico, Tech. Rep.
  • 2
    • 84923551037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino. Gobierno de España.
    • AEMet, 2012. Calendario Meteorológico, Tech. Rep., Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino. Gobierno de España. http://www.aemet.es/documentos_d/conocermas/biblioteca/calendarios/cm-2012.pdf.
    • (2012) Calendario Meteorológico, Tech. Rep.
  • 3
    • 33644771175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of current ecosystem functional types in the Iberian Peninsula
    • Alcaraz D., Paruelo J., Cabello J. Identification of current ecosystem functional types in the Iberian Peninsula. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 2006, 15:200-212.
    • (2006) Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. , vol.15 , pp. 200-212
    • Alcaraz, D.1    Paruelo, J.2    Cabello, J.3
  • 5
    • 79960774492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autotrophic and heterotrophic contributions to short-term soil CO2 efflux following simulated summer precipitation pulses in a Mediterranean dehesa
    • Casals P., Lopez-Sangil L., Carrara A., Gimeno C., Nogués S. Autotrophic and heterotrophic contributions to short-term soil CO2 efflux following simulated summer precipitation pulses in a Mediterranean dehesa. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2011, 25(GB3012):1-12. 10.1029/2010GB003973.
    • (2011) Global Biogeochem. Cycles , vol.25 , Issue.GB 3012 , pp. 1-12
    • Casals, P.1    Lopez-Sangil, L.2    Carrara, A.3    Gimeno, C.4    Nogués, S.5
  • 6
    • 60749123708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using MODIS derived fPAR with ground based flux tower measure- ments to derive the light use efficiency for two Canadian peatlands
    • Connolly J., Roulet N.T., Seaquist J.W., Holden N.M., Lafleur P.M., Humphreys E.R., et al. Using MODIS derived fPAR with ground based flux tower measure- ments to derive the light use efficiency for two Canadian peatlands. Biogeosciences 2009, 6:225-234.
    • (2009) Biogeosciences , vol.6 , pp. 225-234
    • Connolly, J.1    Roulet, N.T.2    Seaquist, J.W.3    Holden, N.M.4    Lafleur, P.M.5    Humphreys, E.R.6
  • 7
    • 33947308620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of MODIS, eddy covariance determined and physiologically modeled gross primary production (GPP) in a Douglas-fir forest stand
    • Coops N.C., Black T.A., Jassal R.P.S., Trofymow J.A.T., Morgenstern K. Comparison of MODIS, eddy covariance determined and physiologically modeled gross primary production (GPP) in a Douglas-fir forest stand. Remote Sens. Environ. 2007, 107:385-401.
    • (2007) Remote Sens. Environ. , vol.107 , pp. 385-401
    • Coops, N.C.1    Black, T.A.2    Jassal, R.P.S.3    Trofymow, J.A.T.4    Morgenstern, K.5
  • 8
    • 78149274566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of light-use efficiency of terrestrial ecosystems from space: a status report
    • Coops N.C., Hilker T., Hall F.G., Nichol C.J., Drolet G.G. Estimation of light-use efficiency of terrestrial ecosystems from space: a status report. Bioscience 2010, 60:788-797.
    • (2010) Bioscience , vol.60 , pp. 788-797
    • Coops, N.C.1    Hilker, T.2    Hall, F.G.3    Nichol, C.J.4    Drolet, G.G.5
  • 9
    • 84891077375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intercomparison of fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation products derived from satellite data over Europe
    • D'Odorico P., Gonsamo A., Pinty B., Gobron N., Coops N., Mendez E., Schaepman M.E. Intercomparison of fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation products derived from satellite data over Europe. Remote Sens. Environ. 2014, 142:141-154.
    • (2014) Remote Sens. Environ. , vol.142 , pp. 141-154
    • D'Odorico, P.1    Gonsamo, A.2    Pinty, B.3    Gobron, N.4    Coops, N.5    Mendez, E.6    Schaepman, M.E.7
  • 10
    • 0028976632 scopus 로고
    • Global net primary production-combining ecology and remote-sensing
    • Field C.B., Randerson J.T., Malmstrom C.M. Global net primary production-combining ecology and remote-sensing. Remote Sens. Environ. 1995, 51:74-88.
    • (1995) Remote Sens. Environ. , vol.51 , pp. 74-88
    • Field, C.B.1    Randerson, J.T.2    Malmstrom, C.M.3
  • 11
    • 0026451960 scopus 로고
    • A narrow-waveband spectral index that tracks diurnal changes in photosynthetic efficiency
    • Gamon J.A., Peñuelas J., Field C.B. A narrow-waveband spectral index that tracks diurnal changes in photosynthetic efficiency. Remote Sens. Environ. 1992, 41:35-44.
    • (1992) Remote Sens. Environ. , vol.41 , pp. 35-44
    • Gamon, J.A.1    Peñuelas, J.2    Field, C.B.3
  • 12
    • 56349122518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remote estimation of carbon dioxide uptake by a Mediterranean forest
    • Garbulsky M.F., Peñuelas J., Papale D., Filella I. Remote estimation of carbon dioxide uptake by a Mediterranean forest. Glob. Change Biol. 2008, 14:2860-2867.
    • (2008) Glob. Change Biol. , vol.14 , pp. 2860-2867
    • Garbulsky, M.F.1    Peñuelas, J.2    Papale, D.3    Filella, I.4
  • 13
    • 76249091832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns and controls of the variability of radiation use efficiency and primary productivity across terrestrial ecosystems
    • Garbulsky M.F., Peñuelas J., Papale D., Ardö J., Goulden M.L., Kiely G., et al. Patterns and controls of the variability of radiation use efficiency and primary productivity across terrestrial ecosystems. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 2010, 19:253-267.
    • (2010) Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. , vol.19 , pp. 253-267
    • Garbulsky, M.F.1    Peñuelas, J.2    Papale, D.3    Ardö, J.4    Goulden, M.L.5    Kiely, G.6
  • 16
    • 84872796135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ECV T10: Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR)
    • GTOS Secretariat, FAO, Rome.
    • Gobron N., Verstraete M., 2009. ECV T10: Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR). Global Terrestrial Observing System, GTOS Secretariat, FAO, Rome, pp. 23.
    • (2009) Global Terrestrial Observing System , pp. 23
    • Gobron, N.1    Verstraete, M.2
  • 20
    • 0002313904 scopus 로고
    • Estimating evapotranspiration from solar radiation
    • Jensen M.E., Haise H.R. Estimating evapotranspiration from solar radiation. J. Irriga. Drain. Div. 1963, 89:15-41.
    • (1963) J. Irriga. Drain. Div. , vol.89 , pp. 15-41
    • Jensen, M.E.1    Haise, H.R.2
  • 21
    • 0033741673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developments in the 'validation' of satellite sensor products for the study of land surface
    • Justice C., Belward A., Morisette J., Lewis P., Privette J., Baret F. Developments in the 'validation' of satellite sensor products for the study of land surface. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2000, 21(17):3383-3390.
    • (2000) Int. J. Remote Sens. , vol.21 , Issue.17 , pp. 3383-3390
    • Justice, C.1    Belward, A.2    Morisette, J.3    Lewis, P.4    Privette, J.5    Baret, F.6
  • 22
    • 67651180552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of collections 4 and 5 of the MODIS gross primary productivity product and algorithm improvement at a tropical savanna site in Northern Australia
    • Kanniah K.D., Beringer J., Tapper N.J., Hutley L.B., Zhu X. Evaluation of collections 4 and 5 of the MODIS gross primary productivity product and algorithm improvement at a tropical savanna site in Northern Australia. Remote Sens. Environ. 2009, 113(9):1808-1822.
    • (2009) Remote Sens. Environ. , vol.113 , Issue.9 , pp. 1808-1822
    • Kanniah, K.D.1    Beringer, J.2    Tapper, N.J.3    Hutley, L.B.4    Zhu, X.5
  • 23
    • 84884476356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of savanna gross primary productivity to inter-annual variability in rainfall: results of a remote sensing based light use efficiency model
    • Kanniah K.D., Beringer J., Hutley L.B. Response of savanna gross primary productivity to inter-annual variability in rainfall: results of a remote sensing based light use efficiency model. Prog. Phys. Geogr. 2013, 37(5):642-663.
    • (2013) Prog. Phys. Geogr. , vol.37 , Issue.5 , pp. 642-663
    • Kanniah, K.D.1    Beringer, J.2    Hutley, L.B.3
  • 24
    • 16844368430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon and water fluxes over a temperate Eucalyptus forest and a tropical wet/dry savanna in Australia: measurements and comparison with MODIS remote sensing estimates
    • Leuning R., Cleugh H.A., Zegelin S.J., Hughes D. Carbon and water fluxes over a temperate Eucalyptus forest and a tropical wet/dry savanna in Australia: measurements and comparison with MODIS remote sensing estimates. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2005, 129:151-173.
    • (2005) Agric. For. Meteorol. , vol.129 , pp. 151-173
    • Leuning, R.1    Cleugh, H.A.2    Zegelin, S.J.3    Hughes, D.4
  • 26
    • 67651115638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vegetation dynamics from NDVI time series analysis using the wavelet transform
    • Martínez B., Gilabert M.A. Vegetation dynamics from NDVI time series analysis using the wavelet transform. Remote Sens. Environ. 2009, 113:1823-1842.
    • (2009) Remote Sens. Environ. , vol.113 , pp. 1823-1842
    • Martínez, B.1    Gilabert, M.A.2
  • 28
    • 32244440091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of remotely sensed and ancillary data for estimating forest gross primary productivity in Italy
    • Maselli F., Barbati A., Chiesi M., Chirici G., Corona P. Use of remotely sensed and ancillary data for estimating forest gross primary productivity in Italy. Remote Sens. Environ. 2006, 100:563-575.
    • (2006) Remote Sens. Environ. , vol.100 , pp. 563-575
    • Maselli, F.1    Barbati, A.2    Chiesi, M.3    Chirici, G.4    Corona, P.5
  • 29
    • 58249137861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combining remote sensing and ancillary data to monitor the gross productivity of water-limited forest ecosystems
    • Maselli F., Papale D., Puletti N., Chirici G., Corona P. Combining remote sensing and ancillary data to monitor the gross productivity of water-limited forest ecosystems. Remote Sens. Environ. 2009, 113:657-667.
    • (2009) Remote Sens. Environ. , vol.113 , pp. 657-667
    • Maselli, F.1    Papale, D.2    Puletti, N.3    Chirici, G.4    Corona, P.5
  • 30
    • 84872566022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation of grassland productivity by the combination of ground and satellite data
    • Maselli F., Argenti G., Chiesi M., Angeli L., Papale D. Simulation of grassland productivity by the combination of ground and satellite data. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2013, 165:163-172.
    • (2013) Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. , vol.165 , pp. 163-172
    • Maselli, F.1    Argenti, G.2    Chiesi, M.3    Angeli, L.4    Papale, D.5
  • 32
    • 0000781739 scopus 로고
    • Solar radiation and productivity in tropical ecosystems
    • Monteith J.L. Solar radiation and productivity in tropical ecosystems. J. Appl. Ecol. 1972, 9:747-766.
    • (1972) J. Appl. Ecol. , vol.9 , pp. 747-766
    • Monteith, J.L.1
  • 33
    • 80051593182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mapping daily global solar irradiation over Spain: a comparative study of selected approaches
    • Moreno A., Gilabert M.A., Martínez B. Mapping daily global solar irradiation over Spain: a comparative study of selected approaches. Sol. Energy 2011, 85:2072-2084.
    • (2011) Sol. Energy , vol.85 , pp. 2072-2084
    • Moreno, A.1    Gilabert, M.A.2    Martínez, B.3
  • 34
    • 84860387770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of MODIS imagery to track light-use efficiency in a water-limited Mediterranean pine forest
    • Moreno A., Maselli F., Gilabert M.A., Chiesi M., Martínez B., Seufert G. Assessment of MODIS imagery to track light-use efficiency in a water-limited Mediterranean pine forest. Remote Sens. Environ. 2012, 123:359-367.
    • (2012) Remote Sens. Environ. , vol.123 , pp. 359-367
    • Moreno, A.1    Maselli, F.2    Gilabert, M.A.3    Chiesi, M.4    Martínez, B.5    Seufert, G.6
  • 35
    • 84878924128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of daily global solar irradiation images from MSG over Spain
    • Moreno A., Gilabert M.A., Camacho F., Martínez B. Validation of daily global solar irradiation images from MSG over Spain. Renew. Energy 2013, 60:332-342.
    • (2013) Renew. Energy , vol.60 , pp. 332-342
    • Moreno, A.1    Gilabert, M.A.2    Camacho, F.3    Martínez, B.4
  • 37
    • 84907459254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noise reduction and gap filling of fAPAR series using an adapted local regression filter
    • Moreno A., García-Haro F.J., Martínez B., Gilabert M.A. Noise reduction and gap filling of fAPAR series using an adapted local regression filter. Rem. Sens. 2014, 6:8238-8260. 10.3390/rs6098238.
    • (2014) Rem. Sens. , vol.6 , pp. 8238-8260
    • Moreno, A.1    García-Haro, F.J.2    Martínez, B.3    Gilabert, M.A.4
  • 38
    • 84908547818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terrestrial gross primary production inferred from satellite fluorescence and vegetation models
    • Parazoo N.C., Bowman K., Fisher J.B., Frankenberg C., Jones D.B.A., Cescatti A., et al. Terrestrial gross primary production inferred from satellite fluorescence and vegetation models. Glob. Change Biol. 2014, 20(10):3103-3121. 10.1111/gcb.12652.
    • (2014) Glob. Change Biol. , vol.20 , Issue.10 , pp. 3103-3121
    • Parazoo, N.C.1    Bowman, K.2    Fisher, J.B.3    Frankenberg, C.4    Jones, D.B.A.5    Cescatti, A.6
  • 39
    • 84868470071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remote estimation of gross primary productivity in crops using MODIS 250 m data
    • Peng Y., Gitelson A.A., Sakamoto T. Remote estimation of gross primary productivity in crops using MODIS 250 m data. Rem. Sens. Environ. 2014, 128:186-196.
    • (2014) Rem. Sens. Environ. , vol.128 , pp. 186-196
    • Peng, Y.1    Gitelson, A.A.2    Sakamoto, T.3
  • 43
    • 27744444268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm
    • Reichstein M., Falge E., Baldocchi D.D., et al. On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm. Glob. Change Biol. 2005, 11:1-16.
    • (2005) Glob. Change Biol. , vol.11 , pp. 1-16
    • Reichstein, M.1    Falge, E.2    Baldocchi, D.D.3
  • 46
    • 0028975409 scopus 로고
    • Estimating PAR absorbed by vegetation from bidirectional reflectance measurements
    • Roujean J.L., Bréon F.M. Estimating PAR absorbed by vegetation from bidirectional reflectance measurements. Remote Sens. Environ. 1995, 51:373-384.
    • (1995) Remote Sens. Environ. , vol.51 , pp. 373-384
    • Roujean, J.L.1    Bréon, F.M.2
  • 47
    • 0033215477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A global terrestrial monitoring network integrating tower fluxes, flask sampling, ecosystem modeling and EOS satellite data
    • Running S.W., Baldocchi D.D., Bakwin P.S., Hibbard K.A. A global terrestrial monitoring network integrating tower fluxes, flask sampling, ecosystem modeling and EOS satellite data. Rem. Sens. Environ. 1999, 70:108-127.
    • (1999) Rem. Sens. Environ. , vol.70 , pp. 108-127
    • Running, S.W.1    Baldocchi, D.D.2    Bakwin, P.S.3    Hibbard, K.A.4
  • 49
    • 75649113376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drylands in the earth system
    • Schimel D. Drylands in the earth system. Science 2010, 22:418-419.
    • (2010) Science , vol.22 , pp. 418-419
    • Schimel, D.1
  • 50
    • 70350012288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative analysis of MODIS-FAPAR and MERIS-MGVI datasets: potential impacts on ecosystem modeling
    • Seixas J., Carvalhais N., Nunes C., Benali A. Comparative analysis of MODIS-FAPAR and MERIS-MGVI datasets: potential impacts on ecosystem modeling. Remote Sens. Environ. 2009, 113:2547-2559.
    • (2009) Remote Sens. Environ. , vol.113 , pp. 2547-2559
    • Seixas, J.1    Carvalhais, N.2    Nunes, C.3    Benali, A.4
  • 54
    • 40649094978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new model of gross primary productivity for North American ecosystems based solely on the enhanced vegetation index and land surface temperature from MODIS
    • Sims D.A., Rahman A.F., Cordova V.D., El-Masri B.Z., Baldocchi D.D., et al. A new model of gross primary productivity for North American ecosystems based solely on the enhanced vegetation index and land surface temperature from MODIS. Remote Sens. Environ. 2008, 112:1633-1646.
    • (2008) Remote Sens. Environ. , vol.112 , pp. 1633-1646
    • Sims, D.A.1    Rahman, A.F.2    Cordova, V.D.3    El-Masri, B.Z.4    Baldocchi, D.D.5
  • 55
    • 84894286900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The potential of modis derived photochemical reflectance index for studying gross primary productivity of oil palm Trees
    • July 21-26, Melbourne, Australia.
    • Tan, K.P., Kanniah, K.D., Cracknell, A.P., 2013. The potential of modis derived photochemical reflectance index for studying gross primary productivity of oil palm Trees. In: IEEE International Geoscience & Remote Sensing Symposium, July 21-26, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 2141-2144.
    • (2013) IEEE International Geoscience & Remote Sensing Symposium , pp. 2141-2144
    • Tan, K.P.1    Kanniah, K.D.2    Cracknell, A.P.3
  • 57
    • 0036889452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of carbon mass fluxes over Europe using the C-Fix model and Euroflux data
    • Veroustraete F., Sabbe H., Eerens H. Estimation of carbon mass fluxes over Europe using the C-Fix model and Euroflux data. Rem. Sens. Environ. 2002, 83:376-399.
    • (2002) Rem. Sens. Environ. , vol.83 , pp. 376-399
    • Veroustraete, F.1    Sabbe, H.2    Eerens, H.3
  • 58
    • 1542436315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon mass fluxes of forests in Belgium determined with low resolution optical sensors
    • Veroustraete F., Sabbe H., Rasse D.P., Bertels L. Carbon mass fluxes of forests in Belgium determined with low resolution optical sensors. Int. J. Rem. Sens. 2004, 25:769-792.
    • (2004) Int. J. Rem. Sens. , vol.25 , pp. 769-792
    • Veroustraete, F.1    Sabbe, H.2    Rasse, D.P.3    Bertels, L.4
  • 59
    • 32544432050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal analysis of droughts in the Iberian Peninsula (1910-2000)
    • Vicente-Serrano S. Spatial and temporal analysis of droughts in the Iberian Peninsula (1910-2000). Hydrol. Sci. J. 2006, 51:83-97.
    • (2006) Hydrol. Sci. J. , vol.51 , pp. 83-97
    • Vicente-Serrano, S.1
  • 61
    • 84890846704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The potential of the greenness and radiation (GR) model to interpret 8-day gross primary production of vegetation
    • Wu C., Gonsamo A., Zhang F., Chen J.M. The potential of the greenness and radiation (GR) model to interpret 8-day gross primary production of vegetation. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Rem. Sens. 2014, 88:69-79.
    • (2014) ISPRS J. Photogramm. Rem. Sens. , vol.88 , pp. 69-79
    • Wu, C.1    Gonsamo, A.2    Zhang, F.3    Chen, J.M.4
  • 62
    • 84897073372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global comparison of light use efficiency models for simulating terrestrial vegetation gross primary production based on the LaThuile database
    • Yuang W., Cai W., Xia J., et al. Global comparison of light use efficiency models for simulating terrestrial vegetation gross primary production based on the LaThuile database. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2014, 192-193:108-120.
    • (2014) Agric. For. Meteorol. , pp. 108-120
    • Yuang, W.1    Cai, W.2    Xia, J.3
  • 63
    • 77955874644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drought-induced reduction in global terrestrial net primary production from 2000 through 2009
    • Zhao M., Running S.W. Drought-induced reduction in global terrestrial net primary production from 2000 through 2009. Science 2010, 329:940-943.
    • (2010) Science , vol.329 , pp. 940-943
    • Zhao, M.1    Running, S.W.2
  • 64
    • 14744295403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improvements of the MODIS terrestrial gross and net primary production global data set
    • Zhao M., Heinsch F.A., Nemani R.R., Running S.W. Improvements of the MODIS terrestrial gross and net primary production global data set. Rem. Sens. Environ. 2005, 95:164-176.
    • (2005) Rem. Sens. Environ. , vol.95 , pp. 164-176
    • Zhao, M.1    Heinsch, F.A.2    Nemani, R.R.3    Running, S.W.4
  • 65
    • 33646841766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) terrestrial primary production to the accuracy of meteorological reanalyses
    • Zhao M., Running S.W., Nemani R.R. Sensitivity of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) terrestrial primary production to the accuracy of meteorological reanalyses. J. Geophys. Res. 2006, 111:G01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JG000004.
    • (2006) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.111 , pp. G01002
    • Zhao, M.1    Running, S.W.2    Nemani, R.R.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.