Relationship between body mass index and fracture risk is mediated by bone mineral density

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

Volumn 29, Issue 11, 2014, Pages 2327-2335

  Chan, Mei Y ^a,b   Frost, Steve A ^a,c   Center, Jacqueline R ^a,b,d   Eisman, John A ^a,b,d,e   Nguyen, Tuan V ^a,c,d,f  

^a GARVAN INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL RESEARCH   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^d ST VINCENT S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^e UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME   (Australia)

^f UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

BMD; BMI; fracture; mediation analysis; multicollinearity; obesity

Indexed keywords

GLUCOCORTICOID;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BODY HEIGHT; BODY MASS; BODY WEIGHT; BONE DENSITY; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; DUAL ENERGY X RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; FEMALE; FEMUR NECK; FRAGILITY FRACTURE; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OBESITY; X RAY; CLINICAL TRIAL; FEMUR NECK FRACTURE; IMMUNOLOGY; METABOLISM; MIDDLE AGED; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RADIOGRAPHY; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; VERY ELDERLY;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BODY MASS INDEX; BONE DENSITY; FEMALE; FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; SEX FACTORS;

EID: 84922625506     PISSN: 08840431     EISSN: 15234681     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2288     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Johnell O, Gullberg B, Kanis JA, et al., Risk factors for hip fracture in European women: the MEDOS study. J Bone Miner Res. 1995; 10 (11): 1802-15.
2. Joakimsen RM, Fonnebo V, Magnus JH, Tollan A, Sogaard AJ., The Tromso Study: body height, body mass index and fractures. Osteoporos Int. 1998; 8: 436-42.
3. Kanis JA, Johnell O, Gullberg B, et al., Risk factors for hip fracture in men from Southern Europe: the MEDOS study. Osteoporos Int. 1999; 9: 45-54.
4. Compston JE, Watts NB, Chapurlat R, et al., Obesity is not protective against fracture in postmenopausal women: GLOW. Am J Med. 2011; 124 (11): 1043-50.
5. Neilson CM, Marshall LM, Adams AL, et al., BMI and fracture risk in older men: the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (MrOS). J Bone Miner Res. 2011; 26 (3): 496-502.
6. Pirro M, Fabbriciani G, Leli C, et al., High weight or body mass index increase the risk of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. J Bone Miner Metab. 2010; 28: 88-93.
7. King CM, Hamilton GA, Cobb M, Carpenter D, Ford LA., Association between ankle fractures and obesity. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2012; 51 (5): 543-7.
8. Ensrud KE, Lipschutz RC, Cauley JA, et al., Body size and hip fracture risk in older women: a prospective study. Am J Med. 1997; 103 (4): 274-80.
9. De Laet C, Kanis JA, Oden A, et al., Body mass index as a predictor of fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2005; 16: 1330-8.
10. Felson DT, Zhang Y, Hannan MT, Anderson JJ., Effects of weight and body mass index on bone mineral density in men and women: the Framingham Study. J Bone Miner Res. 1993 May; 8 (5): 567-73.
11. Reid IR., Relationship among body mass, its components, and bone. Bone. 2002; 31 (5): 547-55.
12. Alin A., Multicollinearity. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Comput Stat. 2010; 2 (3): 370-4.
13. Mason CH, Perreault WDJ., Collinearity, power, and interpretation of multiple regression analysis. J Mark Res. 1991; 28 (3): 268-80.
14. MacKinnon D., Introduction to statistical mediation analysis. Hoboken, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2008.
15. Baron RM, Kenny DA., The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986; 51 (6): 1173-82.
16. Bonewald LF, Johnson ML., Osteocytes, mechanosensing and Wnt signaling. Bone. 2008; 42 (4): 606-15.
17. Sawakami K, Robling AG, Ai M, et al., The Wnt co-receptor LRP5 is essential for skeletal mechanotransduction but not for the anabolic bone response to parathyroid hormone treatment. J Biol Chem. 2006; 281 (33): 23698-711.
18. Melton LJ 3rd, Wahner HW, Richelson LS, O'Fallon WM, Riggs BL., Osteoporosis and the risk of hip fracture. Am J Epidemiol. 1986; 124 (2): 254-61.
19. Nguyen TV, Center JR, Sambrook PN, Eisman JA., Risk factors for proximal humerus, forearm, and wrist fractures in elderly men and women: the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2001; 153 (6): 587-95.
20. MacKinnon DP, Fairchild AJ, Fritz MS., Mediation analysis. Ann Rev Psychol. 2007; 58: 593-614.
21. Jones G, Nguyen T, Sambrook P, Eisman JA., Progressive loss of bone in the femoral neck in elderly people: longitudinal findings from the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study. BMJ. 1994; 309 (6956): 691-5.
22. World Health Organization. Obesity [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012 [cited 2014 Jun 24] Available from: http://www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/.
23. Nguyen ND, Eisman JA, Center JR, Nguyen TV., Risk factors for fracture in nonosteoporotic men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007; 92: 955-62.
24. Schoenfeld D., Partial residuals for the proportional hazards regression model. Biometrika. 1982; 69 (1): 239-41.
25. Grambsch PM, Therneau TM., Proportional hazards tests and diagnostics based on weighted residuals. Biometrika. 1994; 81 (3): 515-26.
26. Mansfield ER, Helms BP., Detecting multicollinearity. Am Stat. 1982; 36 (3): 158-60.
27. Xue X, Kim MY, Shore RE., Cox regression analysis in presence of collinearity: an application to assessment of health risk associated with occupational radiation exposure. Lifetime Data Anal. 2007; 13: 333-50.
28. Hoerl AE, Kennard RW., Ridge regression: biased estimation for nonorthogonal problems. Technometrics. 1970; 12 (1): 56-67.
29. Kidwell JS, Brown LH., Ridge regression as a technique for analyzing models with multicollinearity. J Marriage Fam. 1982; 44 (2): 287-99.
30. Kraemer HC, Stice E, Kazdin A, Offord D, Kupfer D., How do risk factors work together? Mediators, moderators, and independent, overlapping, and proxy risk factors. Am J Psychiatry. 2001; 158 (6): 848-56.
31. Sobel ME., Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociol Methodol. 1982; 13: 290-312.
32. Mackinnon DP, Lockwood CM, Williams J., Confidence limits for the indirect effect: distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behav Res. 2004; 39 (1): 99.
33. Fairchild AJ, MacKinnon DP., A general model for testing mediation and moderation effects. Prev Sci. 2009; 10 (2): 87-99.
34. Nagelkerke NJD., A note on a general definition of the coefficient of determination. Biometrika. 1991; 78 (3): 691-2.
35. Pencina M, D'Agostino RB Sr, D'Agostino RB Jr, Vasan RS., Evaluating the added predictive ability of a new marker: from area under the ROC curve to reclassification and beyond. Statist Med. 2008; 27: 157-72.
36. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. The R Project for Statistical Computing [Internet]. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 1998-2014 [cited 2014 Jun 24]. Available from: http://www.r-project.org.
37. Hsu YH, Venners SA, Terwedow HA, et al., Relation of body composition, fat mass, and serum lipids to osteoporotic fractures and bone mineral density in Chinese men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 83: 146-54.
38. Zhao LJ, Jiang H, Papasian CJ, et al., Correlation of obesity and osteoporosis: effect of fat mass on the determination of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2008; 23 (1): 17-29.
39. Reid IR., Relationship between fat and bone. Osteoporos Int. 2008; 19: 595-606.
40. Reseland JE, Syversen U, Bakke I, et al., Leptin is expressed in and secreted from primary cultures of human osteoblasts and promotes bone mineralization. J Bone Miner Res. 2001; 16 (8): 1426-33.
41. Hamrick MW, Pennington C, Newton D, Xie D, Isales C., Leptin deficiency produces contrasting phenotypes in bones of the limb and spine. Bone. 2004; 34 (3): 376-83.
42. Prieto-Alhambra D, Premaor MO, Aviles FF, et al., The association between fracture and obesity is site-dependent: a population-based study in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 2012; 27 (2): 294-300.
43. Gnudi S, Sitta E, Lisi L., Relationship of body mass index with main limb fragility fractures in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Metab. 2009; 27: 479-84.
44. Bouxsein ML, Szule P, Munoz F, Thrall E, Sornay-Rendu E, Delmas P., Contribution of trochanteric soft tissue to fall force estimates, the factor of risk, and prediction of hip fracture risk. J Bone Miner Res. 2007; 22 (6): 825-31.
45. Palvanen M, Kannus P, Parkkari J, et al., The injury mechanisms of osteoporotic upper extremity fractures among older adults: a controlled study of 287 consecutive patients and their 108 controls. Osteoporos Int. 2000; 11 (10): 822-31.
46. Lafortuna CL, Agosti F, Marinone PG, Sartorio A., The relationship between body composition and muscle power output in men and women with obesity. J Endocrinol Invest. 2004; 27 (9): 854-61.
47. Lafortuna CL, Maffiuletti NA, Agosti F, Sartorio A., Gender variations of body composition, muscle strength and power output in morbid obesity. Int J Obes. 2005; 29 (7): 833-41.
48. Geer EB, Shen W., Gender differences in insulin resistance, body composition, and energy balance. Gend Med. 2009; 6 (Suppl 1): 60-75.