Smoking abstinence and neurocognition: Implications for cessation and relapse

Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences

Volumn 23, Issue , 2015, Pages 193-227

  McClernon, F Joseph ^a   Addicott, Merideth A ^a   Sweitzer, Maggie M ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cognition; Cue reactivity; Executive function; fMRI; Neurocognition; Nicotine; Reward processing; Smoking; Tobacco; Withdrawal

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINE; CATECHOL METHYLTRANSFERASE; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR; CIGARETTE SMOKE; DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NICOTINE;

ARTICLE; ATTENTION; BEHAVIOR DISORDER ASSESSMENT; BOLD SIGNAL; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; COGNITION; CONTINUOUS PERFORMANCE TEST; CUE REACTIVITY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROMODULATION; NICOTINE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REINFORCEMENT; RELAPSE; RESPONSE INHIBITION; REWARD; SMOKING CESSATION; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME; WORKING MEMORY; ANIMAL; DRUG EFFECTS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; SMOKING;

ANIMALS; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; HUMANS; NICOTINE; REWARD; SMOKING; SUBSTANCE WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME;

EID: 84922469423     PISSN: 18663370     EISSN: 18663389     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13665-3_8     Document Type: Article

References (155)

1. Abreu-Villaca Y, Medeiros AH, Lima CS, Faria FP, Filgueiras CC, Manhaes AC (2007) Combined exposure to nicotine and ethanol in adolescent mice differentially affects memory and learning during exposure and withdrawal. Behav Brain Res 181:136-146
2. Addicott MA, Baranger DA, Kozink RV, Smoski MJ, Dichter GS, McClernon FJ (2012) Smoking withdrawal is associated with increases in brain activation during decision making and reward anticipation: a preliminary study. Psychopharmacology 219:563-573
3. Addicott MA, Froeliger B, Kozink RV, Van Wert DM, Westman EC, Rose JE, McClernon FJ (2014) Nicotine and non-nicotine smoking factors differentially modulate craving, withdrawal and cerebral blood flow as measured with arterial spin labeling. Neuropsychopharmacology
4. APA (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn, DSM-5. American Psychiatric Association, Arlington
5. Apicella P, Ljungberg T, Scarnati E, Schultz W (1991) Responses to reward in monkey dorsal and ventral striatum. Exp Brain Res 85:491-500
6. Ashare RL, Hawk LW Jr (2012) Effects of smoking abstinence on impulsive behavior among smokers high and low in ADHD-like symptoms. Psychopharmacology 219:537-547
7. Atzori G, Lemmonds CA, Kotler ML, Durcan MJ, Boyle J (2008) Efficacy of a nicotine (4 mg)-containing lozenge on the cognitive impairment of nicotine withdrawal. J Clin Psychophar-macol 28:667-674
8. Attwood AS, Penton-Voak IS, Munafo MR (2009) Effects of acute nicotine administration on ratings of attractiveness of facial cues. Nicotine Tob. Res. 11:44-48
9. Attwood AS, Penton-Voak IS, Goodwin C, et al. (2012) Effects of acute nicotine and alcohol on the rating of attractiveness in social smokers and alcohol drinkers. Drug Alcohol Depend 125:43-48
10. Bailey SR, Goedeker KC, Tiffany ST (2010) The impact of cigarette deprivation and cigarette availability on cue-reactivity in smokers. Addiction 105:364-372
11. Barros DM, Ramirez MR, Dos Reis EA, Izquierdo I (2004) Participation of hippocampal nicotinic receptors in acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of memory for one trial inhibitory avoidance in rats. Neuroscience 126:651-656
12. Barros DM, Ramirez MR, Izquierdo I (2005) Modulation of working, short and long-term memory by nicotinic receptors in the basolateral amygdala in rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 83:113-118
13. Beaver JD, Long CJ, Cole DM, Durcan MJ, Bannon LC, Mishra RG, Matthews PM (2011) The effects of nicotine replacement on cognitive brain activity during smoking withdrawal studied with simultaneous fMRI/EEG. Neuropsychopharmacology 36:1792-1800
14. Bedi G, Preston KL, Epstein DH, Heishman SJ, Marrone GF, Shaham Y, de Wit H (2011) Incubation of cue-induced cigarette craving during abstinence in human smokers. Biol Psychiatry 69:708-711
15. Berridge KC, Robinson TE, Aldridge JW (2009) Dissecting components of reward: 'liking', 'wanting', and learning. Curr Opin Pharmacol 9:65-73
16. Besheer J, Bevins RA (2003) Impact of nicotine withdrawal on novelty reward and related behaviors. Behav Neurosci 117:327-340
17. Bohadana A, Nilsson F, Rasmussen T, Martinet Y (2000) Nicotine inhaler and nicotine patch as a combination therapy for smoking cessation-a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 160:3128-3134
18. Bradstreet MP, Higgins ST, McClernon FJ, Kozink RV, Skelly JM, Washio Y, Lopez AA, Parry MA (2014) Examining the effects of initial smoking abstinence on response to smoking-related stimuli and response inhibition in a human laboratory model. Psychopharmacology 231:2145-2158
19. Breiter HC, Aharon I, Kahneman D, Dale A, Shizgal P (2001) Functional imaging of neural responses to expectancy and experience of monetary gains and losses. Neuron 30:619-639
20. Brody AL (2006) Functional brain imaging of tobacco use and dependence. J Psychiatr Res 40:404-418
21. Bruijnzeel AW, Markou A (2004) Adaptations in cholinergic transmission in the ventral tegmental area associated with the affective signs of nicotine withdrawal in rats. Neuropharmacology 47:572-579
22. Buhler M, Vollstadt-Klein S, Kobiella A, Budde H, Reed LJ, Braus DF, Buchel C, Smolka MN (2010) Nicotine dependence is characterized by disordered reward processing in a network driving motivation. Biol Psychiatry 67:745-752
23. Cahill K, Stevens S, Lancaster T (2014) Pharmacological treatments for smoking cessation. J Am Med Assoc 311:193-194
24. Canamar CP, London E (2012) Acute cigarette smoking reduces latencies on a Smoking Stroop test. Addict Behav 37:627-631
25. Carter BL, Lam CY, Robinson JD, Paris MM, Waters AJ, Wetter DW, Cinciripini PM (2009) Generalized craving, self-report of arousal, and cue reactivity after brief abstinence. Nicotine Tob Res 11:823-826
26. Carter BL, Tiffany ST (1999) Meta-analysis of cue-reactivity in addiction research. Addiction 94:327-340
27. Chaudhri N, Caggiula AR, Donny EC, Palmatier MI, Liu X, Sved AF (2006) Complex interactions between nicotine and nonpharmacological stimuli reveal multiple roles for nicotine in reinforcement. Psychopharmacology 184:353-366
28. CDC (2008) Smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and productivity losses-United States, 2000-2004. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 57:1226-1228. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5745a3.htm, accessed Nov 21, 2014
29. CDC (2012) Current cigarette smoking among adults-United States, 2011. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 61:889-894. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6144a2.htm, accessed Nov 21, 2014
30. Conklin CA, Parzynski CS, Salkeld RP, Perkins KA, Fonte CA (2012) Cue reactivity as a predictor of successful abstinence initiation among adult smokers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 20:473-478
31. Cook MR, Gerkovich MM, Graham C, Hoffman SJ, Peterson RC (2003) Effects of the nicotine patch on performance during the first week of smoking cessation. Nicotine Tob Res 5:169-180
32. Curtis CE, D'Esposito M (2003) Persistent activity in the prefrontal cortex during working memory. Trends Cogn Sci 7:415-423
33. David SP, Munafo MR, Johansen-Berg H, Mackillop J, Sweet LH, Cohen RA, Niaura R, Rogers RD, Matthews PM, Walton RT (2007) Effects of acute nicotine abstinence on cue-elicited ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens activation in female cigarette smokers: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Brain Imaging Behav 1:43-57
34. Dawkins L, Acaster S, Powell JH (2007) The effects of smoking and abstinence on experience of happiness and sadness in response to positively valenced, negatively valenced, and neutral film clips. Addict Behav 32:425-431
35. Dawkins L, Powell J (2011) Effects of nicotine and alcohol on affective responses to emotionally toned film clips. Psychopharmacology 216:197-205
36. Dawkins L, Powell JH, West R, Powell J, Pickering A (2006) A double-blind placebo controlled experimental study of nicotine: I-effects on incentive motivation. Psychopharmacology 189:355 367
37. Delgado MR, Locke HM, Stenger VA, Fiez JA (2003) Dorsal striatum responses to reward and punishment: effects of valence and magnitude manipulations. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 3:27-38
38. Domino EF, Minoshima S, Guthrie S, Ohl L, Ni LS, Koeppe RA, Zubieta JK (2000) Nicotine effects on regional cerebral blood flow in awake, resting tobacco smokers. Synapse 38:313-321
39. Domino EF, Ni LS, Xu YJ, Koeppe RA, Guthrie S, Zubieta JK (2004) Regional cerebral blood flow and plasma nicotine after smoking tobacco cigarettes. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol 28:319-327
40. Domino EF, Tsukada H (2009) Nicotine sensitization of monkey striatal dopamine release. Eur J Pharmacol 607:91-95
41. Donny EC, Chaudhri N, Caggiula AR, Evans-Martin FF, Booth S, Gharib MA, Clements LA, Sved AF (2003) Operant responding for a visual reinforcer in rats is enhanced by noncontingent nicotine: implications for nicotine self-administration and reinforcement. Psychopharmacology 169:68-76
42. Due DL, Huettel SA, Hall WG, Rubin DC (2002) Activation in mesolimbic and visuospatial neural circuits elicited by smoking cues: evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Psychiatry 159:954-960
43. Elliott R, Newman JL, Longe OA, Deakin JF (2003) Differential response patterns in the striatum and orbitofrontal cortex to financial reward in humans: a parametric functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurosci 23:303-307
44. Engelmann JM, Versace F, Robinson JD, Minnix JA, Lam CY, Cui Y, Brown VL, Cinciripini PM (2012) Neural substrates of smoking cue reactivity: a meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Neuroimage 60:252-262
45. Epping-Jordan MP, Watkins SS, Koob GF, Markou A (1998) Dramatic decreases in brain reward function during nicotine withdrawal. Nature 393:76-79
46. Falcone M, Wileyto EP, Ruparel K, Gerraty RT, Laprate L, Detre JA, Gur R, Loughead J, Lerman C (2014) Age-related differences in working memory deficits during nicotine withdrawal. Addiction Biol 19:907-917
47. Fiore MC, Jaen CR, Baker TB, et al. (2008) Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update. Clinical practice guideline. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service
48. Fisher DJ, Daniels R, Jaworska N, Knobelsdorf A, Knott VJ (2012) Effects of acute nicotine administration on resting EEG in nonsmokers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 20:71-75
49. Foulds J, Stapleton J, Swettenham J, Bell N, McSorley K, Russell MA (1996) Cognitive performance effects of subcutaneous nicotine in smokers and never-smokers. Psychopharma-cology 127:31-38
50. Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Pappas N, Logan J, MacGregor R, Alexoff D, Shea C, Schlyer D, Wolf AP, Warner D, Zezulkova I, Cilento R (1996a) Inhibition of monoamine oxidase B in the brains of smokers. Nature 379:733-736
51. Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Pappas N, Logan J, Shea C, Alexoff D, MacGregor RR, Schlyer DJ, Zezulkova I, Wolf AP (1996b) Brain monoamine oxidase A inhibition in cigarette smokers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:14065-14069
52. Franklin TR, Wang Z, Wang J, Sciortino N, Harper D, Li Y, Ehrman R, Kampman K, O'Brien CP, Detre JA, Childress AR (2007) Limbic activation to cigarette smoking cues independent of nicotine withdrawal: a perfusion fMRI study. Neuropsychopharmacology 32:2301-2309
53. Freeman TP, Morgan CJ, Beesley T, Curran HV (2012) Drug cue induced overshadowing: selective disruption of natural reward processing by cigarette cues amongst abstinent but not satiated smokers. Psychol Med 42:161-171
54. Gilbert DG, McClernon FJ, Rabinovich NE, Dibb WD, Plath LC, Hiyane S, Jensen RA, Meliska CJ, Estes SL, Gehlbach BA (1999) EEG, physiology, and task-related mood fail to resolve across 31 days of smoking abstinence: relations to depressive traits, nicotine exposure, and dependence. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 7:427-443
55. Gilbert D, McClernon J, Rabinovich N, Sugai C, Plath L, Asgaard G, Zuo Y, Huggenvik J, Botros N (2004) Effects of quitting smoking on EEG activation and attention last for more than 31 days and are more severe with stress, dependence, DRD2 A1 allele, and depressive traits. Nicotine Tob Res 6:249-267
56. Giniatullin R, Nistri A, Yakel JL (2005) Desensitization of nicotinic ACh receptors: shaping cholinergic signaling. Trends Neurosci 28:371-378
57. Gloria R, Angelos L, Schaefer HS, Davis JM, Majeskie M, Richmond BS, Curtin JJ, Davidson RJ, Baker TB (2009) An fMRI investigation of the impact of withdrawal on regional brain activity during nicotine anticipation. Psychophysiology 46:681-693
58. Goldstein RZ, Volkow ND (2002) Drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological basis: neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex. Am J Psychiatry 159:1642-1652
59. Haber SN, Knutson B (2010) The reward circuit: linking primate anatomy and human imaging. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:4-26
60. Harrison EL, Coppola S, McKee SA (2009) Nicotine deprivation and trait impulsivity affect smokers' performance on cognitive tasks of inhibition and attention. Exp Clin Psychophar-macol 17:91-98
61. Hasselmo ME (2006) The role of acetylcholine in learning and memory. Curr Opin Neurobiol 16:710-715
62. Heishman SJ, Taylor RC, Henningfield JE (1994) Nicotine and smoking: a review of effects on human performance. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2:345-395
63. Heishman SJ, Henningfield JE (2000) Tolerance to repeated nicotine administration on performance, subjective, and physiological responses in nonsmokers. Psychopharmacology 152:321-333
64. Heishman SJ, Kleykamp BA, Singleton EG (2010) Meta-analysis of the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance. Psychopharmacology 210:453-469
65. Hendricks PS, Ditre JW, Drobes DJ, Brandon TH (2006) The early time course of smoking withdrawal effects. Psychopharmacology 187:385-396
66. Herning RI, Jones RT, Bachman J (1983) EEG changes during tobacco withdrawal. Psychophysiology 20:507-512
67. Hikosaka K, Watanabe M (2000) Delay activity of orbital and lateral prefrontal neurons of the monkey varying with different rewards. Cereb Cortex 10:263-271
68. Hildebrand BE, Nomikos GG, Hertel P, Schilstrom B, Svensson TH (1998) Reduced dopamine output in the nucleus accumbens but not in the medial prefrontal cortex in rats displaying a mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine withdrawal syndrome. Brain Res 779:214-225
69. Hildebrand BE, Panagis G, Svensson TH, Nomikos GG (1999) Behavioral and biochemical manifestations of mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine withdrawal in the rat: Role of nicotinic receptors in the ventral tegmental area. Neuropsychopharmacology 21:560-574
70. Hughes JR (2007) Effects of abstinence from tobacco: valid symptoms and time course. Nicotine Tob Res 9:315-327
71. Jacobsen LK, Krystal JH, Mencl WE, Westerveld M, Frost SJ, Pugh KR (2005) Effects of smoking and smoking abstinence on cognition in adolescent tobacco smokers. Biol Psychiatry 57:56-66
72. Jacobsen LK, Pugh KR, Constable RT, Westerveld M, Mencl WE (2007) Functional correlates of verbal memory deficits emerging during nicotine withdrawal in abstinent adolescent cannabis users. Biol Psychiatry 61:31-40
73. Janes AC, Frederick B, Richardt S, Burbridge C, Merlo-Pich E, Renshaw PF, Evins AE, Fava M, Kaufman MJ (2009) Brain fMRI reactivity to smoking-related images before and during extended smoking abstinence. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 17:365-373
74. Janes AC, Pizzagalli DA, Richardt S, de BFB, Chuzi S, Pachas G, Culhane MA, Holmes AJ, Fava M, Evins AE, Kaufman MJ (2010) Brain reactivity to smoking cues prior to smoking cessation predicts ability to maintain tobacco abstinence. Biol Psychiatry 67:722-729
75. Kalamboka N, Remington B, Glautier S (2009) Nicotine withdrawal and reward responsivity in a card-sorting task. Psychopharmacology 204:155-163
76. Kenny PJ, Markou A (2006) Nicotine self-administration acutely activates brain reward systems and induces a long-lasting increase in reward sensitivity. Neuropsychopharmacology 31:1203-1211
77. Kleykamp BA, Jennings JM, Eissenberg T (2011) Effects of transdermal nicotine and concurrent smoking on cognitive performance in tobacco-abstinent smokers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 19:75-84
78. Kolokotroni KZ, Rodgers RJ, Harrison AA (2012) Effects of chronic nicotine, nicotine withdrawal and subsequent nicotine challenges on behavioural inhibition in rats. Psychopharmacology 219:453-468
79. Kollins SH, English JS, Roley ME, O'Brien B, Blair J, Lane SD, McClernon FJ (2013) Effects of smoking abstinence on smoking-reinforced responding, withdrawal, and cognition in adults with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychopharmacology 227:19-30
80. Kozink RV, Kollins SH, McClernon FJ (2010a) Smoking withdrawal modulates right inferior frontal cortex but not presupplementary motor area activation during inhibitory control. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:2600-2606
81. Kozink RV, Lutz AM, Rose JE, Froeliger B, McClernon FJ (2010b) Smoking withdrawal shifts the spatiotemporal dynamics of neurocognition. Addict Biol 15:480-490
82. Lancaster T, Stead LF (2005) Individual behavioural counselling for smoking cessation. Cochrane Db Syst Rev 2. Art. No.: CD001292. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001292.pub2
83. Leventhal AM, Munafo M, Tidey JW, Sussman S, Monterosso JR, Sun P, Kahler CW (2012) Anhedonia predicts altered processing of happy faces in abstinent cigarette smokers. Psychopharmacology 222:343-351
84. Levin ED, Rose JE (1990) Anticholinergic sensitivity following chronic nicotine administration as measured by radial-arm maze performance in rats. Behav Pharmacol 1:511-520
85. Levin, Edward D. (2006) Neurotransmitter interactions and cognitive function. Vol. 98. Birkhauser Verlag, Switzerland
86. Levin ED, Limpuangthip J, Rachakonda T, Peterson M (2006a) Timing of nicotine effects on learning in zebrafish. Psychopharmacology 184:547-552
87. Levin ED, McClernon FJ, Rezvani AH (2006b) Nicotinic effects on cognitive function: behavioral characterization, pharmacological specification, and anatomic localization. Psychopharmacology 184:523-539
88. Loughead J, Wileyto EP, Valdez JN, Sanborn P, Tang K, Strasser AA, Ruparel K, Ray R, Gur RC, Lerman C (2009) Effect of abstinence challenge on brain function and cognition in smokers differs by COMT genotype. Mol Psychiatry 14:820-826
89. MacKillop J, Brown CL, Stojek MK, Murphy CM, Sweet L, Niaura RS (2012) Behavioral economic analysis of withdrawal and cue-elicited craving for tobacco: an initial investigation. Nicotine Tob Res 14:1426-1434
90. Mathew RJ, Wilson WH (1991) Substance abuse and cerebral blood flow. Am J Psychiatry 148:292-305
91. McBride D, Barrett SP, Kelly JT, Aw A, Dagher A (2006) Effects of expectancy and abstinence on the neural response to smoking cues in cigarette smokers: an fMRI study. Neuropsychophar-macology 31:2728-2738
92. McClernon FJ, Hiott FB, Huettel SA, Rose JE (2005) Abstinence-induced changes in self-report craving correlate with event-related FMRI responses to smoking cues. Neuropsychopharma-cology 30:1940-1947
93. McClernon FJ, Hiott FB, Liu J, Salley AN, Behm FM, Rose JE (2007) Selectively reduced responses to smoking cues in amygdala following extinction-based smoking cessation: results of a preliminary functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Addict Biol 12:503-512
94. McClernon FJ, Kollins SH, Lutz AM, Fitzgerald DP, Murray DW, Redman C, Rose JE (2008) Effects of smoking abstinence on adult smokers with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: results of a preliminary study. Psychopharmacology 197:95-105
95. McClernon FJ, Kozink RV, Lutz AM, Rose JE (2009) 24-h smoking abstinence potentiates fMRI-BOLD activation to smoking cues in cerebral cortex and dorsal striatum. Psychopharmacology 204:25-35
96. McClernon FJ, Froeliger B, Rose JE, Kozink RV, Addicott MA, Sweitzer M, Westman EC, Van Wert DM (2014) Nicotine and non-nicotine smoking factors differentially modulate working memory and associated brain function (under review)
97. McClure SM, York MK, Montague PR (2004) The neural substrates of reward processing in humans: the modern role of FMRI. Neuroscientist 10:260-268
98. McKee SA (2009) Developing human laboratory models of smoking lapse behavior for medication screening. Addict Biol 14:99-107
99. Mendrek A, Monterosso J, Simon SL, Jarvik M, Brody A, Olmstead R, Domier CP, Cohen MS, Ernst M, London ED (2006) Working memory in cigarette smokers: comparison to non-smokers and effects of abstinence. Addict Behav 31:833-844
100. Merritt PS, Cobb AR, Cook GI (2012) Sex differences in the cognitive effects of tobacco abstinence: a pilot study. Exp Clin Psychopharmacology 20:258-263
101. Morisette SB, Gulliver SB, Kamholz BW, Spiegel DA, Tiffany ST, Barlow DH (2012) Transdermal nicotine during cue reactivity in adult smokers with and without anxiety disorders. Psychol Addictive Behav 26:507-518
102. Parrott AC, Roberts G (1991) Smoking deprivation and cigarette reinstatement: effects upon visual attention. J Psychopharmacol 5:404-409
103. Patterson F, Jepson C, Loughead J, Perkins K, Strasser AA, Siegel S, Frey J, Gur R, Lerman C (2010) Working memory deficits predict short-term smoking resumption following brief abstinence. Drug Alcohol Depend 106:61-64
104. Perkins KA (2002) Chronic tolerance to nicotine in humans and its relationship to tobacco dependence. Nicotine Tob Res 4:405-422
105. Perkins KA (2012) Subjective reactivity to smoking cues as a predictor of quitting success. Nicotine Tob Res 14:383-387
106. Perkins KA, Grobe JE, Fonte C, Goettler J, Caggiula AR, Reynolds WA, Stiller RL, Scierka A, Jacob RG (1994) Chronic and acute tolerance to subjective, behavioral and cardiovascular effects of nicotine in humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 270:628-638
107. Perkins KA, Karelitz JL (2013a) Influence of reinforcer magnitude and nicotine amount on smoking's acute reinforcement enhancing effects. Drug Alcohol Depend 133:167-171
108. Perkins KA, Karelitz JL (2013b) Reinforcement enhancing effects of nicotine via smoking. Psychopharmacology 228:479-486
109. Picciotto MR, Addy NA, Mineur YS, Brunzell DH (2008) It is not "either/or": activation and desensitization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors both contribute to behaviors related to nicotine addiction and mood. Prog Neurobiol 84:329-342
110. Pickworth WB, Herning RI, Henningfield JE (1989) Spontaneous EEG changes during tobacco abstinence and nicotine substitution in human volunteers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 251:976-982
111. Powell JH, Pickering AD, Dawkins L, West R, Powell JF (2004) Cognitive and psychological correlates of smoking abstinence, and predictors of successful cessation. Addict Behav 29:1407-1426
112. Powell J, Dawkins L, West R, Powell J, Pickering A (2010) Relapse to smoking during unaided cessation: clinical, cognitive and motivational predictors. Psychopharmacology 212:537-549
113. Rahman S, Zhang J, Engleman EA, Corrigall WA (2004) Neuroadaptive changes in the mesoaccumbens dopamine system after chronic nicotine self-administration: a microdialysis study. Neuroscience 129:415-424
114. Ridderinkhof KR, van den Wildenberg WP, Segalowitz SJ, Carter CS (2004) Neurocognitive mechanisms of cognitive control: the role of prefrontal cortex in action selection, response inhibition, performance monitoring, and reward-based learning. Brain Cogn 56:129-140
115. Roesch MR, Olson CR (2003) Impact of expected reward on neuronal activity in prefrontal cortex, frontal and supplementary eye fields and premotor cortex. J Neurophysiol 90:1766-1789
116. Rogers RL, Meyer JS, Judd BW, Mortel KF (1985) Abstention from cigarette-smoking improves cerebral perfusion among elderly chronic smokers. J Am Med Assoc 253:2970-2974
117. Rose JE (2006) Nicotine and nonnicotine factors in cigarette addiction. Psychopharmacology 184:274-285
118. Rose JE, Behm FM, Westman EC, Mathew RJ, London ED, Hawk TC, Turkington TG, Coleman RE (2003) PET studies of the influences of nicotine on neural systems in cigarette smokers. Am J Psychiatry 160:323-333
119. Rubia K, Russell T, Overmeyer S, Brammer MJ, Bullmore ET, Sharma T, Simmons A, Williams SCR, Giampietro V, Andrew CM, Taylor E (2001) Mapping motor inhibition: conjunctive brain activations across different versions of go/no-go and stop tasks. Neuroimage 13:250-261
120. Rubinstein ML, Benowitz NL, Auerback GM, Moscicki AB (2009) Withdrawal in adolescent light smokers following 24-hour abstinence. Nicotine Tob Res 11:185-189
121. Sacco KA, Termine A, Seyal A, Dudas MM, Vessicchio JC, Krishnan-Sarin S, Jatlow PI, Wexler BE, George TP (2005) Effects of cigarette smoking on spatial working memory and attentional deficits in schizophrenia: involvement of nicotinic receptor mechanisms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:649-659
122. Sarter M, Givens B, Bruno JP (2001) The cognitive neuroscience of sustained attention: where top-down meets bottom-up. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 35:146-160
123. Sawaguchi T, Goldman-Rakic PS (1991) D1 dopamine receptors in prefrontal cortex: involvement in working memory. Science 251:947-950
124. Semenova S, Stolerman IP, Markou A (2007) Chronic nicotine administration improves attention while nicotine withdrawal induces performance deficits in the 5-choice serial reaction time task in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 87:360-368
125. Shekleton JA, Flynn-Evans EE, Miller B, Epstein LJ, Kirsch D, Brogna LA, Burke LM, Bremer E, Murray JM, Gehrman P, Lockley SW, Rajaratnam SM (2014) Neurobehavioral performance impairment in insomnia: relationships with self-reported sleep and daytime functioning. Sleep 37:107-116
126. Shiffman S, Paty JA, Gnys M, Kassel JA, Hickcox M (1996) First lapses to smoking: within-subjects analysis of real-time reports. J Consult Clin Psychol 64:366-379
127. Shiffman S, Shadel WG, Niaura R, Khayrallah MA, Jorenby DE, Ryan CF, Ferguson CL (2003) Efficacy of acute administration of nicotine gum in relief of cue-provoked cigarette craving. Psychopharmacology 166:343-350
128. Shiffman S, Balabanis MH, Gwaltney CJ, Paty JA, Gnys M, Kassel JD, Hickcox M, Paton SM (2007) Prediction of lapse from associations between smoking and situational antecedents assessed by ecological momentary assessment. Drug Alcohol Depend 91:159-168
129. Shoaib M, Bizarro L (2005) Deficits in a sustained attention task following nicotine withdrawal in rats. Psychopharmacology 178:211-222
130. Singer S, Rossi S, Verzosa S, Hashim A, Lonow R, Cooper T, Sershen H, Lajtha A (2004) Nicotine-induced changes in neurotransmitter levels in brain areas associated with cognitive function. Neurochem Res 29:1779-1792
131. Skjei KL, Markou A (2003) Effects of repeated withdrawal episodes, nicotine dose, and duration of nicotine exposure on the severity and duration of nicotine withdrawal in rats. Psychophar-macology 168:280-292
132. Sweet LH, Mulligan RC, Finnerty CE, Jerskey BA, David SP, Cohen RA, Niaura RS (2010) Effects of nicotine withdrawal on verbal working memory and associated brain response. Psychiatry Res 183:69-74
133. Sweitzer MM, Denlinger RL, Donny EC (2013) Dependence and withdrawal-induced craving predict abstinence in an incentive-based model of smoking relapse. Nicotine Tob Res 15:36-13
134. Sweitzer MM, Geier CF, Joel DL, McGurrin P, Denlinger RL, Forbes EE, Donny EC (2014) Dissociated effects of anticipating smoking versus monetary reward in the caudate as a function of smoking abstinence. Biol Psychiatry 76:681-688
135. Thiel KJ, Sanabria F, Neisewander JL (2009) Synergistic interaction between nicotine and social rewards in adolescent male rats. Psychopharmacology 204:391-402
136. Thut G, Schultz W, Roelcke U, Nienhusmeier M, Missimer J, Maguire RP, Leenders KL (1997) Activation of the human brain by monetary reward. NeuroReport 8:1225-1228
137. Tiffany ST, Cox LS, Elash CA (2000) Effects of transdermal nicotine patches on abstinence induced and cue-elicited craving in cigarette smokers. J Consult Clin Psychol 68:233-240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.68.2.233
138. Uchida S, Kagitani F, Nakayama H, Sato A (1997) Effect of stimulation of nicotinic cholinergic receptors on cortical cerebral blood flow and changes in the effect during aging in anesthetized rats. Neurosci Lett 228:203-206
139. Venkatraman V, Huettel SA, Chuah LY, Payne JW, Chee MW (2011) Sleep deprivation biases the neural mechanisms underlying economic preferences. J Neurosci 31:3712-3718
140. Wallace TL, Bertrand D (2013) Importance of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor system in the prefrontal cortex. Biochem Pharmacol 85:1713-1720
141. Wang Z, Faith M, Patterson F, Tang K, Kerrin K, Wileyto EP, Detre JA, Lerman C (2007) Neural substrates of abstinence-induced cigarette cravings in chronic smokers. J Neurosci 27:14035-14040
142. Waters AJ, Shiffman S, Sayette MA, Paty JA, Gwaltney CJ, Balabanis MH (2004) Cue-provoked craving and nicotine replacement therapy in smoking cessation. J Consult Clin Psychol 72:1136-1143
143. Waters AJ, Carter BL, Robinson JD, Wetter DW, Lam CY, Kerst W, Cinciripini PM (2009) Attentional bias is associated with incentive-related physiological and subjective measures. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 17:247-257
144. Weaver MT, Sweitzer M, Coddington S, Sheppard J, Verdecchia N, Caggiula AR, Sved AF, Donny EC (2012) Precipitated withdrawal from nicotine reduces reinforcing effects of a visual stimulus for rats. Nicotine Tob Res 14:824-832
145. Wertz JM, Sayette MA (2001) Effects of smoking opportunity on attentional bias in smokers. Psychol Addict Behav 15:268-271
146. Wesnes K, Warburton DM (1983) Effects of smoking on rapid information processing performance. Neuropsychobiology 9:223-229
147. Wesnes KA, Edgar CJ, Kezic I, Salih HM, de Boer P (2013) Effects of nicotine withdrawal on cognition in a clinical trial setting. Psychopharmacology 229:133-140
148. World Health Organization (2013) Noncommunicable diseases fact sheet. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs355/en/, accessed Nov 21, 2014
149. Wilson SJ, Sayette MA, Delgado MR, Fiez JA (2005) Instructed smoking expectancy modulates cue-elicited neural activity: a preliminary study. Nicotine Tob Res 7:637-645
150. Wonnacott S (1990) The paradox of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor upregulation by nicotine. Trends Pharmacol Sci 11:216-219
151. Wray JM, Gass JC, Tiffany ST (2013) A systematic review of the relationships between craving and smoking cessation. Nicotine Tob Res 15:1167-1182
152. Xu J, Mendrek A, Cohen MS, Monterosso J, Rodriguez P, Simon SL, Brody A, Jarvik M, Domier CP, Olmstead R, Ernst M, London ED (2005) Brain activity in cigarette smokers performing a working memory task: effect of smoking abstinence. Biol Psychiatry 58:143-150
153. Xu X, Clark US, David SP, Mulligan RC, Knopik VS, McGeary J, Mackillop J, McCaffery J, Niaura RS, Sweet LH (2014) The effects of nicotine deprivation and replacement on BOLD-fMRI response to smoking cues as a function of DRD4 VNTR genotype. Nicotine Tob Res 16:939-947
154. Yamashita K, Kobayashi S, Yamaguchi S, Kitani M, Tsunematsu T (1988) Effect of smoking on regional cerebral blood-flow in the normal aged volunteers. Gerontology 34:199-204
155. Zubieta JK, Lombardi U, Minoshima S, Guthrie S, Ni LS, Ohl LE, Koeppe RA, Domino EF (2001) Regional cerebral blood flow effects of nicotine in overnight abstinent smokers. Biol Psychiatry 49:906-913