Slip-rates of blind thrusts in slow deforming areas: Examples from the Po Plain (Italy)

Tectonophysics

Volumn 643, Issue , 2015, Pages 8-25

  Maesano, Francesco Emanuele ^a   D'Ambrogi, Chiara ^a   Burrato, Pierfrancesco ^b   Toscani, Giovanni ^c  

^a INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND RESEARCH ISPRA   (Italy)

^b ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PAVIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

3D geological modeling; Blind thrusts; Northern Apennines; Po Plain; Sediment decompaction; Slip rates

Indexed keywords

3D MODELING; COMPACTION; DEFORMATION; EARTHQUAKES; PARALLEL FLOW; RESTORATION; SALINITY MEASUREMENT; STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY;

3-D GEOLOGICAL MODELS; BLIND THRUSTS; NORTHERN APENNINES; PO PLAIN; SLIP RATES;

FAULT SLIPS;

DEFORMATION; EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE; FOLDING; PLIOCENE-PLEISTOCENE BOUNDARY; SLIP RATE; SUBSIDENCE; THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING; THRUST FAULT;

APENNINES; EMILIA-ROMAGNA; ITALY; PO PLAIN;

EMILIA;

EID: 84922971746     PISSN: 00401951     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tecto.2014.12.007     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Allen P.A., Allen J.R. Basin Analysis, Principles and Applications 1990, Blackwell Publishing.
2. Allmendinger R.W. Inverse and forward numerical modeling of trishear fault-propagation folds. Tectonics 1998, 17(4):640-656. 10.1029/98TC01907.
3. Special Issue on "The Emilia (northern Italy) seismic sequence of May-June, 2012: preliminary data and results". Ann. Geophys. 2012, 55 (4). (2012). M. Anzidei, A. Maramai, P. Montone (Eds.).
4. Argnani A., Ricci Lucchi F. Tertiary siliciclastic turbidite systems of the Northern Apennines. Anatomy of an Orogen: The Apennines and Adjacent Mediterranean Basins 2001, 327-350. Springer. G.B. Vai, I.P. Martini (Eds.).
5. Barba S., Carafa M.M.C., Doglioni C. Time-independent nationwide earthquake rates derived from models and geological data. Final Report DPC-INGV 2007-2010 S1 Project 2010, (available at: ftp://ingv.it/pro/dpcs1_dati/final_report/RUT01_deliv2_EQrate.docx). S. Barba, C. Doglioni (Eds.).
6. Barba S., Finocchio D., Sikdar E., Burrato P. Modelling the interseismic deformation of a thrust system: seismogenic potential of the Southern Alps. Terra Nova 2013, 25:221-227. 10.1111/ter.12026.
7. Basili R., Valensise G., Vannoli P., Burrato P., Fracassi U., Mariano S., Tiberti M.M., Boschi E. The Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources (DISS), version 3: summarizing 20years of research on Italy's earthquake geology. Tectonophysics 2008, 453:20-43. 10.1016/j.tecto.2007.04.014.
8. Benedetti L.C., Tapponnier P., Gaudemer Y., Manighetti I., der Woerd J. Geomorphic evidence for an emergent active thrust along the edge of the Po Plain: the Broni-Stradella fault. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 2003, 108(B5):2238. 10.1029/2001JB001546.
9. Bennett R.A., Serpelloni E., Hreinsdóttir S., Brandon M.T., Buble G., Basic T., Casale G., Cavaliere A., Anzidei M., Marjonovic M., Minelli G., Molli G., Montanari A. Syn-convergent extension observed using the RETREAT GPS network, Northern Apennines, Italy. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 2012, 117:B04408. 10.1029/2011JB008744.
10. Bertotti G., Picotti V., Bernoulli D., Castellarin A. From rifting to drifting: tectonic evolution of the South-Alpine upper crust from the Triassic to the Early Cretaceous. Sediment. Geol. 1993, 86:53-76. 10.1016/0037-0738(93)90133-P.
11. Bigi, G., Cosentino, D., Parotto, M., Sartori, R., Scandone, P., 1990. Structural model of Italy and gravity map, 1:500,000. Quad. Ric. Sci., 114, 3, S.EL.CA Florence.
12. Bignami C., Burrato P., Cannelli V., Chini M., Falcucci E., Ferretti A., Gori S., Kyriakopoulos C., Melini D., Moro M., Novali F., Saroli M., Stramondo S., Valensise G., Vannoli P. Coseismic deformation pattern of the Emilia 2012 seismic sequence imaged by Radarsat-1 interferometry. Ann. Geophys. 2012, 55(4):789-795. 10.4401/ag-6157.
13. Boccaletti M., Coli M., Eva C., Ferrari G., Giglia G., Lazzarotto A., Merlanti F., Nicolich R., Papani G., Postpischl D. Considerations on the seismotectonics of the Northern Apennines. Tectonophysics 1985, 117:7-38. 10.1016/0040-1951(85)90234-3.
14. Boccaletti M., Corti G., Martelli L. Recent and active tectonics of the external zone of the Northern Apennines (Italy). Int. J. Earth Sci. (Geol. Rundsch.) 2011, 100:1331-1348. 10.1007/s00531-010-0545-y.
15. Bonini L., Toscani G., Seno S. Three-dimensional segmentation and different rupture behavior during the 2012 Emilia seismic sequence (Northern Italy). Tectonophysics 3 Sept 2014, 630:33-42.
16. Bresciani I., Perotti C.R. An active deformation structure in the Po Plain (N Italy): the Romanengo anticline. Tectonics 2014, 33. 10.1002/2013TC003422.
17. Burrato P., Ciucci F., Valensise G. An inventory of river anomalies in the Po Plain, Northern Italy: evidence for active blind thrust faulting. Ann. Geophys. 2003, 46(5):865-882. 10.4401/ag-3459.
18. Burrato P., Basili R., Vannoli P., Valensise G. Anatomy of a thrust system from geological and seismological evidence: the case of the Northern Apennines (Italy). Eos. Trans. AGU 2004, 85(47). (Abstract T14C-06).
19. Burrato P., Vannoli P., Fracassi U., Basili R., Valensise G. Is blind faulting truly invisible? Tectonic-controlled drainage evolution in the epicentral area of the May 2012, Emilia-Romagna earthquake sequence (northern Italy). Ann. Geophys. 2012, 55(4):525-531. 10.4401/ag-6182.
20. Caporali A., Barba S., Carafa M.M.C., Devoti R., Pietrantonio G., Riguzzi F. Static stress drop as determined from geodetic strain rates and statistical seismicity. J. Geophys. Res. 2011, 116:B2410. 10.1029/2010JB007671.
21. Carafa M.M.C., Barba S. Determining rheology from deformation data: the case of central Italy. Tectonics 2011, 30:TC2003. 10.1029/2010TC002680.
22. Carafa M.M.C., Barba S. The stress field in Europe: optimal orientations with confidence limits. Geophys. J. Int. 2013, 10.1093/gji/ggt024.
23. Carminati E., Doglioni C. Alps vs. Apennines: the paradigm of a tectonically asymmetric Earth. Earth Sci. Rev. 2012, 112:67-96. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.02.004.
24. Castellarin A., Rabbi E., Cremonini S., Martelli L., Piattoni F. New insights into the underground hydrology of the eastern Po Plain (Northern Italy). Boll. Geofis. Teor. Appl. 2006, 47(3):271-298.
25. Ciucci F., Burrato P., Valensise G. Complex geomorphic response to blind thrust faulting along the northern margin of the Apennines near Mirandola (Po Plain). Book of Abstracts 2002, 203.
26. Cohen K.M., Finney S.C., Gibbard P.L., Fan J.-X. The ICS international chronostratigraphic chart. Episodes 2013, 36(3):199-204.
27. D'Agostino N., Avallone A., Cheloni D., D'Anastasio E., Mantenuto S., Selvaggi G. Active tectonics of the Adriatic region from GPS and earthquake slip vectors. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 2008, 113:B12413. 10.1029/2008JB005860.
28. D'Anastasio E., De Martini P.M., Selvaggi G., Pantosti D., Marchioni A., Maseroli R. Short-term vertical velocity field in the Apennines (Italy) revealed by geodetic levelling data. Tectonophysics 2006, 418(3-4):219-234. 10.1016/j.tecto.2006.02.008.
29. Devoti R., Esposito A., Pietrantonio G., Pisani A.R., Riguzzi F. Evidence of large scale deformation patterns from GPS data in the Italian subduction boundary. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2011, 311(3-4):230-241. 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.09.034.
30. Di Dio, G., Lasagna, S., Martini, A., Zanzucchi, G., 2005. Note Illustrative della Carta geologica d'Italia in scala 1:50.000, Foglio 199 Parma Sud, pp. 177, APAT.
31. DISS Working Group Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources (DISS), Version 3.1.1: A Compilation of Potential Sources for Earthquakes Larger Than M 5.5 in Italy and Surrounding Areas 2010, Available at, (© INGV 2010 - Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - All rights reserved; doi:10.6092/INGV.IT-DISS3.1.1 (last accessed date: 29 August 2014)). http://diss.rm.ingv.it/diss/.
32. Dondi L., D'Andrea G. La Pianura Padana e Veneta dall'Oligocene superiore al Pleistocene. G. Geol. Ser. 3 1986, 48(1-2):197-225.
33. Egan S.S., Buddin T.S., Kane S.J., Williams G.D. Three-dimensional modelling and visualisation in structural geology: new techniques for the restoration and balancing of volumes. Electronic Geology 1997, 1:67-82.
34. Erslev E. Trishear fault-propagation folding. Geology 1991, 19(6):617-620. 10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0617.
35. Fantoni R., Franciosi R. Tectono-sedimentary setting of the Po Plain and Adriatic foreland. Rend. Lincei 2010, 21(1):S197-S209. 10.1007/s12210-010-0102-4.
36. Garzanti E., Vezzoli G., Andò S. Paleogeographic and paleodrainage changes during Pleistocene glaciations (Po Plain, Northern Italy). Earth Sci. Rev. 2011, 105:25-48. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.11.004.
37. Ghielmi M., Minervini M., Nini C., Rogledi S., Rossi M., Vignolo A. Sedimentary and tectonic evolution in the eastern Po-Plain and northern Adriatic Sea area from Messinian to Middle Pleistocene (Italy). Rend. Lincei 2010, 21(1):S131-S166. 10.1007/s12210-010-0101-5.
38. Ghielmi M., Minervini M., Nini C., Rogledi S., Rossi M. Late Miocene-Middle Pleistocene sequences in the Po Plain - Northern Adriatic Sea (Italy): the stratigraphic record of modification phases affecting a complex foreland basin. Mar. Pet. Geol. 2013, 42:50-81. 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2012.11.007.
39. Govoni A., Marchetti A., De Gori P., Di Bona M., Lucente F.P., Improta L., Chiarabba C., Nardi A., Margheriti L., Agostinetti N.P., Di Giovambattista R., Latorre D., Anselmi M., Ciaccio M.G., Moretti M., Castellano C., Piccinini D. The 2012 Emilia seismic sequence (Northern Italy): imaging the thrust fault system by accurate aftershock location. Tectonophysics 2014, 622:44-55. 10.1016/j.tecto.2014.02.013.
40. Gunderson K.L., Anastasio D.J., Pazzaglia F.J., Picotti V. Fault slip rate variability on 104-105yr timescales for the Salsomaggiore blind thrust fault, Northern Apennines, Italy. Tectonophysics 2013, 608:356-365. 10.1016/j.tecto.2013.09.018.
41. Gunderson K.L., Pazzaglia F.J., Picotti V., Anastasio D.A., Kodama K.P., Rittenour T., Frankel K.F., Ponza A., Berti C., Negri A., Sabbatini A. Unraveling tectonic and climatic controls on synorogenic growth strata (Northern Apennines, Italy). Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 2014, 126(3-4):532-552. 10.1130/B30902.1.
42. Haller K.M., Basili R. Developing seismogenic source models based on geologic fault data. Seismol. Res. Lett. 2011, 82(4):519-525. 10.1785/gssrl.82.4.519.
43. Hardy S., Ford M. Numerical modeling of trishear fault propagation folding. Tectonics 1997, 16(5):841-854. 10.1029/97TC01171.
44. Heidbach O., Tingay M., Barth A., Reinecker J., Kurfeß D., Müller B. Global crustal stress pattern based on the World Stress Map database release 2008. Tectonophysics 2010, 482:3-15. 10.1016/j.tecto.2009.07.023.
45. Hinsch R., Decker K., Wagreich M. 3-D mapping of segmented active faults in the southern Vienna Basin. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2005, 24:321-336. 10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.04.011.
46. Ishiyama T., Sato H., Kato N., Nakayama T., Abe S. Active blind thrusts beneath the Tokyo metropolitan area: seismic hazards and inversion tectonics. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2013, 40:2608-2612. 10.1002/grl.50487.
47. ISIDe Working Group Italian seismological instrumental and parametric database (last accessed date: 29 August 2014). http://iside.rm.ingv.it.
48. Kanamori H. Great earthquakes at island arcs and the lithosphere. Tectonophysics 1971, 12:187-198. 10.1016/0040-1951(71)90003-5.
49. Kane S.J., Williams G.D., Buddin T.S., Egan S.S., Hodgetts D. Flexural-slip based restoration in 3D, a new approach. 1997 AAPG Annual Convention Official Program 1997, A58.
50. Kastelic V., Carafa M. Fault slip rates for the active external Dinarides thrust-and-fold belt. Tectonics 2012, 31:TC3019. 10.1029/2011TC003022.
51. Lindquist S.J. Petroleum systems of the Po Basin Province of Northern Italy and the Northern Adriatic Sea: Porto Garibaldi (Biogenic), Meride/Riva di Solto (Thermal), and Marnoso Arenacea (Thermal). USGS Open-File Report, 99-50-M 1999.
52. Litchfield N., Wilson K., Berryman K., Wallace L. Coastal uplift mechanisms at Pakarae River mouth: constraints from a combined Holocene fluvial and marine terrace dataset. Mar. Geol. 2010, 270:72-83. 10.1016/j.margeo.2009.10.003.
53. Livio F.A., Berlusconi A., Michetti A.M., Sileo G., Zerboni A., Trombino L., Cremaschi M., Mueller K., Vittori E., Carcano C., Rogledi S. Active fault-related folding in the epicentral area of the December 25, 1222 (Io=IX MCS) Brescia earthquake (Northern Italy): seismotectonic implications. Tectonophysics 2009, 476(1-2):320-335. 10.1016/j.tecto.2009.03.019.
54. Livio F., Michetti A.M., Sileo G., Carcano C., Mueller K., Rogledi S., Serva L., Vittori E., Berlusconi A. Quaternary capable folds and seismic hazard in Lombardia (Northern Italy): the Castenedolo structure near Brescia. Ital. J. Geosci. (Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital.) 2009, 128(1):191-200.
55. Maesano F.E., Toscani G., Burrato P., Mirabella F., D'Ambrogi C., Basili R. Deriving thrust fault slip rates from geological modeling: examples from the Marche coastal and offshore contraction belt, Northern Apennines, Italy. Mar. Pet. Geol. 2013, 42:122-134. 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2012.10.008.
56. Mariotti G., Doglioni C. The dip of the foreland monocline in the Alps and Apennines. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2000, 181:191-202. 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00192-8.
57. Massoli D., Koyi H.A., Barchi M.R. Structural evolution of a fold and thrust belt generated by multiple décollements: analogue models and natural examples from the Northern Apennines (Italy). J. Struct. Geol. 2006, 28:185-199. 10.1016/j.jsg.2005.11.002.
58. Michetti A.M., Giardina F., Livio F., Mueller K., Serva L., Sileo G., Vittori E., Devoti R., Riguzzi F., Carcano C., Rogledi S., Bonadeo L., Brunamonte F., Fioraso G. Active compressional tectonics, Quaternary capable faults, and the seismic landscape of the Po Plain (northern Italy). Ann. Geophys. 2012, 55(5):969-1001. 10.4401/ag-5462.
59. Montone P., Mariucci M.T. Active stress along the NE external margin of the Apennines: the Ferrara arc, northern Italy. J. Geodyn. 1999, 28:251-265. 10.1016/S0264-3707(98)00041-6.
60. Montone P., Mariucci M.T., Pierdominici S. The Italian present-day stress map. Geophys. J. Int. 2012, 189:705-716. 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05391.x.
61. MPS Working Group Redazione della mappa di pericolosità sismica prevista dall'Ordinanza PCM 3274 del 20 marzo 2003. Final Report for the Department of Civil Protection 2004, INGV, Milan, (April 2004, 65 pp. + 5 Appendices, http://zonesismiche.mi.ingv.it).
62. Muttoni G., Carcano C., Garzanti E., Ghielmi M., Piccin A., Pini R., Rogledi S., Sciunnach D. Onset of major Pleistocene glaciations in the Alps. Geology 2003, 31(11):989-992. 10.1130/G19445.1.
63. Muttoni G., Scardia G., Kent D.V., Morsiani E., Tremolada F., Cremaschi M., Peretto C. First dated human occupation of Italy at ~0.85Ma during the late Early Pleistocene climate transition. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2011, 307(3-4):241-252. 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.05.025.
64. Okada Y. Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 1985, 75(4):1135-1154.
65. Pezzo G., Merryman Boncori J.P., Tolomei C., Salvi S., Atzori S., Antonioli A., Trasatti E., Novali F., Serpelloni E., Candela L., Giuliani R. Coseismic deformation and source modeling of the May 2012 Emilia (Northern Italy) earthquakes. Seismol. Res. Lett. 2013, 84(4):645-655. 10.1785/0220120171.
66. Picotti V., Pazzaglia F.J. A new active tectonic model for the construction of the Northern Apennines mountain front near Bologna (Italy). J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113:B08412. 10.1029/2007JB005307.
67. Pondrelli S., Salimbeni S., Ekström G., Morelli A., Gasperini P., Vannucci G. The Italian CMT dataset from 1977 to the present. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 2006, 159(3-4):286-303. 10.1016/j.pepi.2006.07.008.
68. Pondrelli S., Salimbeni S., Morelli A., Ekström G., Postpischl L., Vannucci G., Boschi E. European-Mediterranean regional centroid moment tensor catalog: solutions for 2005-2008. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 2011, 185(3-4):74-81. 10.1016/j.pepi.2011.01.007.
69. Pondrelli S., Salimbeni S., Perfetti P., Danecek P. Quick regional centroid moment tensor solutions for the Emilia 2012 (northern Italy) seismic sequence. Ann. Geophys. 2012, 55(4):615-621. 10.4401/ag-6146.
70. Ponza A., Pazzaglia F.J., Picotti V. Thrust-fold activity at the mountain front of the Northern Apennines (Italy) from quantitative landscape analysis. Geomorphology 2010, 123(3-4):211-231. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.06.008.
71. Quigley M., Villamor P., Furlong K., Beavan J., Van Dissen R., Litchfield N., Stahl T., Duffy B., Bilderback E., Noble D., Barrell D., Jongens R., Cox S. Previously unknown fault shakes New Zealand's south island. EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 2010, 91(49):469-470. 10.1029/2010EO490001.
72. Ravaglia A., Seno S., Toscani G., Fantoni R. Mesozoic extension controlling the Southern Alps thrust front geometry under the Po Plain, Italy: insights from sandbox models. J. Struct. Geol. 2006, 28:2084-2096. 10.1016/j.jsg.2006.07.011.
73. Regione Emilia-Romagna (R.E.R.), ENI-AGIP Riserve idriche sotterranee nella Regione Emilia-Romagna 1998, S.EL.CA, Firenze, (119 pp., 9 sheets). G. Di Dio (Ed.).
74. Regione Lombardia (R.L.), ENI-AGIP Geologia degli Acquiferi Padani della Regione Lombardia 2002, S.EL.CA, Firenze, (130 pp., 9 sheets). C. Carcano, A. Piccin (Eds.).
75. CPTI11, the 2011 Version of the Parametric Catalogue of Italian Earthquakes. Milano, Bologna 2011, (http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/CPTI (last accessed date: 29 August 2014)). A. Rovida, R. Camassi, P. Gasperini, M. Stucchi (Eds.).
76. Santoro E., Ferranti L., Burrato P., Mazzella M.E., Monaco C. Deformed Pleistocene marine terraces along the Ionian Sea margin of southern Italy: unveiling blind fault-related folds contribution to coastal uplift. Tectonics 2013, 32:737-762. 10.1002/tect.20036.
77. Scardia G., De Franco R., Muttoni G., Rogledi S., Caielli G., Carcano C., Sciunnach D., Piccin A. Stratigraphic evidence of a Middle Pleistocene climate-driven flexural uplift in the Alps. Tectonics 2012, 31:TC6004. 10.1029/2012TC003108.
78. Sclater J.G., Christie P.A.F. Continental stretching: an explanation of the Post-Mid-Cretaceous subsidence of the central North Sea Basin. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 1980, 85:3711-3739. 10.1029/JB085iB07p03711.
79. Scognamiglio L., Margheriti L., Mele F.M., Tinti E., Bono A., Gori P.De, Lauciani V., Lucente F.P., Mandiello A.G., Marcocci C., Mazza S., Pintore S., Quintiliani M. The 2012 Pianura Padana Emiliana seismic sequence: locations, moment tensors and magnitudes. Ann. Geophys. 2012, 55(4):549-559. 10.4401/ag-6159.
80. Scrocca D., Carminati E., Doglioni C., Marcantoni D. Slab retreat and active shortening along the Central-Northern Apennines. Thrust Belts and Foreland Basins SE - 25, Frontiers in Earth Sciences 2007, 471-487. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg. 10.1007/978-3-540-69426-7_25. O. Lacombe, F. Roure, J. Lavé, J. Vergés (Eds.).
81. Serpelloni E., Anzidei M., Baldi P., Casula G., Galvani A. Crustal velocity and strain-rate fields in Italy and surrounding regions: new results from the analysis of permanent and non-permanent GPS networks. Geophys. J. Int. 2005, 161:861-880. 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02618.x.
82. Servizio Geologico d'Italia, 2002. Geological map of Italy, 1:50,000 scale, Sheet 223 Ravenna.
83. Servizio Geologico d'Italia - APAT, 2005a. Geological map of Italy, 1:50,000 scale, Sheet 199 Parma Sud.
84. Servizio Geologico d'Italia - APAT, 2005b. Geological map of Italy, 1:50,000 scale, Sheet 240-241 Forlì-Cervia.
85. Servizio Geologico d'Italia - ISPRA, 2009a. Geological map of Italy, 1:50,000 scale, Sheet 181 Parma Nord.
86. Servizio Geologico d'Italia - ISPRA (2009b), Geological map of Italy, 1:50,000 scale, Sheet 203 Poggio Renatico.
87. Shaw J.H., Suppe J. Earthquake hazards of active blind-thrust faults under the central Los Angeles basin, California. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 1996, 101:8623-8642. 10.1029/95JB03453.
88. Sileo G., Giardina F., Livio F., Michetti A.M., Mueller K., Vittori E. Remarks on the Quaternary tectonics of the Insubria region (Lombardia, NW Italy), and Ticino, SE Switzerland. Ital. J. Geosci. (Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital.) 2007, 126(2):411-425.
89. Stein R., Yeats R.S. Hidden earthquakes. Sci. Am. 1989, 260:48-57.
90. Stein R.S., King G.C.P., Rundle J.B. The growth of geological structures by repeated earthquakes. 2. Field examples of continental dip-slip faults. J. Geophys. Res. 1988, 93(B11):13319-13331. 10.1029/JB093iB11p13319.
91. Stramondo S., Saroli M., Tolomei C., Moro M., Doumaz F., Pesci A., Loddo F., Baldi P., Boschi E. Surface movements in Bologna (Po Plain - Italy) detected by multitemporal DInSAR. Remote Sens. Environ. 2007, 110:304-316. 10.1016/j.rse.2007.02.023.
92. Stucchi M., Albini P., Mirto M., Rebez A. Assessing the completeness of Italian historical earthquake data. Ann. Geophys. 2004, 47(2-3):659-673. 10.4401/ag-3330.
93. Taylor S.K., Nicol A., Walsh J.J. Displacement loss on growth faults due to sediment compaction. J. Struct. Geol. 2008, 30:394-405. 10.1016/j.jsg.2007.11.006.
94. Teatini P., Tosi L., Strozzi T. Quantitative evidence that compaction of Holocene sediments drives the present land subsidence of the Po Delta, Italy. J. Geophys. Res. 2011, 116:B08407. 10.1029/2010JB008122.
95. Toda S., Awata Y. Does the 2007 Noto Hanto earthquake reveal a weakness in the Japanese national seismic hazard map that could be remedied with geological data?. Earth Planets Space 2008, 60(10):1047-1052. 10.1186/BF03352867.
96. Toscani G., Seno S., Fantoni R., Rogledi S. Geometry and timing of deformation inside a structural arc; the case of the western Emilian folds (Northern Apennine front, Italy). Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital. 2006, 125(1):59-65.
97. Toscani G., Burrato P., Di Bucci D., Seno S., Valensise G. Plio-Quaternary tectonic evolution of the Northern Apennines thrust fronts (Bologna-Ferrara section, Italy): seismotectonic implications. Ital. J. Geosci. (Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital.) 2009, 128(2):605-613. 10.3301/IJG.2009.128.2.605.
98. Valensise G., Ward S.N. Long-term uplift of the Santa Cruz coastline in response to repeated earthquakes along the San Andreas fault. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 1991, 81:1694-1704.
99. Vannoli P., Basili R., Valensise G. New geomorphic evidence for anticlinal growth driven by blind-thrust faulting along the northern Marche coastal belt (central Italy). J. Seismol. 2004, 8:297-312. 10.1023/B:JOSE.0000038456.00574.e3.
100. Vannoli P., Burrato P., Valensise G. The seismotectonics of the Po Plain (northern Italy): tectonic diversity in a blind faulting domain. Pure Appl. Geophys. 2014, 10.1007/s00024-014-0873-0.
101. Ward S.N., Valensise G. The Palos Verdes terraces, California: bathtub rings from a buried reverse fault. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 1994, 99(B3):4485-4494. 10.1029/93JB03362.
102. Wegmann K.W., Pazzaglia F.J. Late Quaternary fluvial terraces of the Romagna and Marche Apennines, Italy: climatic, lithologic, and tectonic controls on terrace genesis in an active orogen. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2009, 28:137-165. 10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.10.006.
103. Zechar J.D., Frankel K.L. Incorporating and reporting uncertainties in fault slip rates. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 2009, 114:B12407. 10.1029/2009JB006325.
104. Zehnder A.T., Allmendinger R.W. Velocity field for the trishear model. J. Struct. Geol. 2000, 22:1009-1014. 10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00037-7.