Assessing PTSD-related Functional Impairment and Quality of Life

The Oxford Handbook of Traumatic Stress Disorders

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages

  Holowka, Darren W ^a   Marx, Brian P ^a  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Assessment; Functional impairment; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Quality of life; Trauma

Indexed keywords

EID: 84923526945     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399066.013.0021     Document Type: Chapter

References (92)

1. Altshuler, L., Mintz, J., & Leight, K. (2002). The life functioning questionnaire (LFQ): A brief, gender-neutral scale assessing functional outcome. Psychiatry Research, 112, 161-182. (doi: 10.1016/S0165-1781(02)00180-4)
2. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
3. Anderson, C. A., Krull, D. S., & Weiner, B. (1996). Explanations: Processes and consequences. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles. (pp. 271-296). New York: Guilford.
4. Anderson, J. P., Kaplan, R. M., Berry, C. C., & Bush, J. W. (1989). Interday reliability of function assessment for a health status measure: The Quality of Well-Being scale. Medical Care, 27, 1076-1084. (doi: 10.1097/00005650-198911000-00008)
5. Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Klauminzer, G., & Charney, D. S. (1990). A clinician rating scale for assessing current and lifetime PTSD: The CAPS-1. Behavior Therapist 13, 187-188.
6. Dohrenwend, B. P., Turner, J. B., Turse, N. A., Adams, B. G., Koenen, K. C., & Marshall, R. (2006). The psychological risks of Vietnam for U.S. veterans: A revisit with new data and methods. Science, 313, 979-982. (doi: 10.1126/ science.1128944)
7. Endicott, J., Nee, J., Harrison, W., & Blumenthal, R. (1993). Quality of life enjoyment and satisfaction questionnaire: A new measure. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 29, 321-326.
8. Endicott, J., Spitzer, R. L., Fleiss, J. L., & Cohen, J. (1976). The Global Assessment Scale: A procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbance. Archives of General Psychiatry 33, 766-771.
9. Epping-Jordan, J. E., Chatterji, S., & Ustun, T. B. (2000, July). The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II. (WHO DAS II): A tool for measuring clinical outcomes. Oral presentation at NIMH Mental Health Services Research Meeting, Washington, DC.
10. Forman-Hoffman, V. L., Carney, C. P., Sampson, T. R., Peloso, P. M., Woolson, R. F., Black, D. W., et al. (2005). Mental health comorbidity patterns and impact on quality of life among veterans serving during the first Gulf War. Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care & Rehabilitation, 14, 2303-2314. (doi: 10.1007/s11136-005-6540-2)
11. Frisch, M. B., Cornell, J., Villanueva, M., & Retzlaff, P. J. (1992). Clinical validation of the Quality of Life Inventory. A measure of life satisfaction for use in treatment planning and outcome assessment. Psychological Assessment 4, 92-101.
12. Frueh, B. C. (2007). PTSD and Vietnam veterans. Science 315, 184-187.
13. Golden-Kreutz, D. M., Thornton, L. M., Wells-Di Gregorio, S., Frierson, G. M., Jim, H. S., Carpenter, K. M., et al. (2005). Traumatic stress, perceived global stress, and life events: Prospectively predicting quality of life in breast cancer patients. Health Psychology, 24, 288-296. (doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.24.3.288)
14. Goldman, H. H. (2005). 'Do you walk to school, or do you carry your lunch?' Psychiatric Services, 56. (doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.56.4.419)
15. Goldman, H. H., Skodol, A. E., & Lave, T. R. (1992). Revising Axis V for DSM-IV: A review of measures of social functioning. American Journal of Psychiatry 149, 1148-1156.
16. Goldstein, M. J. (1978). Further data concerning the relation between premorbid adjustment and paranoid symptomatology. Schizophrenia Bulletin 4, 236-243.
17. Gudmundsdottir, B., Beck, J. G., Coffey, S. F., Miller, L., & Palyo, S. A. (2004). Quality of life and post trauma symptomatology in motor vehicle accident survivors: The mediating effects of depression and anxiety. Depression and Anxiety, 20, 187-189. (doi: 10.1002/da.20037)
18. Hansson, L. (2002). Quality of life in depression and anxiety. International Review of Psychiatry, 14, 185-189. (doi: 10.1080/09540260220144966)
19. Hoge, C. W., McGurk, D., Thomas, J., Cox, A. L., Engel, C. C., & Castro, C. A. (2008). Mild traumatic brain injury in U.S. soldiers returning from Iraq. New England Journal of Medicine, 358, 453-463. (doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa072972)
20. Institute of Medicine. (2007). PTSD compensation and military service. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
21. Kaplan, R. M., Anderson, J. P., Wu, A., Mathews, W., Kozin, F., & Orenstein, D. (1989). The Quality of Well-being Scale: Applications in AIDS, cystic fibrosis, and arthritis. Medical Care, 27, S27-43.
22. Katschnig, H. (2006). How useful is the concept of quality of life in psychiatry? In H. Katschnig, H. Freeman, & N. Sartorius (Eds.), Quality of life in mental disorders (2nd ed., pp. 3-17). New York: John Wiley.
23. Kazis, L. E., Ren, X. S., Lee, A., Skinner, K., Rogers, W., Clark, J., et al. (1999). Health status in VA patients: Results from the Veterans Health Study. American Journal of Medical Quality 14, 28-38.
24. Keller, M. B., Lavori, P. W., Friedman, B., Nielsen, E., Endicott, J., McDonald-Scott, P., et al. (1987). The Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation: A comprehensive method for assessing outcome in prospective longitudinal studies. Archives of General Psychiatry 44, 540-548.
25. Kessler, R. C., Barber, C., Beck, A., Berglund, P., Cleary, P. D., McKenas, D., et al. (2003). The World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ). Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 45, 156-174.
26. Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., & Hughes, M. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry 52, 1048-1060.
27. Kimerling, R., Clum, G. A., & Wolfe, J. (2000). Relationships among trauma exposure, chronic posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and self-reported health in women: Replication and extension. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 115-128. (doi: 10.1023/A:1007729116133)
28. Koenen, K. C., Stellman, S. D., Sommer, J. F., Jr., & Stellman, J. M. (2008). Persisting posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and their relationship to functioning in Vietnam Veterans: A 14-year follow-up. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 49-57. (doi: 10.1002/jts.20304)
29. Kuhn, E., Blanchard, E. B., & Hickling, E. J. (2003). Posttraumatic stress disorder and psychosocial functioning within two samples of MVA survivors. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 1105-1112. (doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00071-8)
30. Leon, A. C., Solomon, D. A., Mueller, T. I., Turvey, C. L., Endicott, J., & Keller, M. B. (1999). The Range of Impaired Functioning Tool (LIFE-RIFT): A brief measure of functional impairment. Psychological Medicine: A Journal of Research in Psychiatry and the Allied Sciences, 29, 869-878. (doi: 10.1017/S0033291799008570)
31. Lerner, D., Amick, B. C., III, Rogers, W. H., Malspeis, S., Bungay, K., & Cynn, D. (2001). The Work Limitations Questionnaire. Medical Care, 39, 72-85. (doi: 10.1097 /00005650-200101000-00009)
32. Lilienfeld, S. O., & Andrews, B. P. (1996). Development and preliminary validation of a self-report measure of psychopathic personality traits in noncriminal populations. Journal of Personality Assessment 66, 488-524.
33. Litz, B. T. (1992). Emotional numbing in combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder: A critical review and reformulation. Clinical Psychology Review, 12, 417-432. (doi: 10.1016/0272-7358(92)90125-R)
34. Litz, B. T., & Gray, M. J. (2002). Emotional numbing in posttraumatic stress disorder: Current and future research directions. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 36, 198-204. (doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.01002.x)
35. Lunney, C. A., & Schnurr, P. P. (2007). Domains of quality of life and symptoms in male veterans treated for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 955-964. (doi: 10.1002/jts.20269)
36. Madden, R., Sykes, C., & Ustun, T. B. (2007). World Health Organization Family of International Classifications: Definition, scope and purpose. Geneva: World Health Organization.
37. Marx, B. P., Schnurr, P. P., Rodriguez, P., Holowka, D. W., Lunney, C. A., Weathers, F. W., et al. (2009, November). Development of a functional impairment scale for active duty service members and veterans. In K. M. Lester (Chair), Beyond PTSD symptom reduction: Social and health-related benefits of trauma focused treatment. Symposium conducted at the meeting for the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Atlanta, GA.
38. McHorney, C. A., Ware, J. E., & Raczek, A. E. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and clinical tests of validity in measuring physical and mental health constructs. Medical Care, 31, 247-263. (doi: 10.1097/00005650-199303000-00006)
39. McKnight, P. E., & Kashdan, T. B. (2009). The importance of functional impairment to mental health outcomes: A case for reassessing our goals in depression treatment research. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 243-259. (doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.01.005)
40. McNally, R. J. (2007). Can we solve the mysteries of the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 192-200. (doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.09.005)
41. Mendlowicz, M. V., & Stein, M. B. (2000). Quality of life in individuals with anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 669-682. (doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.669)
42. Mills, K. L., Teesson, M., Ross, J., & Peters, L. (2006). Trauma, PTSD, and substance use disorders: Findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 651-658. (doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.652)
43. Mogotsi, M., Kaminer, D., & Stein, D. J. (2000). Quality of life in the anxiety disorders. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 8, 273-282. (doi: 10.1093/hrp/8.6.273)
44. Momartin, S., Silove, D., Manicavasagar, V., & Steel, Z. (2004). Comorbidity of PTSD and depression: Associations with trauma exposure, symptom severity and functional impairment in Bosnian refugees resettled in Australia. Journal of Affective Disorders, 80, 231-238. (doi: 10.1016/S0165-0327(03)00131-9)
45. Moos, R. H., Cronkite, R. C., & Finney, J. W. (1983). Health and Daily Living Form manual. Palo Alto, CA: Department of Veterans Affairs.
46. Moos, R. H., Fenn, C. B., & Billings, A. G. (1988). Life stressors and social resources: An integrated assessment approach. Social Science & Medicine, 27, 999-1002. (doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(88)90291-2)
47. Moos, R. H., & Moos, B. S. (1994). The Life Stressors and Social Resources Inventory: Adult form manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
48. Moos, R. H., Nichol, A. C., & Moos, B. S. (2002). Global Assessment of Functioning ratings and the allocation and outcomes of mental health services. Psychiatric Services, 53, 730-737. (doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.53.6.730)
49. Morosini, P.-L., Magliano, L., Brambilla, L., Ugolini, S., & Pioli, R. (2000). Development, reliability and acceptability of a new version of the DSM-IV Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS) to assess routine social functioning. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 101, 323-329.
50. Najavits, L. M., Weiss, R. D., & Shaw, S. R. (1999). A clinical profile of women with posttraumatic stress disorder and substance dependence. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 13, 98-104. (doi: 10.1037/0893-164X.13.2.98)
51. Niv, N., Cohen, A. N., Sullivan, G., & Young, A. S. (2007). The MIRECC version of the global assessment of functioning scale: Reliability and validity. Psychiatric Services, 58, 529-535. (doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.58.4.529)
52. Norberg, M. M., Diefenbach, G. J., & Tolin, D. F. (2008). Quality of life and anxiety and depressive disorder comorbidity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 1516-1522. (doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.03.005)
53. Norman, S. B., Stein, M. B., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2007). Profiling posttraumatic functional impairment. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 48-53. (doi: 10.1097/01.nmd.0000252135.25114.02)
54. Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
55. O'Connell, M. J., Kasprow, W., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2008). Rates and risk factors for homelessness after successful housing in a sample of formerly homeless veterans. Psychiatric Services, 59, 268-275. (doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.59.3.268)
56. Olatunji, B. O., Cisler, J. M., & Tolin, D. F. (2007). Quality of life in the anxiety disorders: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 572-581. (doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2007.01.015)
57. Ouimette, P., Goodwin, E., & Brown, P. J. (2006). Health and well being of substance use disorder patients with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 1415-1423. (doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.11.010)
58. Paunović, N., & Öst, L.-G. (2004). Clinical Validation of the Swedish version of the quality of life inventory in crime victims with posttraumatic stress disorder and a nonclinical sample. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 15-21. (doi: 10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007452.65270.13)
59. Ramchand, R., Marshall, G. N., Schell, T. L., & Jaycox, L. H. (2008). Posttraumatic distress and physical functioning: A longitudinal study of injured survivors of community violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 668-676. (doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.76.4.668)
60. Rapaport, M. H., Clary, C., Fayyad, R., & Endicott, J. (2005). Quality-of-life impairment in depressive and anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1171-1178. (doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.6.1171)
61. Reilly, M. C., Zbrozek, A. S., & Dukes, E. M. (1993). The validity and reproducibility of a work productivity and activity impairment instrument. Pharmacoeconomics 4, 353-365.
62. Resnick, P. J., West, S., & Payne, J. W. (2008). Malingering of posttraumatic disorders. In R. Rogers (Ed.), Clinical assessment of malingering and deception (3rd ed., pp. 109-127). New York: Guilford.
63. Resnick, S. G., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2008). Integrating peer-provided services: A quasi-experimental study of recovery orientation, confidence, and empowerment. Psychiatric Services, 59, 1307-1314. (doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.59.11.1307)
64. Riggs, D. S., Byrne, C. A., Weathers, F. W., & Litz, B. T. (1998). The quality of the intimate relationships of male Vietnam veterans: Problems associated with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 87-101. (doi: 10.1023/A:1024409200155)
65. Rona, R. J., Jones, M., Iversen, A., Hull, L., Greenberg, N., Fear, N. T., et al. (2009). The impact of posttraumatic stress disorder on impairment in the UK military at the time of the Iraq War. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43, 64-55. (doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.09.006)
66. Rudolf, H., & Watts, J. (2002). Quality of life in substance abuse and dependency. International Review of Psychiatry, 14, 19-97. (doi: 10.1080/09540260220144975)
67. Samper, R. E., Taft, C. T., King, D. W., & King, L. A. (2004). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and parenting satisfaction among a national sample of male Vietnam veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 31-15. (doi: 10.1023/B:JOTS.0000038479.30903.ed)
68. Sayers, S. L., Farrow, V. A., Ross, J., & Oslin, D. W. (2009). Family problems among recently returned military veterans referred for a mental health evaluation. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70, 16-70. (doi: 10.4088/JCP.07m03863)
69. Schneier, F. R., Heckelman, L. R., Garfinkel, R., & Campeas, R. (1994). Functional impairment in social phobia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 55, 32-31.
70. Schnurr, P. P., Friedman, M. J., Engel, C. C., Foa, E. B., Shea, M. T., Chow, B. K., et al. (2007). Cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in women: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 297, 82-30. (doi: 10.1001/jama.297.8.820)
71. Schnurr, P. P., Friedman, M. J., Foy, D. W., Shea, M. T., Hsieh, F. Y., Lavori, P. W., et al. (2003). Randomized trial of trauma-focused group therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: Results from a Department of Veterans Affairs cooperative study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 48-89. (doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.60.5.481)
72. Schnurr, P. P., Hayes, A. F., Lunney, C. A., McFall, M., & Uddo, M. (2006). Longitudinal analysis of the relationship between symptoms and quality of life in veterans treated for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 70-13. (doi: 10.1037/002-06X.74.4.707)
73. Sheehan, D. V. (1983). The anxiety disease. New York: Scribner.
74. Sheehan, D. V. (2003). Sheehan Disability Scale-W (SDS-W). Unpublished instrument.
75. Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., et al. (1998). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 59, 2-3.
76. Söderberg, P., Tungström, S., & Armelius, B. (2005). Reliability of global assessment of functioning ratings made by clinical psychiatric staff. Psychiatric Services, 56, 43-38. (doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.56.4.434)
77. Solomon, Z., & Mikulincer, M. (2007). Posttraumatic intrusion, avoidance, and social functioning: A 20-year longitudinal study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 31-24. (doi: 10.1037/002-06X.75.2.316)
78. Stewart, A. L., & Ware, J. E. (1992). Measuring functioning and well-being: The medical outcomes study approach. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
79. Taylor, S., Wald, J., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2006). Factors associated with occupational impairment in people seeking treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 25, 28-01.
80. Tyrer, P., Nur, U., Crawford, M., Karlsen, S., McLean, C., Rao, B., et al. (2005). The Social Functioning Questionnaire: A Rapid and Robust Measure of Perceived Functioning. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 51, 26-75. (doi: 10.1177/0020764005057391)
81. Ustün, B., & Kennedy, C. (2009). What is "functional impairment"? Disentangling disability from clinical significance. World Psychiatry 8, 82-85.
82. Ware, J. E. (1999). SF-36 Health Survey. In M. E. Maruish (Ed.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment (2nd ed., pp. 122-246). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
83. Ware, J. E., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1992). The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30, 47-83. (doi: 10.1097/0000565-9920600-0002)
84. Ware, J. E., Snow, K. K., Kosinski, M., & Gandek, B. (1993). SF-36 Health Survey manual and interpretation guide. Boston: New England Medical Center, The Health Institute.
85. Weissman, M. M., & Bothwell, S. (1976). Assessment of social adjustment by patient self-report. Archives of General Psychiatry 33, 111-115.
86. Woods, S. J., & Wineman, N. M. (2004). Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters, and physical health symptoms in post-abused women. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 18, 2-4. (doi: 10.1053/j.apnu.2003.11.005)
87. World Health Organization. (1988). WHO Psychiatric Disability Assessment Schedule (WHO/DAS). Albany, NY: Author.
88. World Health Organization. (2000). World Health Organization Disability Assessment (WHODASII). Geneva: Authoro
89. World Health Organization. (2001). International classification of functioning, disability and health: ICF. Geneva: Author.
90. World Health Organization. (2002). World Health Organization Health and Performance Questionnaire (HPQ): Clinical trials baseline version. Geneva: Author.
91. World Health Organization. (2003). ICF Checklist. Geneva: Author..
92. Zayfert, C., Dums, A. R., Ferguson, R. J., & Hegel, M. T. (2002). Health functioning impairments associated with posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, and depression. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190, 23-40. (doi: 10.1097/0000505-0020400-0004)