Non-volant modes of migration in terrestrial arthropods

Animal Migration

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 8-28

  Reynolds, Don R ^a   Reynolds, Andrew M ^b   Chapman, Jason W ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GREENWICH   (United Kingdom)

^b ROTHAMSTED RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

anemohoria; anemohydrochoria; aquatic insects; embarkation behaviours; Migration syndrome; pedestrian migration; phoresy; surface skimming; wingless arthropods

Indexed keywords

EID: 84922644837     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20848838     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2478/ami-2014-0002     Document Type: Review

References (140)

1. Johnson C.G., Migration and dispersal of insects by flight, Methuen, London, 1969
2. Dingle H., Migration: The biology of life on the move, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1996
3. Anderson R.C., Do dragonflies migrate across the western Indian Ocean? J. Trop. Ecol., 2009, 25, 347-348
4. Stefanescu C., Paramo F., Akesson S., Alarcon M., Avila A., Brereton T., et al., Multi-generational long-distance migration of insects: studying the painted lady butterfly in the Western Palaearctic, Ecography, 2013, 36, 474-486
5. Chapman J.W., Bell J.R., Burgin L.E., Reynolds D.R., Pettersson L.B., Hill J.K., et al., Seasonal migration to high latitudes results in major reproductive benefits in an insect, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 2012, 109, 14924-14929
6. Kennedy, J.S., Migration, behavioural and ecological. Pages 5-26 in Rankin M.A. (Ed.), Migration: Mechanisms and Adaptive Significance, Contributions in Marine Science, 27 (Supplement), 1985
7. Yanoviak S.P., Kaspari M., Dudley R., Gliding hexapods and the origins of insect aerial behaviour, Biol. Lett., 2009, 5, 510-512
8. Yanoviak S.P., Munk Y., Kaspari M., Dudley, R., Aerial maneuverability in wingless gliding ants (Cephalotes atratus), Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, 2010, 277, 2199-2204
9. Chapman J.W., Drake V.A., Reynolds D.R., Recent insights from radar studies of insect flight, 2011, 56, 337-356
10. Drake V.A., Reynolds D.R., Radar entomology: observing insect flight and migration, CABI, Wallingford, UK, 2012
11. Chapman J.W., Klaassen R.H.G., Drake V.A., Fossette S., Hays G.C., Metcalfe J.D., et al., Animal orientation strategies for movement in flows, Curr. Biol., 2011, 21, R861-R870
12. Dingle H., Drake V.A., What is migration? BioScience, 2007, 57, 113-121
13. Chapman J.W., Drake V.A., Insect migration, Pages161-166 in Breed M.D., Moore J. (Eds), Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior, vol. 2, Academic Press, Oxford, UK, 2010
14. Bell J.R., Bohan D.A., Shaw E.M., Weyman G.S., Ballooning dispersal using silk: world fauna, phylogenies, genetics and models, Bull. Entomol. Res., 2005, 95, 69-114
15. Szymkowiak P., Gorski G., Bajerlein D., Passive dispersal in arachnids, Biological Lett. (Poland), 2007, 44, 75-101
16. Schneider, J.M., Roos, J., Lubin, Y., Henschel, J.R., Dispersal in Stegodyphus dumicola (Araneae, Eresidae): They do balloon after all! J. Arachnol. 29, 2001, 114-116
17. Coyle F.A., Aerial dispersal by mygalomorph spiderlings (Araneae, Mygalomorphae), J. Arachnol., 1983, 11, 283-286
18. McManus M.L., Weather, behaviour and insect dispersal, Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 1988, 146, 71-94
19. Rhainds M., Davis D.R., Price P.W., Bionomics of bagworms (Lepidoptera: Psychidae), Annu. Rev. Entomol., 2009, 54, 209-226
20. Moore, R.G., Hanks, L.M., Aerial dispersal and host plant selection by neonate Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Lepidoptera: Psychidae), Ecol. Entomol., 2004, 29, 327-335
21. Fleschner C.A., Badgley M.E., Ricker D.W., Hall J.C., Air drift of spider mites, J. Econ. Entomol., 1956, 49, 624-627
22. Kennedy G.G., Smitley D.R., Dispersal. Pages 233-242 in Helle W., Sabelis M.W. (Eds), Spider mites: Their biology, natural enemies and control, vol. 1A, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985
23. Smitley D.R., Kennedy G.G., Photo-orientated aerial-dispersal behaviour of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) enhances escape from the leaf surface, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1985, 78, 609-614
24. Hussey N.W., Parr W.J., Dispersal of the glasshouse red spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae), Entomol. Exp. Appl. 1963, 6, 207-214
25. Liebhold A.M., Halverson J.A., Elmes G.A., Gypsy moth invasion in North America: A quantitative analysis, J. Biogeogr., 1992, 19, 513-520.
26. Wainhouse D., Ecological methods in forest pest management, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 2005
27. Pugh P.J.A., Have mites (Acarina: Arachnida) colonised Antarctica and the islands of the Southern Ocean via air currents? Polar Rec., 2003, 39, 239-244
28. Reynolds A.M., Bohan D., Bell J.R., Ballooning dispersal in arthropod taxa: conditions at take-off, Biol. Lett., 2007, 3, 237-240
29. Reynolds A.M., Bohan D.A., Bell J.R., Ballooning dispersal in arthropod taxa with convergent behaviours: dynamic properties of ballooning silk in turbulent flows, Biol. Lett. 2006, 2, 371-373
30. Barth F.G., Komarek S., Humphrey J.A.C., Treidler B., Drop and swing dispersal behavior of a tropical wandering spider: experiments and numerical model. J. Comp. Physiol. A, 1991, 169, 313-322
31. Moran V.C., Gunn B.H., Walter G.H., Wind dispersal and settling of first crawlers of the cochineal insect Dactylopius austrinus (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Dactylopiidae), Ecol. Entomol., 1982, 7, 409-419
32. Frost W.E., Polyphenic wax production in Abacarus hystrix (Acari: Eriophyidae), and implications for migratory fitness, Physiol. Entomol., 1997, 22, 37-46
33. Hanks L.M., Denno R.F., Dispersal and adaptive deme formation in sedentary coccoid insects. Pages 239-262 in S. Mopper, S.Y. Strauss (Eds), Genetic structure and local adaptation in natural insect populations: effects of ecology, life history, and behaviour, Chapman & Hall, New York, 1998
34. Lehmitz R., Russell D., Hohberg K., Christian A., Xylander W.E.R., Wind dispersal of oribatid mites as a mode of migration, Pedobiologia, 2011, 54, 201-207
35. Washburn J.O., Washburn L., Active aerial dispersal of minute wingless arthropods: exploitation of boundary-layer velocity gradients, Science, 1984, 223, 1088-1089
36. Jung C., Croft, B.A., Aerial dispersal of phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae): estimating falling speed and dispersal distance of adult females, Oikos 2001, 94, 182-190
37. Johnson D.T., Croft B.A., Laboratory study of the dispersal behaviour of Amblyseius fallacis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 1976, 69, 1019-1023
38. Sabelis, M.W., Afman B.P., Synomone-induced suppression of take-off in the phytoseiid mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot, Exp. Appl. Acarol., 1994, 18, 711-721
39. Linquist E.E., Oldfield G.N., Evolution of eriophyoid mites in relation to their host plant. Pages 277-300 in Lindquist E.E., Sabelis, M.W., J. Bruin, J. (Eds), Eriophyoid mites: Their biology, natural enemies and control, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1996
40. Sabelis M.W., Bruin J., Evolutionary ecology: life history patterns, food plant choice and dispersal. Pages 329-366 in Lindquist E.E., Sabelis M.W., Bruin J. (Eds), Eriophyoid mites: Their biology, natural enemies and control. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1996
41. Bergh J.C., Ecology and aerobiology of dispersing citrus rust mites (Acari: Eriophyidae) in Central Florida, Environ. Entomol., 2001, 30, 318-326
42. Nault L.R., Styer W.E., The dispersal of Aceria tulipae and three other grass-infesting eriophyid mites in Ohio, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 1969, 62, 1446-1455
43. Evans G.O., Principles of acarology, CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 1992
44. Greathead D.J., Crawler behaviour and dispersal. Pages 339-342 in Ben-Dov Y., Hodgson C.J. (Eds), Soft scale insects: Their biology, natural enemies and control, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 1997
45. Glick P.A., The distribution of insects, spiders and mites in the air, Technical Bulletin no. 673, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington D.C., 1939
46. Freeman J.A., Occurrence of Collembola in the air, Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. A, 1952, 27, 28
47. Farrow R.A., Greenslade P., A vertical migration of Collembola, Entomologist, 1992, 111, 38-45
48. Blackith R.E., Disney R.H.L., Passive dispersal during moulting in tropical Collembola, Malayan Nat. J., 1988, 41, 529-531
49. Van der Wurff A.W.G., Isaaks J.A., Ernsting G., Van Straalen N.M., Population substructures in the soil invertebrate Orchesella cincta, as revealed by microsatellite and TE-AFLP markers, Mol. Ecol., 2003, 12, 1349-1359
50. Timmermans M.J.T.N., Ellers J., Mariën J., Verhoef S.C., Ferwerda E.B., Van Straalen N.M., Genetic structure in Orchesella cincta (Collembola): strong subdivision of European populations inferred from mtDNA and AFLP markers, Mol. Ecol., 2005, 14, 2017-2024
51. Hawes T.C., Worland M.R., Convey P., Bale J.S., Aerial dispersal of springtails on the Antarctic Peninsula: implications for local distribution and demography, Antarct. Sci., 2007, 19, 3-10
52. Reynolds A.M., Incorporating sweeps and ejections into Lagrangian stochastic models of spore trajectories within plant canopy turbulence: modeled contact distributions are heavy-Tailed, Phytopathology, 2012, 102, 1026-1033
53. Stephens G.R., Aylor, D.E., Aerial dispersal of red pine scale, Matsucoccus resinosae (Homoptera: Margarodidae), Environ. Entomol., 1978, 7, 556-563
54. Reynolds A.M., Beating the odds in the aerial lottery: passive dispersers select conditions at take-off that maximise their expected fitness on landing, Amer. Nat. 2013, 181, 555-561
55. Reynolds A.M., Exponential and power-law contact distributions represent different atmospheric conditions, Phytopathology, 2011, 101, 1465-1470
56. Radicchi F., Baronchelli A., Amaral L.A.N., Rationality, irrationality and escalating behaviour in lowest unique bid auctions, PLoS One, 2012, 7, article e29910
57. Viswanathan G.M., Luz, M.G.E., Raposo, E.P., Stanley, H.E., The physics of foraging: An introduction to random searches and biological encounters, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2011
58. Wainhouse D., Dispersal of first instar larvae of the Felted Beech Scale, Cryptococcus fagisuga, J. Appl. Ecol., 1980, 17, 523-532
59. Uvarov B.P., Grasshoppers and locusts: A handbook of general acridology, vol. 2, Centre for Overseas Pest Research, London, 1977
60. Lorch P.D., Sword G.A., Gwynne D.T., Anderson G.L., Radiotelemetry reveals differences in individual movement patterns between outbreak and non-outbreak Mormon cricket populations, Ecol. Entomol., 2005, 30, 548-555
61. Kennedy, J.S., Phase transformation in locust biology, Biol. Rev., 1956, 31, 349-370
62. Kennedy J.S., Insect dispersal. Pages 103-119 in D. Pimental (Ed.) Insects, Science and Society. Academic Press, New York, 1975
63. Simpson S.J., McCaffery A.R., Hagele, B.F., A behavioural analysis of phase change in the desert locust, Biol. Rev. 74, 1999, 461-480
64. Anstey M.L., Rogers S.M., Ott S.R., Burrows M., Simpson S.J., Serotonin mediates behavioral gregarization underlying swarm formation in desert locusts, Science, 2009, 323, 627-630
65. Buhl J., Sumpter D.J.T., Couzin D., Hale J.J., Despland E., Miller E.R., et al., From disorder to order in marching locusts, Science, 2006, 312, 1402-1406
66. Buhl J., Sword G.A., Clissold F., Simpson S.J., Group structure in locust migratory bands, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 2011, 65, 265-273
67. Schneirla T.C., The army-Ant behavior pattern: nomad-statary relations in the swarmers and the problem of migration, Biol. Bull., 1945, 88, 1945, 166-193
68. Franks N.R., Fletcher C.R., Spatial patterns in army ant foraging and migration: Eciton burchelli on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 1983, 12, 261-270
69. Harrington R., Taylor L.R., Migration for survival: fine-scale population redistribution in an aphid, Myzus persicae, J. Anim. Ecol., 1990, 59, 1177-1193
70. Janowski-Bell M.E, Horner N.V., Movement of the male brown tarantula Aphonopelma hentzi (Araneae, Theraphosidae), using radio telemetry. J. Arachnol., 1999, 27, 503-512
71. Hopkin S.P., Read H.J., The biology of millipedes, Oxford University Press Oxford, UK, 1992
72. Hopkin S.P., Biology of the springtails (Insecta: Collembola), Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1997
73. Hagvar S., A review of Fennoscandian arthropods living on and in snow, Eur. J. Entomol., 2010, 107, 281-298
74. Hagvar S., Fjellberg A., Autumn migration of a colony of Hypogastrura socialis (Uzel) (Collembola, Hypogastruridae), Norw. J. Entomol., 2002, 49, 145-146
75. Hagvar S., Long distance, directional migration on snow in a forest collembolan, Hypogastrura socialis (Uzel), Acta Zool. Fenn., 1995, 196, 200-205
76. Hagvar S., Navigation and behaviour of four Collembola species migrating on the snow surface, Pedobiologia, 2000, 44, 221-233
77. Cloudsley-Thompson J.L., The significance of migration in Myriapods, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Series 12, 1949, 2, 947-962
78. Waters T.F., The drift of stream insects, Annu. Rev. Entomol., 1972, 17, 253-272.
79. Brittain J.E., Biology of mayflies, Annu. Rev. Entomol., 1982, 27, 119-147.
80. Speirs D.C., Gurney W.S.C., Population persistence in rivers and estuaries, Ecology, 2001, 82, 1219-1237
81. Olsson, T., Soderstrom O., Springtime migration and growth of Parameletus chelifer (Ephemeroptera) in a temporary stream in northern Sweden, Oikos 1978, 31, 284-289
82. Hughes J.M., Schmidt D.J., MacLean A., Wheatley A., Population genetic structure in stream insects: what have we learned? Pages 268-288 in Lancaster J., Briers R.A. (Eds), Aquatic insects: challenges to populations, CABI, Wallingford, UK, 2008
83. Yasick A.L., Krebs R.A., Wolin J.A., The effect of dispersal ability in winter and summer stoneflies on their genetic differentiation, Ecol. Entomol., 2007, 32, 399-404.
84. Davies B.R., The dispersal of Chironomidae larvae: A review, J. Entomol. Soc. S. Afr., 1976, 39, 39-62
85. Franke C., Detection of transversal migration of larvae of Chaoborus flavicans (Diptera, Chaoboridae) by the use of a sonar system, Arch. Hydrobiol., 1987, 109, 355-366
86. Palmen E., Die anemohydrochore Austbreitung der Insekten als zoogeographischer Faktor, Ann. Zool. Soc. Zool. Bot. Fenn. Vanamo, 1944, 10, 1-262
87. Kennedy J.S., Fosbrooke I.H.M., The plant in the life of an aphid. Pages129-140 in van Emden, H.F. (Ed.), Insect/Plant Relationships (Symposia of the Royal Entomological Society of London, no. 6.) Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK, 1973
88. Shashar N., Sabbah S., Aharoni, N., Migrating locusts can detect polarized reflections to avoid flying over the sea, Biol. Lett., 2005, 1, 472-475
89. Hawes T.C., Worland M.R., Bale J.S., Convey P., Rafting in Antarctic Collembola, J. Zool., 2008, 274, 44-50
90. Witteveen, J., Joosse E.N.G., The effects of inundation on marine littoral Collembola, Holarctic Ecol. 1988, 11, 1-7
91. Peck S.B., Sea-surface (plueston) transport of insects between islands in the Galapagos Archipelago, Ecuador, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 1994, 87, 576-582
92. Coulson S.J., Hodkinson I.D., Webb N.R., Harrison J.A., Survival of terrestrial soil-dwelling arthropods on and in seawater: implications for trans-oceanic dispersal, Funct. Ecol., 2002, 16, 353-356
93. Olafsson E., The development of the land-Arthropod fauna on Surtsey, Iceland, during 1971-1976, with notes on terrestrial Oligochaeta, Surtsey Research Progress Report 1978, 8, 41-46
94. Foster W.A., Dispersal behaviour of an intertidal aphid, J. Anim. Ecol., 1978, 47, 653-659
95. Foster W.A., Treherne J.E., Dispersal mechanisms in an intertidal aphid, J. Anim. Ecol., 1978, 47, 205-217
96. Marden J.H., Kramer M.G., Locomotor performance of insects with rudimentary wings, Nature, 1995, 377, 332-334
97. Marden J.H., O?Donnell B.C., Thomas M.A., Bye J.Y., Surfaceskimming stoneflies and mayflies: The taxonomic and mechanical diversity of two-dimensional aerodynamic locomotion, Physiol. Biochem. Zool., 2000, 73, 751-764
98. Marden J.H., Evolution and physiology of flight in aquatic insects. Pages 230-249 in Lancaster J., Briers R.A. (Eds), Aquatic insects: challenges to populations, CABI, Wallingford, UK, 2008
99. Dudley R., Byrnes G., Yanoviak S.P., Borrell B., Brown R.M., McGuire J., Gliding and the functional origins of flight: biomechanical novelty or necessity? Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst., 2007, 38, 179-201
100. Farish D.J., Axtell R.C., Phoresy redefined and examined in Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Acarina: Macrochelidae), Acarologia, 1971, 13, 16-25
101. Athias-Binche F., Ecology and evolutionary ecology of phoresy in mites. Pages 27-41 in Dusbabek F., Bukva V. (Eds), Modern acarology, vol. 1, Academia, Prague, and SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, 1991
102. Walter D., Proctor H., Mites: ecology, evolution and behaviour, CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, 1999
103. Krantz G.W., Habits and habitats. Pages 64-82 in Krantz G.W., Walter D.E. (Eds), A manual of acarology, 3rd edn, Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock, Texas, 2009
104. Houck M.A., OConnor B.M., Ecological and evolutionary significance of phoresy in the Astigmata (Acari), Annu. Rev. Entomol., 1991, 36, 611-636
105. Binns E.S., Phoresy as migration-some functional aspects of phoresy in mites, Biol. Rev., 1982, 57, 571-620
106. Camerik A.M., Phoresy revisited. Pages 333-336 in Sabelis M.W., Bruin, J. (Eds), Trends in acarology-Proceedings of the 12th International Congress, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2009
107. Gorb S.N., Attachment devices of insect cuticle, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2001
108. Southwood T.R.E., Migration of terrestrial arthropods in relation to habitat, Biol. Rev., 1962, 37, 171-214
109. Poinar G.O., Curcic B.P.M., Cokendolpher J.C., Arthropod phoresy involving pseudoscorpions in the past and present, Acta Arachnol., 1998, 47, 79-96
110. Zeh D.W., Zeh J.A., Failed predation or transportation? Causes and consequences of phoretic behavior in the pseudoscorpion Dinocheirus arizonensis (Pseudoscorpionida: Chernetidae), J. Insect Behav. 1992, 5, 37-49
111. Weygoldt P., The biology of pseudoscorpions, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1969
112. Zeh D.W., Zeh J.A., Emergence of a giant fly triggers phoretic dispersal in the neotropical pseudoscorpion, Semeiochernes armiger (Balzan) (Pseudoscorpionida: Chernetidae), Bull. Brit. Arachnol. Soc., 1992, 9, 43-46
113. Zeh D.W., Zeh J.A., On the function of harlequin beetle-riding in the pseudoscorpion, Cordylochernes scorpioides (Pseudoscorpionida: Chernetidae), J. Arachnol., 1992, 20, 47-51
114. Hunter P.E., Rosario R.M.T., Associations of Mesostigmata with other arthropods, Annu. Rev. Entomol., 1988, 33, 393-417
115. Athias-Binche F., La phoresie chez les acariens: Aspects adaptatifs et evolutifs. Editions du Castillet, Perpignan, France, 1994
116. Perotti M.A., Braig H.R., Phoretic mites associated with animal and human decomposition, Exp. Appl. Acarol., 2009, 49, 85-124
117. Elzinga R.J., Broce A.B., Hypopi (Acari: Histiostomatidae) on house flies (Diptera: Muscidae): A case of detrimental phoresy, J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 61, 1988, 208-213
118. Houck M.A., Phoresy by Hemisarcoptes (Acari: Hemisarcoptidae) on Chilocorus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): influence of subelytral ultrastructure, Exp. Appl. Acarol., 1999, 23, 97-118
119. Elzinga R.J., Rettenmeyer C.W., Berghoff S.M., Army ant mites: The most specialized mites found on any social insect. Poster presented at Congress XV of the International Union for the Study of Social Insects, July 30-August 5, 2006, Washington DC., http://www.armyantbiology.com/IUSSI-Mite-Poster.pdf
120. OConnor B.M., Klompen, J.S.H., Phylogenetic perspectives on mite-insect associations: The evolution of acarinaria. Pages 63-71 in Needham G.R., Mitchell R., Horn D.J., Welbourn, W.C. (Eds), Acarology IX, vol. 2, Symposia. Ohio Biological Survey, Columbus, Ohio, 1999
121. Okabe, K., Makino, S., Behavioural observations of the bodyguard mite Ensliniella parasitica. Pages 193-199 in Moraes G.J. de, Proctor H. (Eds), Acarology XIII: Proceedings of the International Congress, Zoosymposia 6, 2011
122. Houck M.A., Cohen A.C., The potential role of phoresy in the evolution of parasitism: radiolabelling (tritium) evidence from an astigmatid mite, Exp. Appl. Acarol., 1995, 19, 677-694
123. Knulle W., Interaction between genetic and inductive factors controlling the expression of dispersal and dormancy morphs in dimorphic astigmatic mites, Evolution, 2003, 57, 828-838
124. Hall C.C., A dispersal mechanism in mites (Acarina: Anoetidae), J. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 1959, 32, 45-46
125. Krantz G.W., Dissemination of Kampimodromus aberrans by the filbert aphid, J. Econ. Entomol., 1973, 66, 575-576.
126. Schwarz H.H., Koulianos S., When to leave the brood chamber? Routes of dispersal in mites associated with burying beetles, Exp. Appl. Acarol., 1998, 22, 621-631
127. Niogret J., Lumaret J.P., Bertrand M., Semiochemicals mediating host-finding behaviour in the phoretic association between Macrocheles saceri (Acari: Mesostigmata) and Scarabaeus species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), Chemoecology, 2006, 16, 129-134
128. Soroker V., Nelson D.R., Bahar O., Reneh S., Yablonski S., Palevsky E ., Whitefly wax as a cue for phoresy in the broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Acari: Tarsonemidae), Chemoecology, 2003, 13, 163-168
129. Colwell R.K., Stowaways on the hummingbird express, Nat. Hist. 1985, 94(7), 56-63
130. Boggs C.L., Gilbert L.E., Spatial and temporal distribution of Lantana mites phoretic on Lepidoptera, Biotropica, 1987, 19, 301-305
131. Tschapka M., Cunningham S.A., Flower mites of Calyptrogyne ghiesbreghtiana (Araceae): evidence for dispersal using pollinating bats. Biotropica 2004, 36, 377-381
132. Heyneman A.J., Colwell R.K., Naeem S., Dobkin D.S., Hallet B., Host plant discrimination: experiments with hummingbird flower mites. Pages 455-485 in Price P.W., Lewinsohn T.M., Fernandes G.W., Benson W.W (Eds), Plant-Animal interactions: Evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1991
133. Clausen, C.P., Phoresy among entomophagous insects, Annu. Rev. Entomol., 1976, 21, 343-368
134. Farrow R.A., Aerial dispersal of Scelio fulgidus [Hym.: Scelionidae], parasite of eggs of locusts and grasshoppers [Ort.: Acrididae], Entomophaga, 1981, 26, 349-355
135. Green A.J., Sanchez M.I., Passive internal dispersal of insect larvae by migratory birds, Biol. Lett. 2006, 2, 55-57
136. Guix J.C., Ruiz X., Weevil larvae dispersal by guans in southeastern Brazil, Biotropica, 1997, 29, 522-525
137. Magsig-Castillo J., Morse J.G., Walker G.P., Bi J.L, Rugman-Jones P.F., Stouthamer, R., Phoretic dispersal of armored scale crawlers (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), J. Econ. Entomol., 2010, 103, 1172-1179
138. Gullan, P.J., Cockburn A., Sexual dichronism and intersexual phoresy in gall-forming coccoids, Oecologia, 1986, 68, 632-634
139. Dingle H., Animal migration: Is there a common migratory syndrome? J. Ornith., 2006, 147, 212-220
140. Drake V.A., Gatehouse A.G., Farrow, R.A., Insect migration: A holistic conceptual model. Pages 427-457 in Drake V.A., Gatehouse A.G. (Eds), Insect migration: Tracking resources through space and time, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1995