The undervalued self: Social class and self-evaluation

Frontiers in Psychology

Volumn 5, Issue DEC, 2014, Pages

  Kraus, Michael W ^a   Park, Jun W ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

^b POMONA COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Emotion; Self concept; Self esteem; Social class; Socioeconomic status

Indexed keywords

EID: 84923377218     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16641078     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01404     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Adler, N.E., Boyce, T., Chesney, M.A., Cohen, S., Folkman, S., Kahn, R.L., et al. (1994). Socioeconomic status and health: the challenge of the gradient. Am. Psychol. 49, 15-24. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.49.1.15
2. Adler, N.E., Epel, E.S., Castellazzo, G., and Ickovics, J.R. (2000). Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: preliminary data in healthy, White women. Health Psychol. 19, 586-592. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.19.6.586
3. Ambady, N., and Rosenthal, R. (1992). Thin slices of expressive behavior as predictors of interpersonal consequences: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 111, 256-272. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.111.2.256
4. Baldwin, M.W. (1992). Relational schemas and the processing of social information. Psychol. Bull. 112, 461-484. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.112.3.461
5. Baron, R.M., and Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 51, 1173-1182. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
6. Bosson, J.K., and Swann, W.B. (1999). Self-liking, self-competence, and the quest for self-verification. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 25, 1230-1241. doi: 10.1177/0146167299258005
7. Camerer, C., and Thaler, R.H. (1995). Anomalies: ultimatums, dictators and manners. J. Econ. Perspect. 9, 209-219. doi: 10.1257/jep.9.2.209
8. Cohen, S., Alper, C.M., Doyle, W.J., Adler, N., Treanor, J.J., and Turner, R.B. (2008). Objective and subjective socioeconomic status and susceptibility to the common cold. Health Psychol. 27, 268-274. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.27.2.268
9. Covarrubias, R., and Fryberg, S.A. (2014). Movin' on up (to college): first-generation college students' experiences with family achievement guilt. Cultur. Divers. Ethnic Minor. Psychol. [Epub ahead of print].
10. Dearing, R.L., Stuewig, J., and Tangney, J.P. (2005). On the importance of distinguishing shame from guilt: relations to problematic alcohol and drug use. Addict. Behav. 30, 1392-1404. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.02.002
11. Gosling, S.D., Rentfrow, P.J., and Swann, W.B. Jr. (2003). A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. J. Res. Pers. 37, 504-528. doi: 10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1
12. James, W. (1890). The Principles of Psychology, Vol. 1. New York: Holt. doi: 10.1037/10538-000
13. John, O.P., and Srivastava, S. (1999). "The Big Five trait taxonomy: history, measurement, and theoretical perspectives," in Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, Vol. 2, eds L.A. Pervin and O.P. John (New York, NY: Guilford Press), 102-138.
14. Johnson, S.E., Richeson, J.A., and Finkel, E.J. (2011). Middle class and marginal? Socioeconomic status, stigma, and self-regulation at an elite university. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 100, 838-852. doi: 10.1037/a0021956
15. Judge, T.A., Erez, A., Bono, J.E., and Thoresen, C.J. (2002). Are measures of self-esteem, neuroticism, locus of control, and generalized self-efficacy indicators of a common core construct? J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 83, 693-710. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.83.3.693
16. Keltner, D., and Lerner, J.S. (2010). Emotion. Handbook of Social Psychology. New York: Wiley.
17. Kopp, M., Skrabski, á., Réthelyi, J., Kawachi, I., and Adler, N.E. (2004). Self-rated health, subjective social status, and middle-aged mortality in a changing society. Behav. Med. 30, 65-72. doi: 10.3200/BMED.30.2.65-72
18. Kraus, M.W., Adler, N., and Chen, T.W.D. (2013a). Is the association of subjective SES and self-rated health confounded by negative mood? An experimental approach. Health Psychol. 32, 138-145. doi: 10.1037/a0027343
19. Kraus, M.W., Tan, J.J., and Tannenbaum, M.B. (2013b). The social ladder: a rank-based perspective on social class. Psychol. Inq. 24, 81-96. doi: 10.1080/1047840X.2013.778803
20. Kraus, M.W., Côté, S., and Keltner, D. (2010). Social class, contextualism, and empathic accuracy. Psychol. Sci. 21, 1716-1723. doi: 10.1177/0956797610387613
21. Kraus, M.W., Horberg, E.J., Goetz, J.L., and Keltner, D. (2011). Social class rank, threat vigilance, and hostile reactivity. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 37, 1376-1388. doi: 10.1177/0146167211410987
22. Kraus, M.W., and Keltner, D. (2009). Signs of socioeconomic status a thin-slicing approach. Psychol. Sci. 20, 99-106. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02251.x
23. Kraus, M.W., Piff, P.K., and Keltner, D. (2009). Social class, sense of control, and social explanation. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 97, 992-1004. doi: 10.1037/a0016357
24. Kraus, M.W., Piff, P.K., Mendoza-Denton, R., Rheinschmidt, M.L., and Keltner, D. (2012). Social class, solipsism, and contextualism: how the rich are different from the poor. Psychol. Rev. 119, 546-572. doi: 10.1037/a0028756
25. Kraus, M.W., and Stephens, N.M. (2012). A road map for an emerging psychology of social class. Soc. Pers. Psychol. Compass 6, 642-656. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00453.x
26. Lerner, J.S., and Tiedens, L.Z. (2006). Portrait of the angry decision maker: how appraisal tendencies shape anger's influence on cognition. J. Behav. Decis. Mak. 19, 115-137. doi: 10.1002/bdm.515
27. Markus, H.R., and Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychol. Rev. 98, 224. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
28. Oakes, J.M., and Rossi, P.H. (2003). The measurement of SES in health research: current practice and steps toward a new approach. Soc. Sci. Med. 56, 769-784. doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00073-4
29. Preacher, K.J., and Hayes, A.F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. Comput. 36, 717-731. doi: 10.3758/BF03206553
30. Preacher, K.J., and Hayes, A.F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behav. Res. Methods 40, 879-891. doi: 10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
31. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Measures Package, 61.
32. Saez, E. (2013). Striking it Richer: The Evolution of Top Incomes in the United States (Updated with 2012 Preliminary Estimates). Available at: http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~saez/saez-UStopincomes-2012.pdf [accessed June 1-15, 2014].
33. Sapolsky, R.M. (2005). The influence of social hierarchy on primate health. Science 308, 648-652. doi: 10.1126/science.1106477
34. Sedikides, C., and Gregg, A.P. (2008). Self-enhancement: food for thought. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 3, 102-116. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00068.x
35. Shah, J. (2003). Automatic for the people: how representations of significant others implicitly affect goal pursuit. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 84, 661-672. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.661
36. Snibbe, A.C., and Markus, H.R. (2005). You can't always get what you want: educational attainment, agency, and choice. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 88, 703-720. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.88.4.703
37. Steele, C.M., and Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 69, 797-811. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797
38. Stephens, N.M., Fryberg, S.A., Markus, H.R., Johnson, C.S., and Covarrubias, R. (2012a). Unseen disadvantage: how American universities' focus on independence undermines the academic performance of first-generation college students. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 102, 1178-1197. doi: 10.1037/a0027143
39. Stephens, N.M., Markus, H.R., and Fryberg, S.A. (2012b). Social class disparities in health and education: reducing inequality by applying a sociocultural self model of behavior. Psychol. Rev. 119, 723-744. doi: 10.1037/a0029028
40. Stephens, N.M., Markus, H.R., and Townsend, S.S. (2007). Choice as an act of meaning: the case of social class. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 93, 814-830. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.93.5.814
41. Tangney, J.P., and Dearing, R.L. (2003). Shame and Guilt. New York: Guilford Press.
42. Tangney, J.P., Mashek, D., and Stuewig, J. (2007a). Working at the social-clinical-community-criminology interface: the GMU inmate study. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. 26, 1-21. doi: 10.1521/jscp.2007.26.1.1
43. Tangney, J.P., Stuewig, J., and Mashek, D.J. (2007b). Moral emotions and moral behavior. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 58, 345-372. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070145
44. Tracy, J.L., Robins, R.W., and Schriber, R.A. (2009). Development of a FACS-verified set of basic and self-conscious emotion expressions. Emotion 9, 554-559. doi: 10.1037/a0015766
45. Twenge, J.M., and Campbell, W.K. (2002). Self-esteem and socioeconomic status: a meta-analytic review. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 6, 59-71. doi: 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0601_3
46. Wilkinson, R.G. (1996). Unhealthy Societies: The Afflictions of Inequality. New York: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203421680
47. Wilkinson, R.G., and Pickett, K.E. (2006). Income inequality and population health: a review and explanation of the evidence. Soci. Sci. Med. 62, 1768-1784. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.08.036
48. Wilkinson, R.G., and Pickett, K.E. (2009). The Spirit Level: Why Greater Equality Makes Societies Stronger. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
49. Wright, C.E., and Steptoe, A. (2005). Subjective socioeconomic position, gender and cortisol responses to waking in an elderly population. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30, 582-590.