Acquired amusia

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

Volumn 129, Issue , 2015, Pages 607-631

  Clark, Camilla N ^a   Golden, Hannah L ^a   Warren, Jason D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Amusia; Brain network; Complex sound; Functional neuroimaging; Information processing; Language; Music

Indexed keywords

BRAIN; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMPLICATION; HEARING; HUMAN; MUSIC; PATHOLOGY; PERCEPTUAL DISORDERS; PHYSIOLOGY;

BRAIN; COGNITION DISORDERS; HUMANS; MUSIC; PERCEPTUAL DISORDERS; PITCH PERCEPTION;

EID: 84923375357     PISSN: 00729752     EISSN: 22124152     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-62630-1.00034-2     Document Type: Chapter

References (199)

1. Abrams D.A., Bhatara A., Ryali S., et al. Decoding temporal structure in music and speech relies on shared brain resources but elicits different fine-scale spatial patterns. Cereb Cortex 2011, 21:1507-1518.
2. Agus T.R., Suied C., Thorpe S.J., et al. Fast recognition of musical sounds based on timbre. J Acoust Soc Am 2012, 131:4124-4133.
3. Alossa N., Castelli L. Amusia and musical functioning. Eur Neurol 2009, 61:269-277.
4. Andoh J., Zatorre R.J. Mapping interhemispheric connectivity using functional MRI after transcranial magnetic stimulation on the human auditory cortex. Neuroimage 2013, 79:162-171.
5. Ayotte J., Peretz I., Rousseau I., et al. Patterns of music agnosia associated with middle cerebral artery infarcts. Brain 2000, 123(Pt 9):1926-1938.
6. Bedard C., Belin P. A "voice inversion effect?". Brain Cogn 2004, 55:247-249.
7. Belin P., Zatorre R.J. 'What', 'where' and 'how' in auditory cortex. Nat Neurosci 2000, 3:965-966.
8. Belin P., Zatorre R.J., Lafaille P., et al. Voice-selective areas in human auditory cortex. Nature 2000, 403:309-312.
9. Bengtsson S.L., Ullen F., Ehrsson H.H., et al. Listening to rhythms activates motor and premotor cortices. Cortex 2009, 45:62-71.
10. Besson M., Schon D. Comparison between language and music. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001, 930:232-258.
11. Bigand E., Madurell F., Tillmann B., et al. Effect of global structure and temporal organization on chord processing. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 1999, 25:184-197.
12. Blood A.J., Zatorre R.J. Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001, 98:11818-11823.
13. Botez M.I., Wertheim N. Expressive aphasia and amusia following right frontal lesion in a right-handed man. Brain 1959, 82:186-202.
14. Bregman A.S. Auditory Scene Analysis: the Perceptual Organization of Sound 1990, MIT Press, Cambridge.
15. Brown S., Martinez M.J., Parsons L.M. Passive music listening spontaneously engages limbic and paralimbic systems. Neuroreport 2004, 15:2033-2037.
16. Bruce V., Young A. Understanding face recognition. Br J Psychol 1986, 77(Pt 3):305-327.
17. Carrington S.J., Bailey A.J. Are there theory of mind regions in the brain? A review of the neuroimaging literature. Hum Brain Mapp 2009, 30:2313-2335.
18. Chen J.L., Zatorre R.J., Penhune V.B. Interactions between auditory and dorsal premotor cortex during synchronization to musical rhythms. Neuroimage 2006, 32:1771-1781.
19. Chen J.L., Penhune V.B., Zatorre R.J. Moving on time: brain network for auditory-motor synchronization is modulated by rhythm complexity and musical training. J Cogn Neurosci 2008, 20:226-239.
20. Chen J.L., Penhune V.B., Zatorre R.J. Listening to musical rhythms recruits motor regions of the brain. Cereb Cortex 2008, 18:2844-2854.
21. Clark C.N., Downey L.E., Warren J.D. Music biology: all this useful beauty. Curr Biol 2014, 24:R234-R237.
22. Confavreux C., Croisile B., Garassus P., et al. Progressive amusia and aprosody. Arch Neurol 1992, 49:971-976.
23. Critchley M., Henson R.A. Music and the Brain 1977, Heinemann, London.
24. Cuddy L.L., Cohen A.J., Mewhort D.J. Perception of structure in short melodic sequences. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 1981, 7:869-883.
25. Dellacherie D., Pfeuty M., Hasboun D., et al. The birth of musical emotion: a depth electrode case study in a human subject with epilepsy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009, 1169:336-341.
26. Dellacherie D., Bigand E., Molin P., et al. Multidimensional scaling of emotional responses to music in patients with temporal lobe resection. Cortex 2011, 47:1107-1115.
27. Downey L.E., Blezat A., Nicholas J., et al. Mentalising music in frontotemporal dementia. Cortex 2013, 49:1844-1855.
28. Drapeau J., Gosselin N., Gagnon L., et al. Emotional recognition from face, voice, and music in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009, 1169:342-345.
29. Eerola T., Friberg A., Bresin R. Emotional expression in music: contribution, linearity, and additivity of primary musical cues. Front Psychol 2013, 4:487.
30. Eustache F., Lechevalier B., Viader F., et al. Identification and discrimination disorders in auditory perception: a report on two cases. Neuropsychologia 1990, 28:257-270.
31. Fadiga L., Craighero L., D'Ausilio A. Broca's area in language, action, and music. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009, 1169:448-458.
32. Fazio P., Cantagallo A., Craighero L., et al. Encoding of human action in Broca's area. Brain 2009, 132:1980-1988.
33. Feuchtwanger E. Amusie. Studien zur pathologischen Psychologie der akustischen Wahrnehmung und Vorstellung undihrer Strukturgebiete, besonders in Musik und Sprache 1930, Julius Springer, Berlin.
34. Fletcher P.D., Downey L.E., Witoonpanich P., et al. The brain basis of musicophilia: evidence from frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Front Psychol 2013, 4:347.
35. Foster N.E., Zatorre R.J. A role for the intraparietal sulcus in transforming musical pitch information. Cereb Cortex 2010, 20:1350-1359.
36. Foster N.E., Halpern A.R., Zatorre R.J. Common parietal activation in musical mental transformations across pitch and time. Neuroimage 2013, 75:27-35.
37. Fries W., Swihart A.A. Disturbance of rhythm sense following right hemisphere damage. Neuropsychologia 1990, 28:1317-1323.
38. Fujii T., Fukatsu R., Watabe S., et al. Auditory sound agnosia without aphasia following a right temporal lobe lesion. Cortex 1990, 26:263-268.
39. Gagnon L., Peretz I., Fulop T. Musical structural determinants of emotional judgments in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neuropsychology 2009, 23:90-97.
40. Goll J.C., Crutch S.J., Loo J.H., et al. Non-verbal sound processing in the primary progressive aphasias. Brain 2010, 133:272-285.
41. Goll J.C., Crutch S.J., Warren J.D. Central auditory disorders: toward a neuropsychology of auditory objects. Curr Opin Neurol 2010, 23:617-627.
42. Goll J.C., Kim L.G., Hailstone J.C., et al. Auditory object cognition in dementia. Neuropsychologia 2011, 49:2755-2765.
43. Goll J.C., Kim L.G., Ridgway G.R., et al. Impairments of auditory scene analysis in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2012, 135:190-200.
44. Gosselin N., Peretz I., Noulhiane M., et al. Impaired recognition of scary music following unilateral temporal lobe excision. Brain 2005, 128:628-640.
45. Gosselin N., Peretz I., Johnsen E., et al. Amygdala damage impairs emotion recognition from music. Neuropsychologia 2007, 45:236-244.
46. Gosselin N., Peretz I., Hasboun D., et al. Impaired recognition of musical emotions and facial expressions following anteromedial temporal lobe excision. Cortex 2011, 47:1116-1125.
47. Grahn J.A. Neural mechanisms of rhythm perception: current findings and future perspectives. Top Cogn Sci 2012, 4:585-606.
48. Grahn J.A., Brett M. Rhythm and beat perception in motor areas of the brain. J Cogn Neurosci 2007, 19:893-906.
49. Griffiths T.D., Warren J.D. The planum temporale as a computational hub. Trends Neurosci 2002, 25:348-353.
50. Griffiths T.D., Warren J.D. What is an auditory object?. Nat Rev Neurosci 2004, 5:887-892.
51. Griffiths T.D., Rees A., Witton C., et al. Spatial and temporal auditory processing deficits following right hemisphere infarction. A psychophysical study. Brain 1997, 120(Pt 5):785-794.
52. Griffiths T.D., Johnsrude I., Dean J.L., et al. A common neural substrate for the analysis of pitch and duration pattern in segmented sound?. Neuroreport 1999, 10:3825-3830.
53. Griffiths T.D., Warren J.D., Dean J.L., et al. "When the feeling's gone": a selective loss of musical emotion. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004, 75:344-345.
54. Griffiths T.D., Kumar S., Warren J.D., et al. Approaches to the cortical analysis of auditory objects. Hear Res 2007, 229:46-53.
55. Grodzinsky Y., Friederici A.D. Neuroimaging of syntax and syntactic processing. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2006, 16:240-246.
56. Groussard M., Viader F., Landeau B., et al. Neural correlates underlying musical semantic memory. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009, 1169:278-281.
57. Groussard M., Rauchs G., Landeau B., et al. The neural substrates of musical memory revealed by fMRI and two semantic tasks. Neuroimage 2010, 53:1301-1309.
58. Gutschalk A., Dykstra A. Functional imaging of auditory scene analysis. Hear Res 2014, 307:98-110.
59. Habib M., Daquin G., Milandre L., et al. Mutism and auditory agnosia due to bilateral insular damage - role of the insula in human communication. Neuropsychologia 1995, 33:327-339.
60. Hailstone J.C., Omar R., Henley S.M., et al. It's not what you play, it's how you play it: timbre affects perception of emotion in music. Q J Exp Psychol 2009, 62:2141-2155.
61. Hailstone J.C., Omar R., Warren J.D. Relatively preserved knowledge of music in semantic dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009, 80:808-809.
62. Hailstone J.C., Crutch S.J., Vestergaard M.D., et al. Progressive associative phonagnosia: a neuropsychological analysis. Neuropsychologia 2010, 48:1104-1114.
63. Hailstone J.C., Ridgway G.R., Bartlett J.W., et al. Accent processing in dementia. Neuropsychologia 2012, 50:2233-2244.
64. Halpern A.R., Zatorre R.J., Bouffard M., et al. Behavioral and neural correlates of perceived and imagined musical timbre. Neuropsychologia 2004, 42:1281-1292.
65. Han S., Sundararajan J., Bowling D.L., et al. Co-variation of tonality in the music and speech of different cultures. PLoS One 2011, 6:e20160.
66. Henschen S.E. Klinische und anatomische Beiträge zur Pathologie des Gehirns, Teil 5: Ueber Aphasie, Amusie und Alkalkulie 1920, Nordiska Bokhandeln, Stockholm.
67. Henson R.A. Amusia. Handbook of Clinical Neurology 1985, Vol. 1, Elsevier, Amsterdam. J.A.M. Fredriks (Ed.).
68. Herdener M., Humbel T., Esposito F., et al. Jazz drummers recruit language-specific areas for the processing of rhythmic structure. Cereb Cortex 2014, 24:836-843.
69. Herholz S.C., Halpern A.R., Zatorre R.J. Neuronal correlates of perception, imagery, and memory for familiar tunes. J Cogn Neurosci 2012, 24:1382-1397.
70. Hickok G., Poeppel D. The cortical organization of speech processing. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007, 8:393-402.
71. Hsieh S., Hornberger M., Piguet O., et al. Neural basis of music knowledge: evidence from the dementias. Brain 2011, 134:2523-2534.
72. Hsieh S., Hornberger M., Piguet O., et al. Brain correlates of musical and facial emotion recognition: evidence from the dementias. Neuropsychologia 2012, 50:1814-1822.
73. Huron D. Sweet Anticipation: Music and the Psychology of Expectation 2006, MIT Press, Cambridge.
74. Isenberg A.L., Vaden K.I., Saberi K., et al. Functionally distinct regions for spatial processing and sensory motor integration in the planum temporale. Hum Brain Mapp 2012, 33:2453-2463.
75. Janata P., Birk J.L., Van Horn J.D., et al. The cortical topography of tonal structures underlying Western music. Science 2002, 298:2167-2170.
76. Johannes S., Jobges M.E., Dengler R., et al. Cortical auditory disorders: a case of non-verbal disturbances assessed with event-related brain potentials. Behav Neurol 1998, 11:55-73.
77. Johnsen E.L., Tranel D., Lutgendorf S., et al. A neuroanatomical dissociation for emotion induced by music. Int J Psychophysiol 2009, 72:24-33.
78. Johnson J.K., Chang C.C., Brambati S.M., et al. Music recognition in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and Alzheimer disease. Cogn Behav Neurol 2011, 24:74-84.
79. Juslin P.N., Laukka P. Communication of emotions in vocal expression and music performance: different channels, same code?. Psychol Bull 2003, 129:770-814.
80. Juslin P.N., Vastfjall D. Emotional responses to music: the need to consider underlying mechanisms. Behav Brain Sci 2008, 31:559-575. discussion 575-621.
81. Khalfa S., Guye M., Peretz I., et al. Evidence of lateralized anteromedial temporal structures involvement in musical emotion processing. Neuropsychologia 2008, 46:2485-2493.
82. Kleist K. Gehirnpathologische und lokalisatorische Ergebnisse über Hörstörungen, Gerauschtaubheiten und Amusien. Mschr, Psychiat. Neurol 1928, 68:853-871.
83. Knoblauch A. Über störungen der musikalischen Leistungsfähigkeit infolge von Gehirnläsionen. Dtsch Arch Klin Med 1888, 331-345.
84. Koelsch S. Neural substrates of processing syntax and semantics in music. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2005, 15:207-212.
85. Koelsch S. Toward a neural basis of music perception - a review and updated model. Front Psychol 2011, 2:110.
86. Koelsch S. Towards a neural basis of processing musical semantics. Phys Life Rev 2011, 8:89-105.
87. Koelsch S., Fritz T., Schulze K., et al. Adults and children processing music: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 2005, 25:1068-1076.
88. Koelsch S., Fritz T., von Cramen D.Y., et al. Investigating emotion with music: an fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 2006, 27:239-250.
89. Koelsch S., Rohrmeier M., Torrecuso R., et al. Processing of hierarchical syntactic structure in music. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013, 110:15443-15448.
90. Koelsch S., Skouras S., Fritz T., et al. The roles of superficial amygdala and auditory cortex in music-evoked fear and joy. Neuroimage 2013, 81:49-60.
91. Kohlmetz C., Muller S.V., Nager W., et al. Selective loss of timbre perception for keyboard and percussion instruments following a right temporal lesion. Neurocase 2003, 9:86-93.
92. Konoike N., Kotozaki Y., Miyachi S., et al. Rhythm information represented in the fronto-parieto-cerebellar motor system. Neuroimage 2012, 63:328-338.
93. Krumhansl C. Cognitive Foundations of Musical Pitch 1990, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
94. Krumhansl C.L. Rhythm and pitch in music cognition. Psychol Bull 2000, 126:159-179.
95. Kumar S., Sedley W., Nourski K.V., et al. Predictive coding and pitch processing in the auditory cortex. J Cogn Neurosci 2011, 23:3084-3094.
96. Kumfor F., Piguet O. Disturbance of emotion processing in frontotemporal dementia: a synthesis of cognitive and neuroimaging findings. Neuropsychol Rev 2012, 22:280-297.
97. Labuschagne I.B., Hanekom J.J. Preparation of stimuli for timbre perception studies. J Acoust Soc Am 2013, 134:2256-2267.
98. Lambon Ralph M.A., Pobric G., Jefferies E. Conceptual knowledge is underpinned by the temporal pole bilaterally: convergent evidence from rTMS. Cereb Cortex 2009, 19:832-838.
99. Laukka P., Eerola T., Thingujam N.S., et al. Universal and culture-specific factors in the recognition and performance of musical affect expressions. Emotion 2013, 13:434-449.
100. Leaver A.M., Rauschecker J.P. Cortical representation of natural complex sounds: effects of acoustic features and auditory object category. J Neurosci 2010, 30:7604-7612.
101. Lechevalier B., Rossa Y., Eustache F., et al. Case of cortical deafness sparing the music area. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1984, 140:190-201.
102. Lehne M., Rohrmeier M., Koelsch S. Functional neuroimaging of tension: a study with music. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014, 9(10):1515-1523.
103. Leitman D.I., Wolf D.H., Ragland J.D., et al. "It's not what you say, but how you say it": a reciprocal temporo-frontal network for affective prosody. Front Hum Neurosci 2010, 4:19.
104. Lerdahl F., Jackendoff R. A Generative Theory of Tonal Music 1983, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
105. Liegeois-Chauvel C., Peretz I., Babai M., et al. Contribution of different cortical areas in the temporal lobes to music processing. Brain 1998, 121(Pt 10):1853-1867.
106. Lima C.F., Garrett C., Castro S.L. Not all sounds sound the same: Parkinson's disease affects differently emotion processing in music and in speech prosody. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2013, 35(4):373-392.
107. Limb C.J. Structural and functional neural correlates of music perception. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2006, 288:435-446.
108. Loui P., Hohmann A., Schlaug G. Inducing disorders in pitch perception and production: a reverse-engineering approach. Proc Meet Acoust 2010, 9:50002.
109. Mackworth-Young C.G. Sequential musical symptoms in a professional musician with presumed encephalitis. Cortex 1983, 19:413-419.
110. Mangels J.A., Ivry R.B., Shimizu N. Dissociable contributions of the prefrontal and neocerebellar cortex to time perception. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 1998, 7:15-39.
111. Marr D. Visual information processing: the structure and creation of visual representations. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1980, 290:199-218.
112. Mas-Herrero E., Zatorre R.J., Rodriguez-Fornells A., et al. Dissociation between musical and monetary reward responses in specific musical anhedonia. Curr Biol 2014, 24:699-704.
113. Mathiak K., Hertrich I., Grodd W., et al. Discrimination of temporal information at the cerebellum: functional magnetic resonance imaging of nonverbal auditory memory. Neuroimage 2004, 21:154-162.
114. Matthews B.R., Chang C.C., De May M., et al. Pleasurable emotional response to music: a case of neurodegenerative generalized auditory agnosia. Neurocase 2009, 15:248-259.
115. Mazzoni M., Moretti P., Pardossi L., et al. A case of music imperception. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993, 56:322.
116. Mazzucchi A., Marchini C., Budai R., et al. A case of receptive amusia with prominent timbre perception defect. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1982, 45:644-647.
117. McAdams S., Cunible J.C. Perception of timbral analogies. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1992, 336:383-389.
118. McDermott J.H., Lehr A.J., Oxenham A.J. Individual differences reveal the basis of consonance. Curr Biol 2010, 20:1035-1041.
119. McDonald I. Musical alexia with recovery: a personal account. Brain 2006, 129:2554-2561.
120. McGettigan C., Scott S.K. Cortical asymmetries in speech perception: what's wrong, what's right and what's left?. Trends Cogn Sci 2012, 16:269-276.
121. Mendez M.F., Geehan G.R. Cortical auditory disorders: clinical and psychoacoustic features. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988, 51:1-9.
122. Menon V., Levitin D.J., Smith B.K., et al. Neural correlates of timbre change in harmonic sounds. Neuroimage 2002, 17:1742-1754.
123. Meyer M., Baumann S., Jancke L. Electrical brain imaging reveals spatio-temporal dynamics of timbre perception in humans. Neuroimage 2006, 32:1510-1523.
124. Milner B. Psychological defects with temporal lobe excision. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 1958, 36:244-257.
125. Milner B. Laterality effects in audition. Interhemispheric relations and cerebral dominance 1962, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. V.B. Mountcastle (Ed.).
126. Motomura N., Yamadori A., Mori E., et al. Auditory agnosia. Analysis of a case with bilateral subcortical lesions. Brain 1986, 109(Pt 3):379-391.
127. Omar R., Hailstone J.C., Warren J.E., et al. The cognitive organization of music knowledge: a clinical analysis. Brain 2010, 133:1200-1213.
128. Omar R., Henley S.M., Bartlett J.W., et al. The structural neuroanatomy of music emotion recognition: evidence from frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Neuroimage 2011, 56:1814-1821.
129. Overath T., Cusack R., Kumar S., et al. An information theoretic characterisation of auditory encoding. PLoS Biol 2007, 5:e288.
130. Pallesen K.J., Brattico E., Bailey C., et al. Emotion processing of major, minor, and dissonant chords: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005, 1060:450-453.
131. Patel A. Music, language and the brain 2008, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
132. Patterson R.D., Uppenkamp S., Johnsrude I.S., et al. The processing of temporal pitch and melody information in auditory cortex. Neuron 2002, 36:767-776.
133. Pereira C.S., Teixeira J., Figueiredo P., et al. Music and emotions in the brain: familiarity matters. PLoS One 2011, 6:e27241.
134. Peretz I. Processing of local and global musical information by unilateral brain-damaged patients. Brain 1990, 113(Pt 4):1185-1205.
135. Peretz I. Can we lose memory for music? A case of music agnosia in a non-musician. J Cogn Neurosci 1996, 481-496.
136. Peretz I. The nature of music from a biological perspective. Cognition 2006, 100:1-32.
137. Peretz I., Coltheart M. Modularity of music processing. Nat Neurosci 2003, 6:688-691.
138. Peretz I., Gagnon L. Dissociation between recognition and emotion for melodies. Neurocase 1999, 5:21-39.
139. Peretz I., Kolinsky R. Boundaries of separability between melody and rhythm in music discrimination: a neuropsychological perspective. Q J Exp Psychol A 1993, 46:301-325.
140. Peretz I., Kolinsky R., Tramo M., et al. Functional dissociations following bilateral lesions of auditory cortex. Brain 1994, 117(Pt 6):1283-1301.
141. Peretz I., Belleville S., Fontaine S. Dissociations between music and language functions after cerebral resection: a new case of amusia without aphasia. Can J Exp Psychol 1997, 51:354-368.
142. Peretz I., Blood A.J., Penhune V., et al. Cortical deafness to dissonance. Brain 2001, 124:928-940.
143. Peretz I., Champod A.S., Hyde K. Varieties of musical disorders. The Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003, 999:58-75.
144. Peretz I., Gosselin N., Belin P., et al. Music lexical networks: the cortical organization of music recognition. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009, 1169:256-265.
145. Piccirilli M., Sciarma T., Luzzi S. Modularity of music: evidence from a case of pure amusia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000, 69:541-545.
146. Plailly J., Tillmann B., Royet J.P. The feeling of familiarity of music and odors: the same neural signature?. Cereb Cortex 2007, 17:2650-2658.
147. Poeppel D. The analysis of speech in different temporal integration windows: cerebral lateralization as asymmetric sampling in time. Speech Communication 2003, 41:245-255.
148. Pressnitzer D., Suied C., Shamma S.A. Auditory scene analysis: the sweet music of ambiguity. Front Hum Neurosci 2011, 5:158.
149. Puschmann S., Uppenkamp S., Kollmeier B., et al. Dichotic pitch activates pitch processing centre in Heschl's gyrus. Neuroimage 2010, 49:1641-1649.
150. Rauschecker J.P., Scott S.K. Maps and streams in the auditory cortex: nonhuman primates illuminate human speech processing. Nat Neurosci 2009, 12:718-724.
151. Rogalsky C., Rong F., Saberi K., et al. Functional anatomy of language and music perception: temporal and structural factors investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci 2011, 31:3843-3852.
152. Rohrer J.D., Lashley T., Schott J.M., et al. Clinical and neuroanatomical signatures of tissue pathology in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Brain 2011, 134:2565-2581.
153. Rosen S., Wise R.J., Chadha S., et al. Hemispheric asymmetries in speech perception: sense, nonsense and modulations. PLoS One 2011, 6:e24672.
154. Salimpoor V.N., Benovoy M., Larcher K., et al. Anatomically distinct dopamine release during anticipation and experience of peak emotion to music. Nat Neurosci 2011, 14:257-262.
155. Samson S., Zatorre R.J. Learning and retention of melodic and verbal information after unilateral temporal lobectomy. Neuropsychologia 1992, 30:815-826.
156. Samson S., Zatorre R.J. Contribution of the right temporal lobe to musical timbre discrimination. Neuropsychologia 1994, 32:231-240.
157. Samson S., Ehrle N., Baulac M. Cerebral substrates for musical temporal processes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001, 930:166-178.
158. Samson S., Zatorre R.J., Ramsay J.O. Deficits of musical timbre perception after unilateral temporal-lobe lesion revealed with multidimensional scaling. Brain 2002, 125:511-523.
159. Samson S., Dellacherie D., Platel H. Emotional power of music in patients with memory disorders: clinical implications of cognitive neuroscience. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009, 1169:245-255.
160. Sarkamo T., Tervaniemi M., Soinila S., et al. Auditory and cognitive deficits associated with acquired amusia after stroke: a magnetoencephalography and neuropsychological follow-up study. PLoS One 2010, 5:e15157.
161. Satoh M., Takeda K., Kuzuhara S. A case of auditory agnosia with impairment of perception and expression of music: cognitive processing of tonality. Eur Neurol 2007, 58:70-77.
162. Satoh M., Nakase T., Nagata K., et al. Musical anhedonia: selective loss of emotional experience in listening to music. Neurocase 2011, 17:410-417.
163. Schon D., Gordon R., Campagne A., et al. Similar cerebral networks in language, music and song perception. Neuroimage 2010, 51:450-461.
164. Schuppert M., Munte T.F., Wieringa B.M., et al. Receptive amusia: evidence for cross-hemispheric neural networks underlying music processing strategies. Brain 2000, 123(Pt 3):546-559.
165. Scott S.K., Blank C.C., Rosen S., et al. Identification of a pathway for intelligible speech in the left temporal lobe. Brain 2000, 123(Pt 12):2400-2406.
166. Sidtis J.J., Feldmann E. Transient ischemic attacks presenting with a loss of pitch perception. Cortex 1990, 26:469-471.
167. Steinbeis N., Koelsch S. Shared neural resources between music and language indicate semantic processing of musical tension-resolution patterns. Cereb Cortex 2008, 18:1169-1178.
168. Steinthal H. Einleitung in die Psychologie und Sprachwissenschaft 1871, Dümmler's Verlagsbuchhandlung, Berlin.
169. Stewart L., von Kriegstein K., Warren J.D., et al. Music and the brain: disorders of musical listening. Brain 2006, 129:2533-2553.
170. Stewart L., Overath T., Warren J.D., et al. fMRI evidence for a cortical hierarchy of pitch pattern processing. PLoS One 2008, 3:e1470.
171. Takahashi N., Kawamura M., Shinotou H., et al. Pure word deafness due to left hemisphere damage. Cortex 1992, 28:295-303.
172. Tanaka Y., Yamadori A., Mori E. Pure word deafness following bilateral lesions. A psychophysical analysis. Brain 1987, 110(Pt 2):381-403.
173. Terao Y., Mizuno T., Shindoh M., et al. Vocal amusia in a professional tango singer due to a right superior temporal cortex infarction. Neuropsychologia 2006, 44:479-488.
174. Tierney A., Dick F., Deutsch D., et al. Speech versus song: multiple pitch-sensitive areas revealed by a naturally occurring musical illusion. Cereb Cortex 2013, 23:249-254.
175. Tillmann B. Implicit investigations of tonal knowledge in nonmusician listeners. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005, 1060:100-110.
176. Tillmann B., Janata P., Bharucha J.J. Activation of the inferior frontal cortex in musical priming. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 2003, 16:145-161.
177. Tramo M.J., Shah G.D., Braida L.D. Functional role of auditory cortex in frequency processing and pitch perception. J Neurophysiol 2002, 87:122-139.
178. Trehub S.E., Schellenberg E.G., Kamenetsky S.B. Infants' and adults' perception of scale structure. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 1999, 25:965-975.
179. Vignolo L.A. Music agnosia and auditory agnosia. Dissociations in stroke patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003, 999:50-57.
180. von Kriegstein K., Smith D.R., Patterson R.D., et al. Neural representation of auditory size in the human voice and in sounds from other resonant sources. Curr Biol 2007, 17:1123-1128.
181. Warren J.D., Griffiths T.D. Distinct mechanisms for processing spatial sequences and pitch sequences in the human auditory brain. J Neurosci 2003, 23:5799-5804.
182. Warren J.D., Jennings A.R., Griffiths T.D. Analysis of the spectral envelope of sounds by the human brain. Neuroimage 2005, 24:1052-1057.
183. Warren J.E., Wise R.J., Warren J.D. Sounds do-able: auditory-motor transformations and the posterior temporal plane. Trends Neurosci 2005, 28:636-643.
184. Warren J.D., Rohrer J.D., Schott J.M., et al. Molecular nexopathies: a new paradigm of neurodegenerative disease. Trends Neurosci 2013, 36:561-569.
185. Warrier C.M., Zatorre R.J. Right temporal cortex is critical for utilization of melodic contextual cues in a pitch constancy task. Brain 2004, 127:1616-1625.
186. Warrington E.K., James M. Visual apperceptive agnosia: a clinico-anatomical study of three cases. Cortex 1988, 24:13-32.
187. Warrington E.K., Taylor A.M. The contribution of the right parietal lobe to object recognition. Cortex 1973, 9:152-164.
188. Watanabe T., Yagishita S., Kikyo H. Memory of music: roles of right hippocampus and left inferior frontal gyrus. Neuroimage 2008, 39:483-491.
189. Weinstein J., Koenig P., Gunawardena D., et al. Preserved musical semantic memory in semantic dementia. Arch Neurol 2011, 68:248-250.
190. Wertheim N. The amusias. Handbook of Clinical Neurology 1975, Vol. 4, North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam. P.J. Vinken, G.W. Bruyn (Eds.).
191. Wilson S.J., Pressing J.L., Wales R.J. Modelling rhythmic function in a musician post-stroke. Neuropsychologia 2002, 40:1494-1505.
192. Zatorre R.J. Discrimination and recognition of tonal melodies after unilateral cerebral excisions. Neuropsychologia 1985, 23:31-41.
193. Zatorre R.J. Pitch perception of complex tones and human temporal-lobe function. J Acoust Soc Am 1988, 84:566-572.
194. Zatorre R.J., Belin P. Spectral and temporal processing in human auditory cortex. Cereb Cortex 2001, 11:946-953.
195. Zatorre R.J., Gandour J.T. Neural specializations for speech and pitch: moving beyond the dichotomies. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008, 363:1087-1104.
196. Zatorre R.J., Salimpoor V.N. From perception to pleasure: music and its neural substrates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013, 110(Suppl. 2):10430-10437.
197. Zatorre R.J., Evans A.C., Meyer E. Neural mechanisms underlying melodic perception and memory for pitch. J Neurosci 1994, 14:1908-1919.
198. Zhou J., Greicius M.D., Gennatas E.D., et al. Divergent network connectivity changes in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2010, 133:1352-1367.
199. Zundorf I.C., Lewald J., Karnath H.O. Neural correlates of sound localization in complex acoustic environments. PLoS One 2013, 8:e64259.