Geoengineering and Climate Management: From Marginality to Inevitability

Climate Change Geoengineering: Philosophical Perspectives, Legal Issues, and Governance Frameworks

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 81-114

  Michaelson, Jay ^a  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84923465804     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139161824.007     Document Type: Chapter

References (138)

1. Jay Michaelson, Geoengineering: A Climate Change Manhattan Project, 53 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 73 (1998).
2. James Edward Peterson, Can Algae Save Civilization? A Look at Technology, Law, and Policy regarding Iron Fertilization of the Ocean to Counteract the Greenhouse Effect, 6 Colo. J. Int’l Envtl. L. & Pol’y 61 (1995).
3. Michaelson Geoengineering: A Climate Change Manhattan Project, 53 Stan. Envtl. L.J., at 81–103.
4. Tom Wigley, The Science of Geoengineering, Powerpoint Presentation to the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research Conference (June 3, 2008), http://www.aei.org/docLib/20080606_WigleyJune3powerpoint.pdf.
5. Paul Crutzen, Albedo Enhancement by Stratospheric Sulfur Injections: A Contribution to Resolve a Policy Dilemma?, 77 Clim. Change 211–19 (2006).
6. Eli Kintisch, Hack the Planet: Science’ s Best Hope– or Worst Nightmare– for Averting Climate Catastrophe 55–58 (2010).
7. Kintisch, Hack the Planet: Science’ s Best Hope– or Worst Nightmare– for Averting Climate Catastrophe 55–58 (2010).
8. Bill Clinton, Interview with George Stephanopoulos, ABC News: Good Morning America, Sept. 21, 2010.
9. George Stephanopoulous, Bill Clinton on Palin: “Resilient,” Like me, Don’t “Underestimate” Her, George’s Bottom Line Blog, Sept. 21, 2010, http://blogs.abcnews.com/george/2010/09/bill-clinton-on-palin-resilient-like-me-dont-underestimate-her.html.
10. James Hoggan, Climate Cover-Up: The Crusade to Deny Global Warming (2009).
11. Eric Pooley, The Climate War 31–52 (2010).
12. Naomi Oreskes, Beyond the Ivory Tower: The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change, 306 Sci. 1686 (Dec. 3, 2004), available at: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/306/5702/1686.
13. Peter Jacques, Riley E. Dunlap & Mark Freeman, The Organisation of Denial: Conservative Think Tanks and Environmental Skepticism, 17 Environ. Pol. 349–85 (2008).
14. Hans von Storch & Nico Stehr, Towards a History of Ideas on Anthropogenic Climate Change, in Climate Development and History of the North Atlantic Realm 17, 17 (Gerold Wefer et al. eds.,2002), available at http://coast.gkss.de/staff/storch/pdf/delmenhorst.2002.pdf.
15. John Shepherd et al., Geoengineering the Climate: Science Governance and Uncertainty (2009),
16. Jeff Goodell, How to Cool the Planet: Geoengineering and the Audacious Quest to Fix Earth’ s Climate 16 (2010).
17. U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Science and Technology, Engineering the Climate: Research and Strategies for International Coordination, available at http://science.house.gov/publications/caucus_detail.aspx?NewsID=2944 (last visited Nov. 4, 2010) [hereinafter U.S. House Report], at ii.
18. C. Marchetti, On Geoengineering and the CO2 Problem, 1 Clim. Change 59–68 (1977).
19. H. Damon Mathews & Sarah E. Turner, Of Mongooses and Mitigation: Ecological Analogues to Geoengineering, 4 Environ. Res. Letter 045105 (Oct.–Dec. 2009), available at http://iopscience.iop.org/1748–9326/4/4/045105/fulltext#erl319524bib35.
20. Tim Radford, Do Trees Pollute the Atmosphere?, Guardian, May 13, 2004, available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2004/may/13/thisweekssciencequestions3.
21. Goodell, How to Cool the Planet: Geoengineering and the Audacious Quest to Fix Earth’ s Climate 16 (2010)., at 70–88.
22. David Keith, “David Keith’s Unusual Climate Change Idea,” available at http://www.ted.com/talks/david_keith_s_surprising_ideas_on_climate_change.html (hereinafter Keith, TED Talk).
23. New America Foundation, A Future Tense Event: Geoengineering, The Horrifying Idea Whose Time Has Come?, Sept. 27, 2010, available at http://www.newamerica.net/events/2010/geoengineering.
24. Mathews, & Turner, Of Mongooses and Mitigation: Ecological Analogues to Geoengineering, 4 Environ. Res. Letter 045105 (Oct.–Dec. 2009).
25. Kintisch, Hack the Planet: Science’ s Best Hope– or Worst Nightmare– for Averting Climate Catastrophe 55–58 (2010).
26. W.W. Kellogg & Stephen Schneider, Climate Stabilization: For Better or Worse?, 186 Sci. 1163–72 (1974).
27. Steven D. Levitt & Stephen J. Dubner, Superfreakonomics: Global Cooling, Patriotic Prostitutes, and Why Suicide Bombers Should Buy Life Insurance 193 (2009).
28. Goodell, How to Cool the Planet: Geoengineering and the Audacious Quest to Fix Earth’ s Climate 16 (2010), at 115.
29. Naomi Oreskes & Erik M. Conway, Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming (2010)
30. Hoggan, Climate Cover-Up: The Crusade to Deny Global Warming (2009);, at 31–52.
31. Jacques et al., The Organisation of Denial: Conservative Think Tanks and Environmental Skepticism, 17 Environ. Pol. 349–85 (2008).
32. Lucia Graves, Republican Global Warming Deniers Funded by the Energy Industry, Huffington Post, Oct. 15, 2010, http://www.hufingtonpost.com/2010/10/14/pat-toomey-climate-change-republicans_n_763545.html.
33. Ryan Lizza, As the World Burns, New Yorker, Oct. 9, 2010.
34. Andrew Revkin, Industry Ignored Its Scientists on Climate, N.Y. Times, Apr. 20, 2009.
35. Hoggan, Climate Cover-Up: The Crusade to Deny Global Warming (2009), at 73–85.
36. Hoggan, Climate Cover-Up: The Crusade to Deny Global Warming (2009), at 49–50 (Ball), 156 (Milloy).
37. Pooley, The Climate War (2010), at 33–37 (Singer).
38. Jules Boykoff & Max Boykoff, Balance as Bias: Global Warming and the U.S. Prestige Press, 14 Global Envtl. Change 125–36 (2004).
39. Hoggan, Climate Cover-Up: The Crusade to Deny Global Warming (2009), at 21–22.
40. Jacques et al., The Organisation of Denial: Conservative Think Tanks and Environmental Skepticism, 17 Environ. Pol. 349–85 (2008).
41. Antonio Regalado, In Climate Debate, the “Hockey Stick” Leads to a Face-Off, Wall Street J., Feb 14. 2005, available at http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB110834031507653590-DUadAZBzxH0SiuYH3tOdgUmKXPo_20060207.html?mod=blogs.
42. Geoff Brumfiel, Academy Affirms Hockey-Stick Graph, 441 Nature 1032–33 (June 29, 2006).
43. Jeffrey D. Sachs, Fiddling while the Planet Burns, Sci. Am., Sept. 14, 2006, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=fiddling-while-the-planet.
44. Hoggan, Climate Cover-Up: The Crusade to Deny Global Warming (2009), at 109–12.
45. Tom Wigley, The Science of Geoengineering, PowerPoint Presentation to the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research Conference 18 (June 3, 2008), http://www.aei.org/docLib/20080606_WigleyJune3powerpoint.pdf.
46. Kintisch, Hack the Planet: Science’ s Best Hope– or Worst Nightmare– for Averting Climate Catastrophe (2010), at 30.
47. Goodell, How to Cool the Planet: Geoengineering and the Audacious Quest to Fix Earth’ s Climate 16 (2010), at 101–04.
48. Kintisch, Hack the Planet: Science’ s Best Hope– or Worst Nightmare– for Averting Climate Catastrophe, at 27–29.
49. Keith, TED talk, “David Keith’s Unusual Climate Change Idea,” available at http://www.ted.com/talks/david_keith_s_surprising_ideas_on_climate_change.html.
50. James T. Early, Space-Based Solar Shield to Offset Greenhouse Effect, 42 J. Brit. Interplanetary Soc. 567–69 (1989).
51. J. Latham, Amelioration of Global Warming by Controlled Enhancement of the Albedo and Longevity of Low-Level Maritime Clouds, 3 Atmospheric Sci. Letters 0–6 (2002).
52. K. Bower, T. Choularton, J. Latham, J. Sahraei & S. Salter, Computational Assessment of a Proposed Technique for Global Warming Mitigation via Albedo-Enhancement of Marine Stratocumulus Clouds, 82 Atmospheric Res. 328–36 (2006).
53. H. Akbari, S. Menon & A. Rosenfeld, Global Cooling: Increasing World-Wide Urban Albedos to Offset CO2, 94 Clim. Change275–86 (2009),
54. Goodell, How to Cool the Planet: Geoengineering and the Audacious Quest to Fix Earth’ s Climate 16 (2010)., at 163–89.
55. Goodell, How to Cool the Planet: Geoengineering and the Audacious Quest to Fix Earth’ s Climate 16 (2010)., at 25–30
56. Kintisch, Hack the Planet: Science’ s Best Hope– or Worst Nightmare– for Averting Climate Catastrophe (2010), at 103–25.
57. U.S. House Report, Engineering the Climate: Research and Strategies for International Coordination, available at http://science.house.gov/publications/caucus_detail.aspx?NewsID=2944 at 1.
58. Crutzen, Albedo Enhancement by Stratospheric Sulfur Injections: A Contribution to Resolve a Policy Dilemma?, 77 Clim. Change 211–19 (2006).
59. Ken Caldeira & Lowell Wood, Global and Arctic Climate Engineering: Numerical Model Studies, 366 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences 4039–56 (2008).
60. David Keith, Geoengineering the Climate: History and Prospect, 25 Ann. Rev. Energy & Env’t 245–84 (2000).
61. Alan Robock, Allison B. Maquardt, Ben Kravitz & Georgiy Stenchikov, The Benefits, Risks, and Costs of Stratospheric Geoengineering, 38(19) Geophysical Res. Letters 36 (2009).
62. Kevin Bullis, The Geoengineering Gambit, MIT Tech. Rev. (Jan.–Feb. 2010), available at http://www.technologyreview.com/energy/24157/.
63. William J. Broad, How to Cool a Planet (Maybe), N.Y. Times, June 26, 2006.
64. William Daniel Davis, Note, What Does “Green” Mean?: Anthropogenic Climate Change, Geoengineering, and International Environmental Law, 43 Ga. L. Rev. 901 (2009).
65. J. Virgoe, International Governance of a Possible Geoengineering Intervention to Combat Climate Change, 95 Climatic Change 103–19 (2009).
66. Rebecca Bendick et al., Choosing Carbon Mitigation Strategies Using Ethical Deliberation, 2 Weather Climate & Soc., 140–47 (2010).
67. The Center for Ethics, “The Ethics of Geoengineering: Investigating the Moral Challenges of Solar Radiation Management,” available at http://www.umt.edu/ethics/EthicsGeoengineering/default.aspx
68. Alyson Kenward, Scientists Consider Whether to Cause Global Cooling, Climate Central, Oct. 19, 2010, http://www.climatecentral.org/breaking/news/causing_global_cooling.
69. Goodell, How to Cool the Planet: Geoengineering and the Audacious Quest to Fix Earth’ s Climate 16 (2010)., at 190–91.
70. Kintisch, Hack the Planet: Science’ s Best Hope– or Worst Nightmare– for Averting Climate Catastrophe (2010), at 3–12.
71. David G. Victor, M. Granger Morgan, Jay Apt, John Steinbruner & Katharine Ricke, The Geoengineering Option, Foreign Aff., Mar.–Apr. 2009, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/64829/ david-g-victor-m-granger-morgan-jay-apt-john-steinbruner-and-kat/the-geoengineering-option.
72. Graeme Wood, Re-Engineering the Earth, Atlantic, July–Aug. 2009, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/07/re-engineering-the-earth/7552/.
73. Elizabeth Svoboda, The Sun Blotted Out from the Sky, Salon, Apr. 2, 2008, http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2008/04/02/geoengineering.
74. Thomas Rogers, Can Technology Cool the Planet?, Salon, Apr. 22, 2010.
75. James Rodger Fleming, Weather as a Weapon, Slate, Sept. 23, 2010
76. Eli Kintisch, The Politics of Climate Control, Slate, Sept. 24, 2010.
77. Eli Kintisch, Bart Gordon, Plan B for the Climate, Slate, Sept. 24, 2010.
78. Chris Mooney, Can a Million Tons of Sulfur Dioxide Combat Climate Change?, Wired, June 23, 2008.
79. Levitt & Dubner, Superfreakonomics: Global Cooling, Patriotic Prostitutes, and Why Suicide Bombers Should Buy Life Insurance (2009), at 165–203.
80. Kintisch, Hack the Planet: Science’ s Best Hope– or Worst Nightmare– for Averting Climate Catastrophe 55–58 (2010).
81. Goodell, How to Cool the Planet: Geoengineering and the Audacious Quest to Fix Earth’ s Climate 16 (2010).
82. John Holdren, Climate Change Science and Policy: What Do We Know? What Should We Do?, Sept. 6, 2010, available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/jph-kavli-9–2010.pdf.
83. Andrew Revkin, Science Adviser Lays Out Climate and Energy Plans, N.Y. Times, Apr. 9, 2009, available at http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/09/science-adviser-lists-goals-on-climate-energy/,
84. U.S. House Report, Engineering the Climate: Research and Strategies for International Coordination, available at http://science.house.gov/publications/caucus_detail.aspx?NewsID=2944
85. John Shepherd et al., Geoengineering the Climate: Science, Governance, and Uncertainty (2009).
86. Wayne Hall, Chemtrail Secrets: Strategies against Climate Change?, Spectre Mag., Jan. 2004, available at http://www.rense.com/general49/change.htm
87. Eli Kintisch, Proposed Biodiversity Pact Bars “Climate-Related Geoengineering,” Sci., Oct. 26, 2010, available at http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2010/10/proposed-biodiversity-pact-bars-.html.
88. Goodell, How to Cool the Planet: Geoengineering and the Audacious Quest to Fix Earth’ s Climate 16 (2010)., at 15.
89. Newt Direct Blog, Stop the Green Pig: Defeat the Boxer-Warner-Lieberman Green Pork Bill Capping American Jobs and Trading America’s Future, June 3, 2008, http://www.newt.org/newt-direct/stop-green-pig-defeat-boxer-warner-lieberman-green-pork-bill-capping-american-jobs-and-t.
90. Jay Michaelson, Rethinking Regulatory Reform: Toxics, Politics, and Ethics, 105 Yale L.J. 1891, 1923 (1996),
91. American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research Events, Geoengineering: A Revolutionary Approach to Climate Change, June 3, 2008, http://www.aei.org/event/1728.
92. American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, A Brief History of Geoengineering, http://www.aei.org/aei-website/managed-content/site-pages/geoengineering/geoengineering-history.html (last accessed March 13, 2011).
93. American Enterprise Institute Events, Geoengineering, A Revolutionary Approach to Climate Change, June 3, 2008, http://www.aei.org/event/1728.
94. Wigley, The Science of Geoengineering, Powerpoint Presentation to the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research Conference (June 3, 2008), http://www.aei.org/docLib/20080606_WigleyJune3powerpoint.pdf., at 13.
95. Goodell, How to Cool the Planet: Geoengineering and the Audacious Quest to Fix Earth’ s Climate 16 (2010), at 15,
96. Scott Barrett, The Incredible Economics of Geoengineering, 39 Envtl. Resource Econ. 45–54 (2008).
97. Levitt & Dubner, Superfreakonomics: Global Cooling, Patriotic Prostitutes, and Why Suicide Bombers Should Buy Life Insurance (2009)., at 195.
98. Keith, TED Talk, “David Keith’s Unusual Climate Change Idea,” available at http://www.ted.com/talks/david_keith_s_surprising_ideas_on_climate_change.html.
99. The Philadelphia Inquirer Blog, Fracking Karl Rove to Pa.: “Climate is Gone,” Nov 3, 2010, http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/attytood/Fracking_Karl_Rove_to_Pa_Climate_is_gone.html.
100. Levitt & Dubner, Superfreakonomics: Global Cooling, Patriotic Prostitutes, and Why Suicide Bombers Should Buy Life Insurance (2009), at 197.
101. Kintisch, Hack the Planet: Science’s Best Hope– or Worst Nightmare– for Averting Climate Catastrophe (2010), at 25–26.
102. Ken Caldeira & Lowell Wood, Global and Arctic Climate Engineering: Numerical Model Studies, 366 Phil. Transactions of the Royal Soc. A: Mathematical, Physical & Engineering Sci. 4039–56 (2008).
103. Wigley, The Science of Geoengineering, Powerpoint Presentation to the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research Conference (June 3, 2008), http://www.aei.org/docLib/20080606_WigleyJune3powerpoint.pdf., at 13.
104. David Keith, Geoengineering the Climate: History and Prospect, 25 Ann. Rev. Energy & Env’t 245–84 (2000).
105. Kintisch, Hack the Planet: Science’ s Best Hope– or Worst Nightmare– for Averting Climate Catastrophe (2010)., at 39–52.
106. Richard A. Kerr, Climate Tipping Points Come in from the Cold, Sci. 319 (2008).
107. Goodell, How to Cool the Planet: Geoengineering and the Audacious Quest to Fix Earth’ s Climate 16 (2010), at 39.
108. Kintisch, Hack the Planet: Science’ s Best Hope– or Worst Nightmare– for Averting Climate Catastrophe (2010)., at 71–72.
109. A. Robock, L. Oman, & G.L. Strenchikov, Regional Climate Responses to Geoengineering with Tropical and Arctic SO2 Injection, 113
110. Goodell, How to Cool the Planet: Geoengineering and the Audacious Quest to Fix Earth’ s Climate 16 (2010), at 114.
111. Keith, TED Talk, “David Keith’s Unusual Climate Change Idea,” available at http://www.ted.com/talks/david_keith_s_surprising_ideas_on_climate_change.html.
112. Goodell, How to Cool the Planet: Geoengineering and the Audacious Quest to Fix Earth’ s Climate 16 (2010), at 192.
113. Svoboda, The Sun Blotted Out from the Sky, Salon, Apr. 2, 2008, http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2008/04/02/geoengineering.
114. H. Damon Matthews & Ken Caldeira, Transient Climate–Carbon Simulations of Planetary Geoengineering, 104 Proc. Nat’l Acad. Sci., 9949–54 (2007).
115. Eric Smalley, Climate Engineering Is Doable, as Long as We Never Stop, Wired, July 25, 2007, http://www.wired.com/science/planetearth/news/2007/07/geoengineering#ixzz13aH4Q2G4,
116. Tom Wigley, A Combined Mitigation/Geoengineering Approach to Climate Stabilization, 314 SCI. 452–54 (2006).
117. David Keith, Engineering the Planet, in Climate Change Science and Policy 494–502
118. Goodell, How to Cool the Planet: Geoengineering and the Audacious Quest to Fix Earth’ s Climate 16 (2010), at 144–58.
119. Eli Kintisch, Climate Hacking for Profit: A Good Way to Go Broke, Fortune, May 21, 2010, http://money.cnn.com/2010/05/21/news/economy/geoengineering.climos.planktos.fortune/index.htm.
120. Goodell, How to Cool the Planet: Geoengineering and the Audacious Quest to Fix Earth’ s Climate 16 (2010)., at 114.
121. William Daniel Davis, Note, What Does “Green” Mean?: Anthropogenic Climate Change, Geoengineering, and International Environmental Law, 43 Ga. L. Rev. 901 (2009).
122. Alan Carlin, Global Climate Change Control: Is There a Better Strategy than Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions?, 155
123. Alan Carlin, Why a Different Approach Is Required if Global Climate Change Is to Be Controlled Efficiently or even at All, 32 Wm. & Mary Envtl. L. & Pol’y Rev. 685 (2008) (advocating SRM).
124. J. Virgoe, International Governance of a Possible Geoengineering Intervention to Combat Climate Change, 95 Climatic Change 103–19 (2009).
125. Michaelson Geoengineering: A Climate Change Manhattan Project, 53 Stan. Envtl. L.J.(1998), at 139.
126. Goodell, How to Cool the Planet: Geoengineering and the Audacious Quest to Fix Earth’ s Climate 16 (2010)., at 125.
127. Audre Lorde, The Master’s Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master’s House, in Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches 112 (1984).
128. Goodell, How to Cool the Planet: Geoengineering and the Audacious Quest to Fix Earth’ s Climate 16 (2010)., at 120–24.
129. Bob Davis, World Bank Struggles with Coal Power, Wall St.J., Nov. 4 2010.
130. Jonathan Weisman, Climate Declaration to Get Global Boost, Wall St. J., July 3, 2009, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124656785956688323.html.
131. Goodell, How to Cool the Planet: Geoengineering and the Audacious Quest to Fix Earth’ s Climate 16 (2010)., at 70–87.
132. Klaus Eder, The Social Construction of Nature: A Sociology of Ecological Enlightenment (1996).
133. David Demeritt, What Is the “Social Construction of Nature”? A Typology and Sympathetic Critique, 26 Prog. Hum. Geo. 767–90 (2002), http://phg.sagepub.com/content/26/6/767.
134. Eileen Crist, Against the Social Construction of Nature and Wildness, 26 Envtl. Ethics 5–24 (2004).
135. Levitt & Dubner, Superfreakonomics: Global Cooling, Patriotic Prostitutes, and Why Suicide Bombers Should Buy Life Insurance (2009), at 197.
136. New America Foundation, A Future Tense Event: Geoengineering, The Horrifying Idea Whose Time Has Come?, Sept. 27, 2010, available at http://www.newamerica.net/events/2010/geoengineering.
137. Barrett, The Incredible Economics of Geoengineering, 39 Envtl. Resource Econ. (2008), at 45.
138. Michaelson Geoengineering: A Climate Change Manhattan Project, 53 Stan. Envtl. L.J.(1998), at 139.