Cognitive theory and therapy of depression

Cognitive Therapy Across the Lifespan

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 12-39

  Solomon, Ari ^a,b   Haaga, David A F ^c  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b WILLIAMS COLLEGE   (United States)

^c AMERICAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84923481792     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139087094.003     Document Type: Chapter

References (132)

1. Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., and Alloy, L. B. (1989). Hopelessness depression: a theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review, 96, 358-72.
2. Abramson, L. Y., Alloy, L. B., Hogan, M. E., et al. (1998). Suicidality and cognitive vulnerability to depression among college students: a prospective study. Journal of Adolescence, 21, 157-71.
3. Abramson, L. Y., Alloy, L. B., Hogan, M. E., et al. (1999). Cognitive vulnerability to depression: theory and evidence. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 13, 5-20.
4. Addis, M. E. and Jacobson, N. S. (1996). Reasons for depression and the process and outcome of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1417-24.
5. Alloy, L. B. and Abramson, L. Y. (1979). Judgment of contingency in depressed and nondepressed students: sadder but wiser? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108, 441-85.
6. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and StatisticalManual ofMental Disorders, 4th edn.Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
7. Beck, A. T. (1963). Thinking and depression: I. Idiosyncratic content and cognitive distortions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 9, 324-33.
8. Beck, A. T. (1964). Thinking and depression: II. Theory and therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 10, 561-71.
9. Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, Experimental, and Theoretical Aspects. New York: Harper and Row.
10. Beck, A. T. (1970). The core problem in depression: the cognitive triad. In Depression: Theories and Therapies, ed. J. H. Masserman pp. 47-55. New York: Grune and Stratton.
11. Beck, A. T. (1971). Cognition, affect, and psychopathology. Archives of General Psychiatry, 24, 495-500.
12. Beck, A. T. (1983). Cognitive therapy of depression: new perspectives. In Treatment ofDepression: Old Controversies and New Approaches, ed. P. J. Clayton and J. E. Barrett pp. 265-284. New York: Raven Press.
13. Beck, A. T. (1987). Cognitive models of depression. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 1, 5-37.
14. Beck, A. T. (1995). Cognitive Therapy: Basics and Beyond. New York: Guilford.
15. Beck, A. T. (1996). Beyond belief: a theory of modes, personality, and psychopathology. In Frontiers of Cognitive Therapy, ed. P. M. Salkovskis, pp. 1-25. New York: Guilford.
16. Beck, A. T., Kovacs, M., and Weissman, A. (1975). Hopelessness and suicidal behavior: An overview. Journal of the American Medical Association, 234, 1146-9.
17. Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., and Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York: Guilford.
18. Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Harrison, R. P., and Emery, G. (1983). Development of the Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale: A Measure of Personality Factors in Psychopathology. Unpublished manuscript. Center for Cognitive Therapy, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia.
19. Beck, A. T., Brown, G., Steer, R. A., Eidelson, J. I., and Riskind, J. H. (1987). Differentiating anxiety and depression: a test of the cognitive content-specificity hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96, 179-83.
20. Bellew, M. and Hill, A. B. (1990). Negative recall bias as predictor of susceptibility to induced depressed mood. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 471-80.
21. Bellew, M. andHill, A. B. (1991). Schematic processing and the prediction of depression following childbirth. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 943-9.
22. Beutler, L. E., Mohr, D. C., Grawe, K., Engle, D., andMacDonald, R. (1991). Looking for differential treatment effects: cross-cultural predictors of differential psychotherapy efficacy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 1, 121-41.
23. Beutler, L. E., Machado, P. P., Engle, D., and Mohr, D. (1993). Differential patient x treatment maintenance among cognitive, experiential, and self-directed psychotherapies. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 3, 15-31.
24. Blackburn, I. M. and Smyth, P. (1985). A test of cognitive vulnerability in individuals prone to depression. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24, 61-2.
25. Blatt, S. J., Zuroff, D. C., Bondi, C. M., Sanislow, C. A., and Pilkonis, P. A. (1998). When and how perfectionism impedes the brief treatment of depression: further analyses of the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 423-8.
26. Brown G. P., Hammen, C. L., Craske, M. G., andWickens, T. D. (1995). Dimensions of dysfunctional attitudes as vulnerabilities to depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 431-5.
27. Bruder, G. E., Stewart, J. W., Mercier, M. A., et al. (1997). Outcome of cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression: relation to hemispheric dominance for verbal processing. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 138-44.
28. Burns, D.D. andNolen-Hoeksema, S. (1992). Therapeutic empathy and recovery fromdepression in cognitive-behavioral therapy: a structural equationmodel. Journal ofConsulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 441-9.
29. Burns, D. D., Rude, S., Simons, A. D., Bates, M. A., and Thase, M. E. (1994). Does learned resourcefulness predict the response to cognitive behavioral therapy for depression? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 18, 277-90.
30. Chambless, D. L., Baker, M. J., Baucom, D. H., et al. (1998). Update on empirically validated therapies, II. Clinical Psychologist, 51, 3-16.
31. Clark, D. A. and Beck, A. T. (1991). Personality factors in dysphoria: a psychometric refinement of Beck's Sociotropy-Autonomy scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 13, 369-88.
32. Clark, D. A. and Steer, R. A. (1996). Empirical status of the cognitive model of anxiety and depression. In Frontiers of Cognitive Therapy, ed. P. M. Salkovskis, pp. 75-96. New York: Guilford Press.
33. Clark, D. A., Beck A. T., and Beck, J. (1994). Symptom differences in major depression, dysthymia, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 205-9.
34. Clark, D. A., Beck, A. T., and Alford, B. A. (1999). Scientific Foundations of Cognitive Theory and Therapy of Depression. New York: JohnWiley.
35. Cole, D. A., Martin, J. M., Lachlan, G. P., Seroczynski, A. D., and Hoffman, K. (1998). Are cognitive errors of underestimation predictive or reflective of depressive symptomsin children? A longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 481-96.
36. Covi, L. and Lipman, R. S. (1987). Cognitive behavioral group psychotherapy combined with imipramine in major depression. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 23, 173-7.
37. Coyne, J. C. (1992). Cognition in depression: a paradigm in crisis. Psychological Inquiry, 3, 232-4.
38. Coyne, J. C. and Downey, G. (1991). Social factors and psychopathology: stress, social support, and coping processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 42, 401-25.
39. Coyne, J. C. and Gotlib, I. H. (1983). The role of cognition in depression: a critical appraisal. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 472-505.
40. Coyne, J. C. and Whiffen, V. E. (1995). Issues in personality as diathesis for depression: the case of sociotropy-dependency and autonomy-self-criticism. Psychological Bulletin, 118, 358-78.
41. Crits-Christoph, P., Siqueland, L., Chittams, J., et al. (1998). Training in cognitive, supportiveexpressive, and drug counseling therapies for cocaine dependence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 484-92.
42. Dent, J. and Teasdale, J. D. (1988). Negative cognition and the persistence of depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 29-34.
43. Derry, P. A. and Kuiper, N. A. (1981). Schematic processing and self-reference in clinical depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 286-97.
44. DeRubeis, R. J. and Crits-Christoph, P. (1998). Empirically supported individual and group psychological treatments for adult mental disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 37-52.
45. DeRubeis, R. J. and Feeley, M. (1990). Determinants of change in cognitive therapy for depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 469-82.
46. DeRubeis, R. J., Gelfand, L. A., Tang, T. Z., and Simons, A. D. (1999). Medications versus cognitive behavior therapy for severely depressed outpatients: mega-analysis of four randomized comparisons. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1007-13.
47. Dobson, K. S. and Breiter, H. J. (1983). Cognitive assessment of depression: reliability and validity of three measures. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 92, 107-9.
48. Dobson, K. S. and Shaw, B. F. (1986). Cognitive assessment with major depressive disorders. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10, 13-29.
49. Dykman, B. M. (1997). A test of whether negative emotional priming facilitates access to latent dysfunctional attitudes. Cognition and Emotion, 11, 197-222.
50. Eaves, G. and Rush, A. J. (1984). Cognitive patterns in symptomatic and remitted unipolar major depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 31-40.
51. Elkin, I. (1999). A major dilemma in psychotherapy outcome research: disentangling therapists from therapies. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 6, 10-32.
52. Elkin, I., Shea, M.T., Watkins, J.T., et al. (1995). Initial severity and differential treatment outcome in the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 841-7.
53. Ellis, A. (1987). Asadly neglectedcognitive element in depression.Cognitive Therapy andResearch, 11, 121-46.
54. Feeley, M., DeRubeis, R. J., and Gelfand, L. A. (1999). The temporal relation of adherence and alliance to symptom change in cognitive therapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 578-82.
55. Fennell, M. J.V. andTeasdale, J.D. (1987). Cognitive therapy for depression: individual differences and the process of change. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11, 253-71.
56. Flett, G. L., Vredenburg, K., and Krames, L. (1997). The continuity of depression in clinical and nonclinical samples. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 395-416.
57. Gortner, E. T., Gollan, J. K., Dobson, K. S., and Jacobson, N. S. (1998). Cognitive-behavioral treatment for depression: relapse prevention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 377-84.
58. Gotlib, I. H. (1981). Self-reinforcement and recall: differential deficits in depressed and nondepressed psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 521-30.
59. Gotlib, I. H. (1983). Perception and recall of interpersonal feedback: negative bias in depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 7, 399-412.
60. Gotlib, I.H. and Krasnoperova, E. (1998). Biased information processing as a vulnerability factor for depression. Behavior Therapy, 29, 603-17.
61. Haaga, D. A. F. and Beck, A. T. (1995). Perspectives on depressive realism: implications for cognitive theory of depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 41-8.
62. Haaga, D. A. F. and Stiles, W. B. (2000). Randomized clinical trials in psychotherapy research: methodology, design, and evaluation. In Handbook of Psychological Change: Psychotherapy Processes and Practices for the 21st Century, ed. C. R. Snyder and R. E. Ingram, pp. 14-39. New York: JohnWiley.
63. Haaga, D. A. F., Dyck, M. J., and Ernst, D. (1991a). Empirical status of cognitive theory of depression. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 215-36.
64. Haaga, D. A. F., DeRubeis, R. J., Stewart, B. L., and Beck, A. T. (1991b). Relationship of intelligence with cognitive therapy outcome. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29, 277-81.
65. Hamilton, E.W. and Abramson, L. Y. (1983). Cognitive patterns and major depressive disorder: a longitudinal study in a hospital setting. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 92, 173-84.
66. Hammen, C., Ellicott, A., and Gitlin, M. (1989). Vulnerability to specific life events and prediction of course of disorder in unipolar depressed patients. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 21, 377-88.
67. Hedlund, S. and Rude, S. S. (1995). Evidence of latent depressive schemas in formerly depressed individuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 517-25.
68. Hollon, S.D. andNajavits, L. (1988). Review of empirical studies of cognitive therapy. InAmerican Psychiatric Press Review of Psychiatry, vol. 7, ed. A. J. Frances and R. E. Hales, pp. 643-66. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
69. Hollon, S. D., Kendall, P. C., and Lumry, A. (1986). Specificity of depressotypic cognitions in clinical depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 52-9.
70. Hollon, S. D., DeRubeis, R. J., and Evans, M. D. (1996). Cognitive therapy in the treatment and prevention of depression. In Frontiers of Cognitive Therapy, ed. P. M. Salkovskis, pp. 293-317. New York: Guilford Press.
71. Ilardi, S. S. and Craighead, W. E. (1994). The role of nonspecific factors in cognitive-behavior therapy for depression. Clinical Psychology: Research and Practice, 1, 138-56.
72. Ilardi, S. S., Craighead, W. E., and Evans, D. D. (1997). Modeling relapse in unipolar depression: the effects of dysfunctional cognitions and personality disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 381-91.
73. Ingram, R. E. andWisnicki, K. S. (1988). Assessment of positive automatic cognition. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 898-902.
74. Ingram, R. E., Slater, M. A., Atkinson, J. H., and Scott, W. (1990). Positive automatic cognition in major affective disorder. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2, 209-11.
75. Ingram, R. E., Bernet, C. Z., and McLaughlin, S. C. (1994). Attentional allocation processes in individuals at risk for depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 18, 317-32.
76. Ingram, R. E., Miranda, J., and Segal, Z. V. (1998). Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression. New York: Guilford Press.
77. Jacobson, N. S., Dobson, K. S., Truax, P. A., et al. (1996). A component analysis of cognitivebehavioral treatment for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 295-304.
78. Jarrett, R. B., Rush, A. J., Khatami, M., and Roffwarg, H. P. (1990). Does the pretreatment polysomnogram predict response to cognitive therapy in depressed outpatients? A preliminary report. Psychiatry Research, 33, 285-99.
79. Jarrett, R. B., Eaves, G. G., Grannemann, B. D., and Rush, A. J. (1991). Clinical, cognitive, and demographic predictors of response to cognitive therapy for depression: a preliminary report. Psychiatry Research, 37, 245-60.
80. Johnson, J. G., Han, Y-S., Douglas, C. J., Johannet, C. M., and Russell, T. (1998). Attributions for positive life events predict recovery from depression among psychiatric inpatients: an investigation of the Needles and Abramson model of recovery from depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 369-76.
81. Judd, L. L., Akiskal, H. S., and Paulus, M. P. (1997). The role and clinical significance of subsyndromal depressive symptoms (SSD) in unipolar major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 45, 41-51.
82. Kendall, P. C. (1999). Clinical significance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 283-4.
83. Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., et al. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8-19.
84. Lang, A. J. andCraske, M. G. (1997). Information processing in anxiety and depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 451-5.
85. Lewinsohn, P. M., Steinmetz, J. L., Larson, D. W., and Franklin, J. (1981). Depression-related cognitions: antecedent or consequence? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 213-19.
86. Lewinsohn, P. M., Solomon, A., Seeley, J. R., and Zeiss, A. (2000). The clinical implications of "subthreshold" depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 345-51.
87. Matt, G. E., Vazquez, C., and Campbell, W. K. (1992). Mood-congruent recall of affectively toned stimuli: a meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 12, 227-55.
88. McCabe, S. B. and Gotlib, I. H. (1993). Attentional processing in clinically depressed subjects: a longitudinal investigation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 17, 359-77.
89. McKnight, D. L., Nelson-Gray, R. O., and Barnhill, J. (1992). Dexamethasone suppression test and response to cognitive therapy and antidepressant medication. Behavior Therapy, 23, 99-111.
90. Miller I. W. and Norman, W. H. (1986). Persistence of depressive cognitions within a subgroup of depressed inpatients. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10, 211-24.
91. Miranda, J. and Persons, J. B. (1988). Dysfunctional attitudes aremood-state dependent. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 76-9.
92. Miranda, J., Persons, J. B., and Byers, C. N. (1990). Endorsement of dysfunctional beliefs depends on current mood state. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 237-41.
93. Moore, R. G. and Blackburn, I. (1996). The stability of sociotropy and autonomy in depressed patients undergoing treatment. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 20, 69-80.
94. Needles, D. J. andAbramson, L. Y. (1990). Positive life events, attributional style, and hopefulness: testing a model of recovery from depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 156-65.
95. Norman, W. H., Miller I. W., and Klee, S. H. (1983). Assessment of cognitive distortion in a clinically depressed population. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 7, 133-40.
96. Norman, W. H., Miller, I.W., and Keitner, G. I. (1987). Relationship between dysfunctional cognitions and depressive subtypes. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 32, 194-8.
97. O'Leary, K. D. and Beach, S. R. H. (1990). Marital therapy: a viable treatment for depression and marital discord. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 183-6.
98. Persons, J. B. (1991). Psychotherapy outcome studies do not accurately represent current models of psychotherapy: a proposed remedy. American Psychologist, 46, 99-106.
99. Persons, J. B. and Burns, D. D. (1985). Mechanisms of action of cognitive therapy: the relative contributions of technical and interpersonal interventions. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10, 539-51.
100. Peterson, C., Semmel, A., von Baeyer, C., et al. (1982). The Attributional Style Questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 6, 287-301.
101. Reich, J. H. and Vasile, R. G. (1993). Effect of personality disorders on the treatment outcome of Axis I conditions: an update. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181, 475-84.
102. Riskind, J. H., Hohmann, A. A., Beck, A. T., and Stewart, B. (1991). The relation of generalized anxiety disorder to depression in general and dysthymic disorder in particular. In Chronic Anxiety: Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Mixed Anxiety-Depression, ed. R. M. Rapee and D. H. Barlow, pp. 153-71. New York: Guilford Press.
103. Roberts, J. E. and Kassel, J. D. (1996). Mood-state dependence in cognitive vulnerability to depression: the roles of positive and negative affect. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 20, 1-12.
104. Robins, C. J. and Block, P. (1988). Personal vulnerability, life events, and depressive symptoms: a test of a specific interactional model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 847-52.
105. Robins, C. J., Ladd, J. S., Welkowitz, J., et al. (1994). The Personal Style Inventory: preliminary validation studies of new measures of sociotropy and autonomy. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 16, 277-300.
106. Robins, C. J., Hayes, A. M., Block, P., Kramer, R. J., and Villena, M. (1995). Interpersonal and achievement concerns and the depressive vulnerability and symptom specificity hypotheses: a prospective study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 1-20.
107. Robins, C. J., Bagby, R. M., Rector, N. A., Lynch, T. R., and Kennedy, S. H. (1997). Sociotropy, autonomy, and patterns of symptoms in patients with major depression: a comparison of dimensional and categorical approaches. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 21, 285-300.
108. Rohde, P., Lewinsohn, P. M., and Seeley, J. R. (1990). Are people changed by the experience of having an episode of major depression? A further test of the scar hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 264-71.
109. Rosenbaum, M. (1980). A schedule for assessing self-control behaviors: preliminary findings. Behavior Therapy, 11, 109-21.
110. Segal, Z. V. and Ingram, R. E. (1994). Mood priming and construct activation in tests of cognitive vulnerability to unipolar depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 14, 663-95.
111. Segal, Z.V., Shaw, B. F., andVella, D.D. (1989). Life stress and depression: a test of the congruency hypothesis for life event content and depressive subtype. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 21, 389-400.
112. Segal, Z. V., Shaw, B. F., Vella, D. D., and Katz, R. (1992). Cognitive and life stress predictors of relapse in remitted unipolar depressed patients: test of the congruency hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 26-36.
113. Shaw, B. F. (1999). How to use the allegiance effect to maximize competence and therapeutic outcomes. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 6, 131-2.
114. Shea, M. T., Pilkonis, P. A., Beckham, E., et al. (1990). Personality disorders and treatment outcome in the NIMH treatment of depression collaborative research program. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 711-18.
115. Shea, M. T., Elkin, I., Imber, S. D., et al. (1992). Course of depressive symptoms over follow-up: findings from the National Institute of Mental Health treatment of depression collaborative research program. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 782-7.
116. Silverman, J. S., Silverman, J. A., and Eardley, D. A. (1984). Do maladaptive attitudes cause depression? Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 28-30.
117. Simons, A. D., Lustman, P. J., Wetzel, R. D., and Murphy, G. E. (1985). Predicting response to cognitive therapy of depression: the role of learned resourcefulness. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 9, 79-89.
118. Simons, A. D., Gordon, J. S., Monroe, S. M., and Thase, M. E. (1995). Toward an integration of psychologic, social, and biologic factors in depression: effects on outcome and course of cognitive therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 369-77.
119. Solomon, A. andHaaga, D. A. F. (1994). Positive and negative aspects of sociotropy and autonomy. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 16, 243-52.
120. Solomon, A., Haaga, D. A. F., Brody, C., Kirk, L., and Friedman, D. G. (1998). Priming irrational beliefs in formerly depressed individuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 440-9.
121. Sotsky, S. M., Glass, D. R., Shea, M.T., et al. (1991). Patientpredictors of response topsychotherapy and pharmacotherapy: findings of the NIMH treatment of depression collaborative research program. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 997-1008.
122. Teasdale, J. D. (1985). Psychological treatments for depression: how do they work? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 157-65.
123. Thase, M. E., Simons, A. D., McGeary, J., et al. (1992). Relapse after cognitive behavior therapy of depression: potential implications for longer courses of treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 1046-52.
124. Thase, M. E., Simons, A. D., and Reynolds, C. F. (1996). Abnormal electroencephalographic sleep profiles in major depression: association with response to cognitive-behavioral therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 99-108.
125. Vallis, T. M., Shaw, B. F., and Dobson, K. S. (1986). The Cognitive Therapy Scale: psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 381-5.
126. Wampold, B. E., Mondin, G. W., Moody, M., et al. (1997). A meta-analysis of outcome studies comparing bona fide psychotherapies: empirically, allmust have prizes. Psychological Bulletin, 122, 203-15.
127. Watkins, P. C., Mathew, A., Williamson, D. A., and Fuller, R. D. (1992). Unconscious moodcongruent memory bias in depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 34-41.
128. Wetzel, R. D., Murphy, G. E., Carney, R. M., Whitworth, P., and Knesevich, M. A. (1992). Prescribing therapy for depression: the role of learned resourcefulness, a failure to replicate. Psychological Reports, 70, 803-7.
129. Whisman, M. A. (1993). Mediators and moderators of change in cognitive therapy of depression. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 248-65.
130. Williams, J. M. G., Watts, F. N., MacLeod, C., and Mathews, A. (1996). Cognitive Psychology and Emotional Disorders, 2nd edn. Chichester, England:Wiley.
131. Zeiss, A. M., Lewinsohn, P. M., and Munoz, R. F. (1979). Nonspecific improvement effects in depression using interpersonal skills training, pleasant activity schedules or cognitive training. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 427-39.
132. Zlotnick, C., Elkin, I., and Shea, M. T. (1998). Does the gender of a patient or the gender of a therapist affect the treatment of patients with major depression? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 655-9.