The Economic History of India, 1857-1947

The Economic History of India, 1857-1947

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 1-400

  Roy, Tirthankar ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Agrarian Change; Colonialism; Economic Growth; Economic History; Government Accounts; India; Industries; Infrastructure; International Trade; Labour

Indexed keywords

EID: 84922558773     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198074175.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (210)

1. The literature is large and growing. A list of representative general treatments and collections would include K.N. Chaudhuri, Trade and Civilization in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
2. Ashin Das Gupta, The World of the Indian Ocean Merchant, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003.
3. Kenneth McPherson, The Indian Ocean: A History of People and the Sea, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
4. M.N. Pearson, The Indian Ocean, London: Routledge, 2003.
5. Om Prakash, European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-colonial India: The New Cambridge History of India, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
6. Giorgio Riello and Tirthankar Roy (eds), How India Clothed the World, Leiden: Brill, 2010.
7. The best descriptive work on British reforms is the classic treatise by B.H. Baden-Powell, The Land-Systems of British India, Volumes I-III, Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1892.
8. Surveys are available in the four articles on agrarian relations in Dharma Kumar (ed.), The Cambridge Economic History of India, Volume 2 (CEHI 2), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
9. See Eric Stokes, 'Northern and Central India', in CEHI 2, pp. 36-85.
10. B. Chaudhuri, 'Eastern India', in CEHI 2, pp. 86-176.
11. H. Fukazawa, 'Western India', in CEHI 2, pp. 177-206.
12. Dharma Kumar, 'South India', in CEHI 2, pp. 207-41.
13. See also Neeladri Bhattacharya, 'Colonial State and Agrarian Policy', pp. 113-23.
14. Burton Stein, 'Introduction', pp. 1-32, both in B. Stein (ed.), The Making of Agrarian Policy in British India 1770-1900, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1992.
15. On the intellectual roots of agrarian policy, see R.D. Choksey, Economic History of the Bombay-Deccan and Karnatak (1818-1868), Poona: Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, 1945.
16. A.T. Embree, 'Landholding in India and British Institutions', in R.E. Frykenberg (ed.), Land Control and Social Structure in Indian History, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969, pp. 33-52.
17. Frykenberg, Guntur District: 1788-1848, A History of Local Influence and Central Authority in South India, Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1965.
18. R. Guha, A Rule of Property for Bengal: An Essay on the Idea of Permanent Settlement, Paris: Mouton, 1963.
19. Sumit Guha, The Agrarian Economy of the Bombay-Deccan, 1818-1941, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1985, chapter II.
20. Dharma Kumar, Land and Caste in South India, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965.
21. David Ludden, Peasant History in South India, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985, pp. 101-15.
22. N. Mukherjee and R.E. Frykenberg, 'The Ryotwari System and Social Organization in the Madras Presidency', in R.E. Fykenberg (ed.), Land Control and Social Structure in Indian History, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969.
23. Eric Stokes, The English Utilitarians and India, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1959, chapter II.
24. S.K. Muranjan, Modern Banking in India, Bombay: Kamala Publishing House, 1952.
25. R.S. Rungta, The Rise of Business Corporations in India, 1851-1900, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970 is useful. The five articles on regional economy in CEHI 2, by Tom G. Kessinger, 'North India', pp. 242-70.
26. S. Bhattacharya and B. Chaudhuri, 'Eastern India', pp. 270-332.
27. V.D. Divekar, 'Western India', pp. 332-51.
28. Dharma Kumar, 'South India', pp. 352-75, contain some discussion on banking and finance.
29. See also Rajat K. Ray, in Rajat K. Ray (ed.), Entrepreneurship and Industry in India 1800-1947, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1992, pp. 1-69, see especially pp. 18-30.
30. N.K. Sinha, 'Indian Business Enterprise: Its Failure in Calcutta 1800-1848', in Ray (ed.), Entrepreneurship and Industry.
31. Blair B. Kling, Partners in Empire, Calcutta: Firma KLM, 1981.
32. A.K. Bagchi, 'De-industrialisation in India in the Nineteenth Century: Some Theoretical Implications', Journal of Development Studies, 12(2), 1976, pp. 135-64.
33. Sumit Guha, 'The Handloom Industry of Central India: 1825-1950', Indian Economic and Social History Review (IESHR), 26(3), 1989, pp. 297-318, both reprinted in T. Roy (ed.), Cloth and Commerce, New Delhi:Sage Publications, 1996.
34. P. Harnetty, '"De-industrialization" Revisited: The Handloom Weavers of the Central Provinces of India, c. 1800-1947', Modern Asia Studies (MAS), 25(3), 1991, pp. 455-510.
35. Morris D. Morris, 'Towards a Reinterpretation of Nineteenth Century Indian Economic History', Journal of Economic History (JEH), 23(4), 1963, pp. 606-18.
36. Konrad Specker, 'Madras Handlooms in the Nineteenth Century', IESHR, 26(2), 1989, pp. 131-66.
37. The two essential references on historical income and production statistics are George Blyn, Agricultural Trends in India, 1891-1947: Output, Availability and Productivity, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1966.
38. S. Sivasubramonian, The National Income of India in the Twentieth Century, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000. Published as a book 35 years after it first appeared as a doctoral thesis, National Income of India contains revisions of the original figures in response to major comments, a chapter on post-colonial income trends, review of contemporary and older scholarship, and a guided tour through Indian published database. See also Box 3.2 for further suggestions on reading. A good reading on the history of the construction of income estimates is Alan Heston, 'National Income', in CEHI 2, pp. 376-462.
39. For an older exercise and a contemporary debate, see F.J. Atkinson, 'A Statistical Review of Income and Wealth in British India', Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 65, 1902, pp. 209-72.
40. For rural and mill wages, see K. Mukerji, 'Trends in Real Wages in Cotton Textile Mills in Bombay City and Island, From 1900 to 1951', Artha Vijnana, 1(1), 1959, pp. 82-95.
41. Mukerji, 'Trends in Real Wages in Jute Textile Industry from 1900 to 1951', Artha Vijnana, 2(1), 1960, pp. 57-69.
42. 'Trends in Real Wages in Cotton Textile Industry in Ahmedabad from 1900 to 1951', Artha Vijnana, 3(2), 1961, pp. 124-34.
43. Tirthankar Roy, 'Globalization, Factor Prices, and Poverty in Colonial India', Australian Economic History Review, 47(1), 2007, pp. 73-94. Urban artisan wages are compiled and reported in Sivasubramonian, National Income of India.
44. The standard readings would include A.K. Banerji, India's Balance of Payments, Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1962.
45. Banerji, Aspects of Indo-British Economic Relations, 1858-1898, Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1982.
46. K.N. Chaudhuri, 'Foreign Trade and Balance of Payments', in CEHI 2, pp. 804-75.
47. Raymond W. Goldsmith, The Financial Development of India, 1860-1977, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1983.
48. M. McAlpin, 'Price Movements and Economic Fluctuations', in CEHI 2, pp. 878-904.
49. Tirthankar Roy, 'Price Movements in Early Twentieth Century India', Economic History Review (EHR), 48(1), 1995, pp. 118-33.
50. C.J. Baker, 'Debt and the Depression in Madras, 1929-1936', in C. Dewey and A.G. Hopkins (eds), The Imperial Impact: Studies in the Economic History of Africa and India, London: Athlone Press, 1978.
51. Ian Brown (ed.), The Economies of Africa and Asia in the Interwar Depression, London: Routledge, 1989.
52. Neil Charlesworth, 'The Peasant and the Depression: The Case of the Bombay Presidency, India', in Brown (ed.) The Economies of Africa and Asia.
53. Dietmar Rothermund, India in the Great Depression, 1929-39, Delhi:Manohar, 1992.
54. Rothermund, The Global Impact of the Great Depression, 1929-1939, London: Routledge, 1996.
55. Colin Simmons, 'The Great Depression and Indian industry: Changing Interpretations and Changing Perceptions', MAS, 21(3), 1987, pp. 585-623.
56. See also on monetary policy particularly, G. Balachandran, John Bullion's Empire: Britain's Gold Problem and India between the Wars, Richmond: Curzon Press, 1996.
57. B.R. Tomlinson, The Political Economy of the Raj 1914-47, London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1979.
58. Useful collections are S. Bhattacharya, Sumit Guha, Raman Mahadevan, Sakti Padhi, D. Rajasekhar, and G.N. Rao (eds), The South Indian Economy:Agrarian Change, Industrial Structure, and State Policy c.1914-1947, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1991.
59. Sugata Bose (ed.), Credit, Markets and the Agrarian Economy, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994.
60. David Ludden (ed.), Agricultural Production in Indian History, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994.
61. K.N. Raj, N. Bhattacharya, S. Guha, and S. Padhi (eds), Essays on the Commercialization of Indian Agriculture, New Delhi:Oxford University Press, 1985.
62. The scholarship on agrarian change in specific regions is partially represented in the collections under the heading 'Commercialization and Associated Issues'. Additional readings may include the following.
63. Indu Agnihotri, 'Ecology, Land Use and Colonisation: The Canal Colonies of Punjab', IESHR, 33(1), 1996, pp. 59-68.
64. Imran Ali, 'Malign Growth? Agricultural Colonization and the Roots of Backwardness in the Punjab', Past and Present, 114(1), 1987, pp. 110-32.
65. Himadri Banerjee, Agrarian Society of the Punjab 1849-1901, Delhi: Manohar, 1982.
66. Ian Talbot, Punjab and the Raj, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1988. On canals and the regional economy.
67. Ian Derbyshire, 'Economic Change and the Railways in North India, 1860-1914', MAS, 21(3), 1987, pp. 521-45.
68. Ian Stone, Canal Irrigation in British India, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, chapter 8, pp. 278-346.
69. Elizabeth Whitcombe, Agrarian Conditions in Northern India, Volume 1, Berkeley and Los Angeles:University of California Press, 1972, Introduction and chapter II.
70. Donald W. Attwood, Raising Cane: The Political Economy of Sugar in Western India, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1993, chapters 2-7.
71. Neil Charlesworth, Peasants and Imperial Rule: Agriculture and Agrarian Society in the Bombay Presidency 1850-1935, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
72. Sumit Guha, The Agrarian Economy of the Bombay-Deccan 1818-1941, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1985.
73. M.B. McAlpin, Subject to Famine: Food Crises and Economic Change in Western India, 1860-1920, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983, chapter 7.
74. C.N. Bates, 'The Nature of Social Change in Rural Gujarat: The Kheda District 1818-1918', MAS, 15(4), 1981, pp. 771-821.
75. Sugata Bose, Peasant Labour and Colonial Capital. Rural Bengal since 1770, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
76. B.B. Chaudhuri, 'Growth of Commercial Agriculture in Bengal-1859-1885', in Ludden (ed.), Agricultural Production and Indian History, pp. 145-81.
77. On Assam, Bihar, and Orissa, see Amalendu Guha, 'A Big Push without a Take-off: A Case Study of Assam 1871-1901', IESHR, 5(2), 1968, pp. 199-221.
78. Guha, 'Assamese Agrarian Societies in the Late Nineteenth Century: Roots, Structures and Trends', IESHR, 17(1), 1980, pp. 35-94.
79. P.P. Mohapatra, 'Aspects of Agrarian Economy of Chotanagpur 1880-1950', PhD dissertation, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 1990.
80. J. Pouchepadass, Land, Power and Market. A Bihar District under Colonial Rule, 1860-1947, New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2000. See also readings on tea plantations in Chapter 7.
81. G.N. Rao, 'Canal Irrigation and Agrarian Change in Colonial Andhra: A Study of Godavari District, c. 1850-1890', IESHR, 25(25-60), 1988.
82. G.N. Rao, 'Transition from Subsistence to Commercial Agriculture: A Study of Krishna District of Andhra, 1850-1900', EPW, 20(25-6), 1985, pp. A60-A69.
83. A. Satyanarayana, 'Expansion of Commodity Production and Agrarian Market', in Ludden (ed.), Agricultural Production and Indian History, pp. 182-238.
84. C.J. Baker, An Indian Rural Economy, 1880-1955: The Tamilnad Countryside, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1984, chapter 3.
85. David Ludden, Peasant History in South India, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985, pp. 130-63, chapter 5.
86. M.S.S. Pandian, The Political Economy of Agrarian Change. Nanchilnadu 1880-1939, New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1990.
87. Haruka Yanagisawa, A Century of Change: Caste and Irrigated Lands in Tamil Nadu 1860s-1970s, Delhi: Manohar, 1996, 'Introduction'.
88. D.E.U. Baker, Colonialism in an Indian Hinterland: The Central Provinces 1820-1920, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1993, pp. 107-235.
89. Peter Harnetty, 'Crop Trends in the Central Provinces of India, 1861-1921', MAS, 11(3), 1977, pp. 341-77.
90. Laxman Satya, Cotton and Famine in Berar, 1850-1900, Delhi: Manohar, 1997.
91. N. Benjamin, 'The Trade of the Central Provinces of India (1861-1880)', IESHR, 15(4), 1978, pp. 505-15.
92. R.D. Choksey and K.S. Sastry, The Story of Sind, Pune: Dastane, 1983.
93. David Gilmartin, 'Scientific Empire and Imperial Science: Colonialism and Irrigation Technology in the Indus Basin, Journal of Asian Studies (JAS), 53(4), 1994, pp. 1127-49, contains a useful description of irrigation development.
94. Chaudhuri, 'Agrarian Relations: Eastern India', in CEHI 2, pp. 93-109.
95. Sumit Guha, 'The Land Market in Upland Maharashtra 1820-1960', IESHR, 24(2-3), 1987, pp. 117-44, 291-322.
96. Jacques Pouchepadass, 'Land, Power and Market: The Rise of the Land Market in Gangetic India', in Peter Robb (ed.), Rural India: Land, Power and Society under British Rule, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1992, pp. 78-108.
97. Nariaki Nakazato, 'Regional Pattern of Land Transfer in Late Colonial Bengal', in Peter Robb, Kaoru Sugihara, and Haruka Yanagisawa (eds), Local Agrarian Societies in Colonial India: Japanese Perspectives, Richmond: Curzon Press, 1996, pp. 250-79.
98. On land rents particularly, see Sumit Guha, 'Agricultural Rents in India c. 1900-1960', in M. Hasan and N. Gupta (eds), India's Colonial Encounter:Essays in Memory of Eric Stokes, Delhi: Manohar, 1993.
99. M.A. Reddy, Lands and Tenants in South India: A Study of Nellore District, 1850-1990, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996.
100. On labour, the collection Gyan Prakash (ed.), The World of the Rural Labourer in Colonial India, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994, is useful.
101. Sumit Guha, 'The Handloom Industry of Central India: 1825-1950', IESHR, 26(3), 1989, pp. 297-318.
102. Peter Harnetty, 'De-industrialization Revisited:The Handloom Weavers of the Central Provinces of India', MAS, 25(3), 1991, pp. 455-510.
103. Douglas Haynes, 'The Dynamics of Continuity in Indian Domestic Industry: Jari Manufacturing in Surat, 1900-47', IESHR, 23(2), 1986, pp. 127-49.
104. Haynes, 'The Logic of the Artisan Firm in a Capitalist Economy: Handloom Weavers and Technological Change in Western India, 1880-1947', in Burton Stein and Sanjay Subrahmanyam (eds), Institutions and Economic Change in South Asia, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 173-205.
105. 'Artisan Cloth-producers and the Emergence of Powerloom Manufacture in Western India 1920-1950', Past and Present, 172, 2001, pp. 170-98.
106. Douglas Haynes and Tirthankar Roy, 'Conceiving Mobility: Migration of Handloom Weavers in Pre-colonial and Colonial India', IESHR, 36(1), 1999, pp. 35-67.
107. Tirthankar Roy, Artisans and Industrialization:Indian Weaving in the Twentieth Century, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1993.
108. Roy, Traditional Industry in the Economy of Colonial India, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1999.
109. Roy, 'Acceptance of Innovations in Early Twentieth Century Indian Weaving', EHR, 55(3), 2002, pp. 507-32.
110. Roy, 'Out of Tradition: Master Artisans and Economic Change in Colonial India, JAS, 66(4), 2007, pp. 963-91.
111. Roy, 'Development or Distortion? 'Powerlooms' in India, 1950-1997', EPW, 33(16), 1998, pp. 897-911.
112. Konrad Specker, 'Madras Handlooms in the Nineteenth Century', IESHR, 2(2), 1989, pp. 131-66.
113. Haruka Yanagisawa, 'The Handloom Industry and its Market Structure: The Case of the Madras Presidency in the First Half of the Twentieth Century', IESHR, 30(1), 1993, pp. 1-27.
114. S. Bhattacharya, 'Iron Smelters and the Indigenous Iron and Steel Industry in India: From Stagnation to Atrophy', Journal of Indian Anthropological Society, 5(1/2), 1970, pp. 133-51.
115. A.K. Biswas, 'Iron and Steel in Pre-modern India -A Critical Review', Indian Journal of the History of Science, 19(4), 1994, pp. 579-610.
116. R.S. Rungta, The Rise of Business Corporations in India 1851-1900, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970, pp. 276-8.
117. Prasannan Parthasarathi, 'Iron-smelting in the Indian subcontinent c. 1800', Paper presented at the S.R. Epstein memorial conference, London: London School of Economics and Political Science, 2008.
118. Tirthankar Roy, 'Did Globalization Aid Industrial Development in Colonial India? A Study of Knowledge Transfer in the Iron Industry', IESHR, 46(4), 2009, pp. 579-613.
119. Roy, 'Knowledge and Divergence from the Perspective of Early Modern India', Journal of Global History, 3(3), 2008, pp. 361-87.
120. Roy, Traditional Industry in the Economy of Colonial India, chapters 4-6.
121. General readings on capital and labour include Haynes and Roy, 'Conceiving Mobility'. Tirthankar Roy, 'Capitalism and Community: A Study of the Madurai Sourashtras', IESHR, 34(4), 1997, pp. 437-63.
122. Haynes, 'Weavers' Capital'; Roy, Traditional Industry, chapter 2. There is little scholarly research available on women workers in the handicraft industries, even though women conduct a major part of the work in several industries. I make a limited attempt to meet this gap in Rethinking Economic Change in India:Labour and Livelihood, London: Routledge, 2005, chapter 8.
123. C.J. Baker, An Indian Rural Economy, 1880-1955: The Tamilnad Countryside, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1984.
124. K.P. Kannan, Of Rural Proletarian Struggles: Mobilization and Organization of Rural Workers in Southwest India, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1988, pp. 55-69.
125. Haruka Yanagisawa, 'The Growth of Rural Industries in Tamilnadu and their Domestic Markets, 1900-1950', in T. Mizushima and H. Yanagisawa (eds), History and Society in South India, Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, 1996. See also references on the powerlooms.
126. A.K. Bagchi, Private Investment in India, 1900-1939, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.
127. Morris D. Morris, 'The Growth of Large-scale Industry to 1947', in CEHI 2.
128. Rajat K. Ray, Industrialization in India. Growth and Conflict in the Private Corporate Sector, 1914-1947, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1982.
129. On the cotton textile industry, and important discussion on characteristics of Indian industrialization, see Rajnarayan Chandavarkar, The Origins of Industrial Capitalism in India, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1994, chapters 1 and 6.
130. R.S. Rungta, Rise of Business Corporations in India, 1851-1900, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1970, chapter 11, pp. 203-18.
131. P.S. Lokanathan, Industrial Organization in India, London: Allen and Unwin, 1970.
132. Read also the Introduction of A.K. Bagchi, The Evolution of the State Bank of India, Volume 2: The Era of the Presidency Banks, 1876-1920, London and New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1997.
133. On informal industrial organization, see Tirthankar Roy, Company of Kinsmen: Enterprise and Community in South Asian History 1700-1940, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2010.
134. On the managing agency system, additional readings should include Maria Misra, Business, Race and Politics in British India, c.1850-1960, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999, pp. 17-65.
135. B.B. Kling, 'The Origin of the Managing Agency in India', JAS, 26(1), 1966, pp. 37-47.
136. D.R. Gadgil, Origins of the Modern Indian Business Class: An Interim Report, New York: Institute of Pacific Relations, 1959.
137. Ashok Desai, 'The Origins of Parsi Enterprise', pp. 99-108.
138. Thomas A. Timberg, 'Three Types of Marwari Firms', pp. 127-56.
139. A.K. Bagchi, 'European and Indian Entrepreneurship in India, 1900-30', pp. 157-96.
140. Omkar Goswami, 'Sahibs, Babus, and Banias: Changes in Industrial Control in Eastern India', 1918-50', all in Rajat K. Ray (ed.), Entrepreneurship and Industry in India. 1800-1947, New Delhi:Oxford University Press, 1994, pp. 228-59.
141. Amalendu Guha, 'Parsi Sheths', Raman Mahadevan, 'Entrepreneurship and Business Communities in Colonial Madras, 1900-29', J.S. Grewal, 'Business Communities of Punjab', and Dwijendra Tripathi, 'Class Character of the Gujarati Business Community', all in Dwijendra Tripathi (ed.), Business Communities of India, Delhi:Manohar, 1984.
142. Dwijendra Tripathi, The Oxford History of Indian Business, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2004.
143. A.F. Brimmer, 'The Setting of Entrepreneurship in India', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 69(4), 1955, pp. 553-76.
144. Helen Lamb, 'The Indian Business Communities and the Evolution of an Industrialist Class', Pacific Affairs, 28(2), 1955, pp. 101-16.
145. The scholarship on plantations has mainly studied labour relations. General works covering a broad range of themes are Ranajit Das Gupta, Economy, Society and Politics in Bengal: Jalpaiguri 1869-1947, New Delhi:Oxford University Press, 1992, chapter 4.
146. Tharian George and P.K. Michael Tharakan, 'Penetration of Capital into a Traditional Economy: The Case of Tea Plantations in Kerala', Studies in History, 2(2), 1986, pp. 199-229.
147. Percival Griffiths, The History of the Indian Tea Industry, London: Weidenfield and Nicholson, 1967.
148. A. Guha, 'A Big Push without a Take-off: A Case Study of Assam 1871-1901', IESHR, 5(3), 1968, pp. 199-221.
149. S.G. Speer, UPASI 1893-1953, Coonoor, (n.d.).
150. Virginius Xaxa, 'Colonial Capitalism and Underdevelopment in North Bengal', Economic and Political Weekly (EPW), 20(39), 1985, pp. 1659-65.
151. On labour specifically, see R.P. Behal, 'Forms of Labour Protest in Assam Valley Tea Plantations, 1900-1950', EPW, 20(4), 1985, PE19-PE26.
152. Ranajit Das Gupta, 'From Peasants and Tribesmen to Plantation Workers-Colonial Capitalism, Reproduction of Labour Power and Proletarianisation in North East India: 1850s-1947', EPW, 21(4), 1986, PE2-PE10.
153. Arjaan de Haan, 'Migration in Eastern India: A Segmented Labour Market', IESHR, 32(1), 1995, pp. 51-93.
154. Ravi Raman, Global Capital and Peripheral Labour: The History and Political Economy of Plantation Workers in India, London and New York: Routledge, 2010.
155. Ralph Shlomowitz and Lance Brennan, 'Mortality and Migrant Labour Enroute to Assam, 1863-1924', IESHR, 27(3), 1990, pp. 313-30.
156. On tea labour, in addition to the readings cited above, the following is very useful, India, Proceedings of the Assam Labour Enquiry Committee in the Recruiting and Labour Districts, Calcutta:Government Press, 1906.
157. C.P. Simmons, 'Indigenous Enterprise in the Indian Coal Mining Industry, c. 1835-1939', IESHR, 13(2), 1976, pp. 189-217.
158. C.P. Simmons, 'Recruiting and Organizing an Industrial Labour Force in Colonial India: The Case of the Coal Mining Industry, c. 1880-1939', IESHR, 13(4), 1976, pp. 455-85.
159. Henner Papandieck, 'British Managing Agnecies in the Indian Coalfield', in D. Rothermund and D.C. Wadhwa (eds), Zaminders, Mines, and Peasants. Studies in the History of an Indian Coalfield, Delhi: Manohar, 1978.
160. D. Rothermund (ed.), Urban Growth and Rural Stagnation. Studies in the Economy of an Indian Coalfield and its Rural Hinterland, Delhi: Manohar, 1980.
161. Dilip Simeon, The Politics of Labour Under Late Colonialism: Workers, Unions and the State in Chota Nagpur 1928-39, Delhi: Manohar, 1995, pp. 16-18, 23-30, 149-58.
162. A.B. Ghosh, Coal Industry in India, Delhi: S. Chand, 1977.
163. A.K. Bagchi, The Evolution of the State Bank of India, Volume 2, New Delhi:Sage Publications, 1997, pp. 66-72.
164. A.G. Chandavarkar, 'Money and Credit, 1858-1947', in CEHI 2, pp. 762-803.
165. G.R. Desai, Life Insurance Business in India, Delhi: Macmillan, 1973.
166. S.K. Muranjan, Modern Banking in India, Bombay: Kamala, 1952.
167. R.S. Rungta, The Rise of Business Corporations in India, 1851-1900, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970, pp. 203-19.
168. Elizabeth Whitcombe, 'Irrigation', in CEHI 2, pp. 677-736.
169. Stone, Canal Irrigation in British India, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, chapter 1, pp. 1-12, Chapter 2 on 'Construction of Canals', pp. 13-67, and Chapter 8 on 'Effects on Regional Economy', pp. 278-347.
170. On the canal colonies of Punjab, see Imran Ali, 'Malign Growth? Agricultural Colonization and Roots of Backwardness in the Punjab', Past and Present, 114(1), 1987, pp. 110-32.
171. Ian Derbyshire, 'The Building of India's Railways: The Application of Western Technology in the Colonial Periphery 1850-1920', in Roy MacLeod and Deepak Kumar (eds), Technology and the Raj: Western Technology and Technical Transfers to India, 1700-1947, New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1995.
172. Peter Harnetty, Imperialism and Free Trade: Lancashire and India in the Midnineteenth Century, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1972, chapter 4.
173. I.J. Kerr, Building the Railways of the Raj 1850-1900, New Delhi:Oxford University Press, 1995.
174. Daniel Thorner, Investment in Empire: British Railway and Steam Shipping Enterprise in India 1825-1849, Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press, 1950.
175. On the economic effects of the railways, John Hurd, 'Railways', in CEHI 2, pp. 737-61.
176. Several works cited in Chapter 3 also deal with this theme. For a superbly readable and illustrated descriptive history of the railways, read chapters I-V of J.N. Sahni, Indian Railways. One Hundred Years 1853-1953, New Delhi: Railway Board, 1953.
177. Saroj Ghose, 'The Introduction and Development of the Electric Telegraph in India', PhD dissertation, Jadavpur University, Calcutta, 1974.
178. Saroj Ghosh, 'Commercial Needs and Military Necessities: The Telegraph in India', in Roy MacLeod and Deepak Kumar (eds), Technology and the Raj: Western Technology and Technical Transfers to India, 1700-1947, New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1995.
179. Syed Nurullah and J.P. Naik, A History of Education in India, Bombay:Macmillan, 1951.
180. Tirthankar Roy, The Company of Kinsmen: Enterprise and Community in South Asian History 1700-1940, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2010, chapter 3.
181. Samuel Schmitthener, 'A Sketch of the Development of the Legal Profession in India', Law and Society Review, 3(2/3), 1968, pp. 337-82.
182. On scientific and technical education, see Deepak Kumar, Science and the Raj, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995, chapter 4.
183. On healthcare-David Arnold, Colonizing the Body. State Medicince and Epidemic Disease in Nineteenth-Century India, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1993, chapter 6.
184. Arun Kumar, Medicine and the Raj, British Medical Policy in India, 1835-1911, New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1998.
185. The institutional structure of decisionmaking has been described in S. Ambirajan, Classical Political Economy and British Policy in India, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1978, chapter 1. See also the Table 3, p. 269, for an overview of government intervention.
186. On trade policy and related politics, Basudeb Chatterji, Trade, Tariffs and Empire, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1992. On the impact of tariffs on Indian industry, see discussion in Chapter 7 and the readings cited therein.
187. Dharma Kumar, 'The Fiscal System', in CEHI 2, pp. 905-44.
188. M.J.K. Thavaraj, 'Capital Formation in the Public Sector in India: A Historical Study, 1898-1938', in V.K.R.V. Rao (ed.), Papers on National Income and Allied Topics, Delhi: Allied Publishers, 1962. As for the princely states, economic policies of only the three larger states have been researched somewhat adequately.
189. See Bjørn Hettne, The Political Economy of Indirect Rule. Mysore 1881-1947, London and Malmö: Curzon Press, 1978, Part III.
190. T.M. Thomas Isaac and P.K. Michael Tharakan, 'An Enquiry into the Historical Roots of Industrial Backwardness of Kerala-A Study of the Travancore Region', Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum, Working Paper No. 215.
191. Raman Mahadevan, 'Industrial Entrepreneurship in Princely Travancore: 1930-47'.
192. C.V. Subbarao, 'Role of the State in Industrialization: The Case of Hyderabad', both in S. Bhattacharya, Guha, Mahadevan, Padhi, Rajasekhar, and Rao (eds), The South Indian Economy, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1991.
193. G. Balachandran, John Bullion's Empire. Britain's Gold Problem and India between the Wars, Richmond: Curzon Press, 1996, on the interwar period.
194. M. De Cecco, Money and Empire, Oxford: Blackwell, 1974, on pre-war India.
195. B.R. Tomlinson, The Political Economy of the Raj, 1914-47, London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1979.
196. A.K. Bagchi, The Presidency Banks and the Indian Economy, 1876-1914, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1989, chapter 2, contains a survey.
197. General demographic trends are discussed and analysed in Leela Visaria and Pravin Visaria, 'Population (1757-1947)', in CEHI 2, pp. 463-532.
198. Also useful are Ira Klein, 'Population Growth and Mortality in British India, Part I: The Climacteric of Death', IESHR, 26(4), 1989, pp. 387-403.
199. Ira Klein, 'Population Growth and Mortality in British India, Part II: The Demographic Revolution', IESHR, 27(1), 1990, pp. 33-63.
200. P.C. Mahalanobis and D. Bhattacharya, 'Growth of Population in India and Pakistan, 1801-1961', Artha Vijnana, 18(1), 1976, pp. 1-10.
201. Sumit Guha, 'Mortality Decline in Early Twentieth Century India: A Preliminary Enquiry', IESHR, 28(4), 1991, pp. 371-91.
202. The famine literature is large. The demographic and policy contexts are explored in Tim Dyson, 'On the Demography of South Asian Famines', Population Studies, 45(1-2), 1991, pp. 5-25, 279-97.
203. Ira Klein, 'When the Rains Failed: Famine, Relief, and Mortality in British India', IESHR, 21(2), 1984, pp. 185-214.
204. David Hall-Matthews, 'The Historical Roots of Famine Relief Paradigms', in Helen O'Neill and John Toye (eds), A World Without Famine?, Basingstoke and London: Macmillan, 1998.
205. Arup Maharatna, The Demography of Famines: An Indian Historical Perspective, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996.
206. J. Krishnamurty, 'Occupational Structure', in CEHI 2, pp. 533-50.
207. Dharma Kumar, 'The Forgotten Sector: Services in Madras Presidency in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century', IESHR, 24(4), 1987, pp. 367-292.
208. Alice Thorner, 'The Secular Trend in the Indian Economy, 1881-1951', Economic and Political Weekly, 14(28-30), 1962, pp. 1156-65.
209. Daniel Thorner, '"Deindustrialization" in India, 1881-1931', in Daniel and Alice Thorner, Land and Labour in India, New York: Asia Publishing House, 1962.
210. Alice Thorner, 'Women's Work in Colonial India', London: School of Oriental and African Studies, 1984.