Faith in Reading: Religious Publishing and the Birth of Mass Media in America

Faith in Reading: Religious Publishing and the Birth of Mass Media in America

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-222

  Nord, David Paul ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Bibles; Market revolution; Mass media; Nineteenth century america; Printing; Reader response; Reading; Religious publishing; Tracts

Indexed keywords

EID: 84922449042     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/0195173112.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (603)

1. American Messenger, August 1843, 33.
2. American Messenger, October 1845, 43.
3. American Tract Society, Twenty-Sixth Annual Report (18510), 74, 92;
4. Anne M. Boylan, Sunday School: The Formation of an American Institution, 1790-1880 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1988), 84-85;
5. Peter J. Wosh, Spreading the Word:The Bible Business in Nineteenth-Century America (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994), 9, 18-19;
6. American Bible Society, Forty-Fourth Annual Report (1860), 25-26;
7. William Jay, Letters Respecting the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and the American Tract Society (New York: Bates, 1853), 1-2.
8. William Jay, Miscellaneous Writings on Slavery (Boston: Jewett, 1853).
9. Addresses at the Celebration of the Forty-Sixth Anniversary of the American Bible Society (New York: American Bible Society, 1862), 7.
10. Mark A. Noll, America's God: >From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), chap. 19;
11. John R. McKivigan, The War against Proslavery Religion: Abolitionism and the Northern Churches, 1830-1865 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1984);
12. Eugene Genovese, A Consuming Fire: The Fall of the Confederacy in the Mind of the Christian South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1998);
13. John Patrick Daly, When Slavery Was Called Freedom: Evangelicalism, Proslavery, and the Causes of the Civil War (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2002).
14. Karl Eric Valois, "To Revolutionize the World: The American Tract Society and the Regeneration of the Republic, 1825-1877" (Ph.D. diss., University of Connecticut, 1994), 322-36;
15. Boylan, Sunday School, 80-84.
16. American Tract Society, Thirty-Second Annual Report (1857), 226-27.
17. Wm. A. Hallock, O. Eastman, and J. M. Stevenson, To Our Endeared Fellow-Workers (New York: American Tract Society, 1857), 10, 16;
18. To Evangelical Christians, and Especially to the Society's Colporteurs, Superintendents, and General Agents, and to Editors of the Religious Press in the Northern, Middle, Western, and North-Western States (New York: [American Tract Society], 1857).
19. Kenneth M. Stampp, America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
20. Hallock, Eastman, and Stevenson, To Our Endeared Fellow-Workers, 11;
21. Responsibilities of the Publishing Committee under the Constitution (New York:American Tract Society, 1858).
22. [Seth Bliss], Letters to the Members, Patrons and Friends of the Branch American Tract Society in Boston, Instituted 1814; and to Those of the National Society in New York, Instituted 1825 (Boston: Crocker and Brewster, 1858), 48.
23. The American Tract Society, Boston (Boston: Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, 1859);
24. Wosh, Spreading the Word, 212-13;
25. Boylan, Sunday School, 84.
26. James D. Bratt, "The Reorientation of American Protestantism, 1835-1845," Church History 67 (March 1998): 63, 66-67;
27. C. C. Goen, Broken Churches, Broken Nation:Denominational Schisms and the Coming of the American Civil War (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1985), 66-67.
28. Richard J. Carwardine, Evangelicals and Politics in Antebellum America (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1993);
29. Mitchell Snay, Gospel of Disunion: Religion and Separatism in the Antebellum South (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1993).
30. McKivigan, War against Proslavery Religion, 82;
31. Goen, Broken Churches, 66-67.
32. George M. Marsden, The Evangelical Mind and the New School Presbyterian Experience: A Case Study of Thought and Theology in Nineteenth-Century America (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1970).
33. Willard M. Rice, History of the Presbyterian Board of Publication and Sabbath-School Work (Philadelphia, Pa.: Presbyterian Board of Publication and Sabbath-School Work, [1889]), 7-15, 20-24;
34. A Denominational Press: Shall the Presbyterian Church Use the Press? A Plea for the Presbyterian Publication Committee (Philadelphia, Pa.: Presbyterian Publication Committee, [1852]), 16-22, 32-33.
35. Goen, Broken Churches, 90-98;
36. McKivigan, War against Proslavery Religion, 87-90.
37. E. Luther Copeland, The Southern Baptist Convention and the Judgment of History: The Taint of Original Sin, rev. ed. (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 2002).
38. The Principles and Purposes of the American Baptist Publication Society (Philadelphia, Pa.: American Baptist Publication Society, [1858]), 7-12;
39. American Baptist Publication Society, Thirty-Second Annual Report (1856), 35;
40. American Baptist Publication Society (Philadelphia, Pa.: American Baptist Publication Society, [1867];
41. J. Newton Brown, History of the American Baptist Publication Society, from Its Origin in 1824, to Its Thirty-Second Anniversary in 1856 (Philadelphia, Pa.: American Baptist Publication Society, [1856]).
42. Richard Carwardine, "Trauma in Methodism: Property, Church Schism, and Sectional Polarization in Antebellum America," in God and Mammon: Protestants, Money, and the Market, 1790-1860, ed. Mark A. Noll (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 197-205;
43. Goen, Broken Churches, 78-90;
44. McKivigan, War against Proslavery Religion, 84-87.
45. James Penn Pilkington, The Methodist Publishing House: A History, vol. 1:Beginnings to 1870 (Nashville, Tenn.: Abingdon, 1968), chap. 6;
46. Abel Stevens, Life and Times of Nathan Bangs (New York: Carlton and Porter, 1863), 240.
47. Nathan Bangs, A History of the Methodist Episcopal Church, vol. 4 (New York: Carlton and Porter, 1857).
48. Doctrinal Tract and Book Society, Twenty-Fourth Annual Report (1853), 6-7, 18-19;
49. Congregational Board of Publication, Twenty-Fifth Annual Report (1854), 5-6;
50. Congregational Board of Publication, Twenty-Sixth Annual Report (1855), 8.
51. Constitution of the Unitarian Book and Pamphlet Society, Formed August, 1827 (Boston: Dutton and Wentworth, 1829);
52. Henry Ware, Jr., The Duty of Promoting Christianity by the Circulation of Books: A Discourse, Delivered before the Unitarian Book and Pamphlet Society, at the Annual Meeting, May 31, 1838 (Boston: Unitarian Book and Pamphlet Society, 1838), 9-10.
53. Wosh, Spreading the Word, 228, 261;
54. Paul C. Gutjahr, An American Bible: A History of the Good Book in the United States, 1777-1880 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1999), 175-78.
55. American Tract Society, Sixty-Second Annual Report (1887), 7-8;
56. American Tract Society, Seventy-Fifth Annual Report (1900), 11.
57. Stephen Elmer Slocum, Jr., "The American Tract Society, 1825-1975: An Evangelical Effort to Influence the Religious and Moral Life of the United States" (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1975), chaps. 6 and 9.
58. Boylan, Sunday School, 98-100.
59. On the changing environment of popular American religion in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, see John M. Giggie and Diane Winston, eds., Faith in the Market: Religion and the Rise of Urban Commercial Culture (New Brunswick, N.J.:Rutgers University Press, 2002).
60. Lee K. Iseley, "The AMF Movement," photocopied report (Villanova, Pa.: American Missionary Fellowship, July 2002);
61. American Missionary Fellowship Website, http://americanmissionary.org.
62. American Bible Society Website, http://www.americanbible.org.
63. One Hundred Fifty Years (Oradell, N.J.: American Tract Society, [1975]);
64. "Overview of ATS," American Tract Society Website, http://www.atstracts.org/information/general.php;
65. Slocum, "American Tract Society," chaps. 6-8.
66. Scripture Resources Catalog, 10-11;
67. Chris Thyberg, "Living Biblically in the Virtual World," American Bible Society Record (September-October 2002): 24;
68. "About ForMinistry," ForMinistry Website, http://www.forministry.com/about/forministry.dsp;
69. Bible Technologies Group Website, http://www.bibletechnologies.net.
70. Len Wilson, The Wired Church: Making Media Ministry (Nashville, Tenn.: Abingdon, 1999);
71. Andrew Careaga, eMinistry: Connecting with the Net Generation (Grand Rapids, Mich.:Kregel, 2001).
72. "Internet Evangelism," American Tract Society Website, http://www.atstracts.org/internet; OnTract, Summer 2002, 4;
73. DigiTracts Website, http://www.digitracts.com/about= us.asp.
74. Thomas D. Sullivan, "Read All about It! American Bible Society Reaches the Soul of America with Scripture-Based Literacy Program," American Bible Society Record (September-October 2002): 10-11.
75. Principles and Plans of the Board of Publication of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America (Philadelphia, Pa.: Presbyterian Board of Publication, [1854]), 19-20.
76. Paul Gutjahr, "The Perseverance of Print-Bound Saints: Protestant Book Publishing in the United States, 1945-2000," in A History of the Book in America, vol. 5: The Enduring Book, ed. David Paul Nord, Joan Shelley Rubin, and Michael Schudson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming).
77. Colporteur Reports to the American Tract Society, 1841-1846 (Newark, N.J.:Historical Records Survey Project, Work Projects Administration, 1940).
78. An Account of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (Cambridge, Mass.: Hilliard, 1806), 21-29.
79. American Tract Society, Eleventh Annual Report (1836), 99-100.
80. Michael H. Harris, " 'Spiritual Cakes upon the Waters': The Church as a Disseminator of the Printed Word on the Ohio Valley Frontier to 1850," in Getting the Books Out:Papers of the Chicago Conference on the Book in Nineteenth-Century America, ed. Michael Hackenberg (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1987), 99-101.
81. Wilbur Schramm, The Beginnings of Communication Study in America: A Personal Memoir (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1997), 111-12;
82. James W. Carey, "The Chicago School and Mass Communication Research," in American Communication Research: The Remembered History, ed. Everette E. Dennis and Ellen Wartella (Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1996), 11.
83. Norman N. Holland, The Critical I (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), 38;
84. David Morley, "Active Audience Theory: Pendulums and Pitfalls," Journal of Communication 43 (Autumn 1993): 13-19.
85. Jane Tompkins, ed., Reader-Response Criticism: >From Formalism to Post-Structuralism (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980);
86. Frank A. Biocca, "Opposing Conceptions of the Audience:The Active and Passive Hemispheres of Mass Communication Theory," in Communication Yearbook No. 11, ed. James Anderson (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1988).
87. Stanley E. Fish, "Interpreting the Variorum," in Tompkins, Reader-Response Criticism, 182-83;
88. Stanley E. Fish, Is There a Text in This Class? The Authority of Interpretive Communities (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980), 317-18.
89. Robert Darnton, "First Steps toward a History of Reading," in The Kiss of Lamourette: Reflections in Cultural History (New York: Norton, 1990), 155.
90. Jonathan Rose, The Intellectual Life of the British Working Classes (New Haven, Conn.:Yale University Press, 2001);
91. Roger Chartier, The Order of Books: Readers, Authors, and Libraries in Europe between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1994), chap. 1;
92. Carl F. Kaestle et al., Literacy in the United States: Readers and Reading since 1880 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1991), chap. 2
93. Barbara Ryan and Amy M. Thomas, eds., Reading Acts: U.S. Readers' Interactions with Literature, 1800-1950 (Knoxville:University of Tennessee Press, 2002);
94. James L. Machor, ed., Readers in History:Nineteenth-Century American Literature and the Contexts of Response (Baltimore, Md.:Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993);
95. Cathy N. Davidson, ed., Reading in America:Literature and Social History (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989).
96. Ronald J. Zboray and Mary Saracino Zboray, including "Reading and Everyday Life in Antebellum Boston: The Diary of Daniel F. and Mary D. Child," Libraries and Culture 32 (Summer 1997): 285-323
97. David Paul Nord, Communities of Journalism: A History of American Newspapers and Their Readers (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001), chaps. 8-11.
98. Christine Pawley, Reading on the Middle Border: The Culture of Print in Late Nineteenth-Century Osage, Iowa (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001);
99. William J. Gilmore, Reading Becomes a Necessity of Life: Material and Cultural Life in Rural New England (Knoxville:University of Tennessee Press, 1989);
100. Ronald J. Zboray, A Fictive People:Antebellum Economic Development and the American Reading Public (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
101. American Tract Society, Twenty-Sixth Annual Report (1851), 104.
102. Amy M. Thomas in "Reading the Silences: Documenting the History of American Tract Society Readers in the Antebellum South," in Ryan and Thomas, Reading Acts.
103. American Tract Society, Twentieth Annual Report (1845), 173;
104. Instructions of the Executive Committee of the American Tract Society, to Colporteurs and Agents, with Statements of the History, Character, and Object of the Society (New York: American Tract Society, 1868), 52-53.
105. Thomas, "Reading the Silences," 110-11.
106. Thomas, "Reading the Silences," 105-36.
107. The American Colporteur System (New York: American Tract Society, [1843])
108. [R. S. Cook], Home Evangelization:View of the Wants and Prospects of Our Country, Based on the Facts and Relations of Colportage (New York: American Tract Society, [1849]), 71;
109. American Tract Society, Twentieth Annual Report (1845), 73;
110. American Tract Society, Twenty-Sixth Annual Report (1851), 46;
111. American Messenger, November 1843, 45;
112. Twelfth Annual Report (1850), 18-19;
113. American Baptist Publication Society, Thirty-Second Annual Report (1856), 22;
114. Tract Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, Fifth Annual Report (1858), 39.
115. American Tract Society, Thirty-Sixth Annual Report (1861), 47;
116. American Tract Society, Twenty-Sixth Annual Report (1851), 64-65, 92.
117. American Tract Society, Twentieth Annual Report (1845), 10;
118. American Tract Society, Nineteenth Annual Report (1844), 49;
119. Presbyterian Board of Publication, Thirteenth Annual Report (1851), 33;
120. American Baptist Publication Society, Thirty-Second Annual Report (1856), 38-39.
121. [Jonathan Cross], Five Years in the Alleghanies (New York: American Tract Society, 1863), 94;
122. American Baptist Publication Society, Thirtieth Annual Report (1854), 38.
123. American Messenger, November 1850, 41;
124. American Tract Society, Twentieth Annual Report (1845), 77;
125. American Tract Society, Twenty-Third Annual Report (1848), 87;
126. American Messenger, September 1844, 37;
127. American Messenger, October 1843, 43;
128. Facts Illustrating the Necessity, Method, and Results of Colportage (New York: American Tract Society, [1846]), 14;
129. American Tract Society, Twenty-Sixth Annual Report (1851), 100;
130. American Tract Society, Nineteenth Annual Report (1844), 28;
131. American Messenger, December 1850, 47; January 1851, 3;
132. American Tract Society, Twenty-Sixth Annual Report (1851), 99;
133. American Baptist Publication Society, Thirtieth Annual Report (1854), 37-38;
134. American Baptist Publication Society, Thirty-First Annual Report (1855), 43;
135. Presbyterian Board of Publication, Twelfth Annual Report (1850), 29;
136. American Messenger, November 1852, 42;
137. [Cross], Five Years in the Alleghanies, 141.
138. American Tract Society, Twenty-Sixth Annual Report (1851), 100;
139. American Tract Society, Twenty-First Annual Report (1846), 91;
140. American Baptist Publication Society, Thirty-Second Annual Report (1856), 39;
141. David M. Henkin, City Reading: Written Words and Public Spaces in Antebellum New York (New York:Columbia University Press, 1998), chap. 6
142. American Tract Society, Twenty-First Annual Report (1846), 91;
143. Colporteur Reports to the American Tract Society, 40, 78-80;
144. American Messenger, July 1850, 26;
145. [Cross], Five Years in the Alleghanies, 73-74.
146. Presbyterian Board of Publication, Thirteenth Annual Report (1851), 30;
147. William E. Schenck, The Board of Publication and Its Colportage Work: A Few Earnest Words to Ministers, Sessions, and Churches (Philadelphia, Pa.: Presbyterian Board of Publication, n.d.), 3;
148. American Tract Society, Twentieth Annual Report (1845), 93;
149. American Messenger, February 1850, 7.
150. American Baptist Publication Society, Thirty-First Annual Report (1855), 47;
151. American Baptist Publication Society, Thirty-Second Annual Report (1856), 39;
152. Home and Foreign Record, December 1852, 191;
153. American Tract Society, Twentieth Annual Report (1845), 93;
154. Presbyterian Board of Publication, Fifteenth Annual Report (1853), 21;
155. Presbyterian Board of Publication, Twelfth Annual Report (1850), 25;
156. [John McMillan Stevenson] Toils and Triumphs of Union Missionary Colportage for Twenty-Five Years, by One of the Secretaries of the American Tract Society (New York:American Tract Society, [1866]), 129;
157. American Tract Society, Twenty-Sixth Annual Report (1851), 102;
158. American Tract Society, Twenty-Sixth Annual Report (1851), 102;
159. American Tract Society, Twenty-Third Annual Report (1848), 78;
160. American Tract Society, Twenty-First Annual Report (1846), 90;
161. Isabelle Lehuu, Carnival on the Page: Popular Print Media in Antebellum America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000).
162. Michael H. Harris, " 'Spiritual Cakes upon the Waters': The Church as a Disseminator of the Printed Word on the Ohio Valley Frontier to 1850," in Getting the Books Out: Papers of the Chicago Conference on the Book in Nineteenth-Century America, ed. Michael Hackenberg (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1987), 98-99.
163. Jack S. Blocker, Jr., American Temperance Movements: Cycles of Reform (Boston: Twayne, 1989), chap. 1;
164. Ian Tyrrell, Sobering Up: From Temperance to Prohibition in Antebellum America, 1800-1860 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1979).
165. Facts Illustrating the Necessity, Method, and Results of Colportage (New York:American Tract Society, [1846]), 3-4;
166. Cathy N. Davidson, Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), chap. 3;
167. Ronald J. Zboray, A Fictive People: Antebellum Economic Development and the American Reading Public (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), chaps. 6-7, 9;
168. Scott E. Casper, "Antebellum Reading Prescribed and Described," in Perspectives on American Book History, ed. Scott E. Casper, Joanne D. Chaison, and Jeffrey D. Groves (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002);
169. Candy Gunther Brown, "Salt to the World: A Cultural History of Evangelical Reading, Writing, and Publishing Practices in Mid-Nineteenth-Century America" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 2000), 110-14;
170. Karl Eric Valois, "To Revolutionize the World: The American Tract Society and the Regeneration of the Republic, 1825-1877" (Ph.D. diss., University of Connecticut, 1994), chap. 6.
171. Daniel Gurden Stevens, The First Hundred Years of the American Baptist Publication Society (Philadelphia, Pa.: American Baptist Publication Society, [1924]).
172. Presbyterian Board of Publication, Eleventh Annual Report (1849), 7;
173. Presbyterian Board of Publication, Twelfth Annual Report (1850), 38-39;
174. Presbyterian Board of Publication, Seventeenth Annual Report (1855), 6;
175. Willard M. Rice, History of the Presbyterian Board of Publication and Sabbath School Work (Philadelphia, Pa.:Presbyterian Board of Publication and Sabbath School Work, [1889]).
176. R. S. Cook, "The Power of the Press," in Proceedings of a Public Deliberative Meeting of the Board and Friends of the American Tract Society, Held in Broadway Tabernacle, New-York, October 25, 26, and 27, 1842 (New York: American Tract Society, 1843), 42-43.
177. American Tract Society, Twentieth Annual Report (1845), 91;
178. American Tract Society, Eighteenth Annual Report (1843), 25-26.
179. Robert Baird, "The Voluntary Principle in America: Its Action and Influence," in Religion in America; or, An Account of the Origin, Progress, Relation to the State, and Present Condition of the Evangelical Churches in the United States (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1844), book 4.
180. American Tract Society, Third Annual Report (1828), 21;
181. Anne Stott, Hannah More: The First Victorian (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 180-81;
182. Charles Howard Ford, Hannah More: A Critical Biography (New York: Lang, 1996), chap. 4
183. American Tract Society, Twenty-Sixth Annual Report (1851), 98-100;
184. "Cheap Presbyterian Newspaper," Princeton Review 22 (January 1850):122-43.
185. Brown, "Salt to the World," 209-10;
186. Hatch, Democratization, 146-61.
187. Jane Tompkins, Sensational Designs:The Cultural Work of American Fiction, 1790-1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), chap. 6; Brown, "Salt to the World," chap. 2;
188. Cathleen McDonnell Schultz, "Holy Lives and Happy Deaths: Popular Religious Reading in the Early Republic" (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1996), chap. 2.
189. T. Charlton Henry, Letters to an Anxious Inquirer (Philadelphia, Pa.: Presbyterian Board of Publication, 1840), 203-4, 207-9.
190. John Angell James, The Anxious Inquirer after Salvation, Directed and Encouraged (Philadelphia, Pa.: Presbyterian Board of Publication, n.d.), 5-11.
191. Lemuel C. Barnes, Mary C. Barnes, and Edward M. Stephenson, Pioneers of Light: The First Century of the American Baptist Publication Society (Philadelphia, Pa.: American Baptist Publication Society, [1924]), 36-39;
192. John Leyburn, The Presbyterian Board of Publication: Its Present Operations and Plans (Philadelphia, Pa.: Presbyterian Board of Publication, [1848]), 3.
193. James Richard Joy, The Making of the Book Concern, 1789-1916 (New York: Methodist Book Concern, 1916)
194. Philip Doddridge, Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul (New York: American Tract Society, n.d.), 175-76;
195. Geoffrey F. Nuttall, Richard Baxter and Philip Doddridge: A Study in Tradition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1951), 3-4, 13;
196. N. H. Keeble, Richard Baxter: Puritan Man of Letters (Oxford: Clarendon, 1982), 71-72;
197. Roger Thomas, "Philip Doddridge and Liberalism in Religion," in Philip Doddridge, 1702-51: His Contribution to English Religion, ed. Geoffrey F. Nuttall (London:Independent Press, 1951).
198. American Messenger, May 1853, 18;
199. Anderson, Power of Christian Literature, 20-21;
200. Geoffrey F. Nuttall, Richard Baxter (London: Nelson and Sons, 1965), chap. 6
201. David D. Hall, "The Uses of Literacy in New England, 1600-1850," in Cultures of Print: Essays in the History of the Book (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1996).
202. Lehuu, Carnival on the Page, 18-20;
203. William J. Gilmore, Reading Becomes a Necessity of Life: Material and Cultural Life in Rural New England, 1780-1835 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1989), 354-59.
204. Samuel J. Mills and Daniel Smith, Report of a Missionary Tour through that Part of the United States which Lies West of the Allegany Mountains; Performed under the Direction of the Massachusetts Missionary Society (Andover, Mass.: Flagg and Gould, 1815), 28.
205. John William Ward, Andrew Jackson: Symbol for an Age (New York: Oxford University Press, 1955).
206. Robert V. Remini, The Battle of New Orleans (New York: Viking, 1999).
207. Mills and Smith, Report of a Missionary Tour, 20-21, 42.
208. Mills and Smith, Report of a Missionary Tour, 6;
209. Bible Society of Philadelphia, Sixth Annual Report (1814), 9-11.
210. Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815-1846 (New York:Oxford University Press, 1991);
211. Daniel Feller, The Jacksonian Promise: America, 1815-1840 (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995);
212. Sean Wilentz, "Society, Politics, and the Market Revolution, 1815-1848," in The New American History, rev. ed., ed. Janet Flammang and Eric Foner (Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple University Press, 1997).
213. Joyce Appleby, "The Vexed Story of Capitalism Told by American Historians," Journal of the Early Republic 21 (Spring 2001): 1-18;
214. Isabelle Lehuu, Carnival on the Page: Popular Print Media in Antebellum America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 15-18;
215. William J. Gilmore, Reading Becomes a Necessity of Life: Material and Cultural Life in Rural New England (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1989), 354-59;
216. David D. Hall, "Introduction" and "The Uses of Literacy in New England, 1600-1850," in Cultures of Print: Essays in the History of the Book (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1996);
217. Ronald J. Zboray, A Fictive People: Antebellum Economic Development and the American Reading Public (New York:Oxford University Press, 1993).
218. R. Laurence Moore, Selling God: American Religion in the Marketplace of Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 5-6;
219. Roger Finke and Rodney Stark, The Churching of America, 1776-1990: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 5-6, 59;
220. John H. Wigger, Taking Heaven by Storm: Methodism and the Rise of Popular Christianity in America (New York:Oxford University Press, 1998), 5;
221. Nathan O. Hatch and John H. Wigger, introduction to Methodism and the Shaping of American Culture, ed. Hatch and Wigger (Nashville, Tenn.:Abingdon, 2001), 14;
222. Peter J. Wosh, Spreading the Word: The Bible Business in Nineteenth-Century America (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994), 250.
223. Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap, 1977), 8-12;
224. JoAnne Yates, Control through Communication: The Rise of System in American Management (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989), chaps. 1-2.
225. Peter Dobkin Hall, "Religion and the Organizational Revolution in the United States," in Sacred Companies: Organizational Aspects of Religion and Religious Aspects of Organizations, ed. N. J. Demerath III et al. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 99-101;
226. Peter Dobkin Hall, Inventing the Nonprofit Sector and Other Essays on Philanthropy, Voluntarism, and Nonprofit Organizations (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 35-36.
227. Lawrence J. Friedman and Mark D. McGarvie, eds., Charity, Philanthropy, and Civility in American History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
228. Robert Darnton, "First Steps toward a History of Reading," in The Kiss of Lamourette: Reflections in Cultural History (New York: Norton, 1990);
229. David D. Hall, "Readers and Reading in America: Historical and Critical Perspectives," in Cultures of Print; Roger Chartier, The Order of Books (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1994), chap. 1;
230. Norman N. Holland, "Reader-Response Criticism," in The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, ed. Alex Preminger and T. V. F. Brogan (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993).
231. James F. Hunnewell, ed., The Society for Propagating the Gospel among the Indians and Others in North-America, 1787-1887 (Cambridge, Mass.: Society for Propagating the Gospel, 1887);
232. Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990), 217;
233. Sacvan Bercovitch, The American Jeremiad (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978), 128-29.
234. Gordon S. Wood, "Religion and the American Revolution," in New Directions in American Religious History, ed. Harry S. Stout and D. G. Hart (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997);
235. James H. Hutson, ed., Religion and the New Republic: Faith in the Founding of America (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000);
236. Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds., Religion in a Revolutionary Age (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994).
237. Bloch, Visionary Republic, 131-32, 229-30.
238. Nathan O. Hatch, The Sacred Cause of Liberty: Republican Thought and the Millennium in Revolutionary New England (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1977);
239. Jonathan D. Sassi, A Republic of Righteousness: The Public Christianity of the Post-Revolutionary New England Clergy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).
240. Jedidiah Morse, The American Geography; or, A View of the Present Situation of the United States of America (Elizabethtown, N.J.: Shepard Kollock, for the author, 1789), 469;
241. Richard J. Moss, The Life of Jedidiah Morse: A Station of Peculiar Exposure (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1995), 38-39, 43-45, 74-75;
242. Joseph W. Phillips, Jedidiah Morse and New England Congregationalism (New Brunswick, N.J.:Rutgers University Press, 1983), 31-33.
243. Jedidiah Morse, A Sermon, Exhibiting the Present Dangers, and Consequent Duties of the Citizens of the United States of America (Charlestown, Mass.: Etheridge, 1799), 31-32;
244. Moss, Life of Jedidiah Morse, 64-66;
245. Phillips, Jedidiah Morse, chap. 3;
246. Sassi, Republic of Righteousness, 104-5.
247. Peter S. Field, The Crisis of the Standing Order: Clerical Intellectuals and Cultural Authority in Massachusetts, 1780-1833 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1998), chap. 5.
248. Morse, A Sermon, 32;
249. Jedidiah Morse, Signs of the Times: A Sermon Preached before the Society for Propagating the Gospel among the Indians and Others in North-America, at Their Anniversary, Nov. 1, 1810 (Charlestown, Mass.: Armstrong, 1810), 26-29.
250. Bloch, Visionary Republic, chap. 9;
251. James H. Moorhead, "Between Progress and Apocalypse: A Reassessment of Millennialism in American Religious Thought, 1800-1880," Journal of American History 71 (December 1984): 524-42.
252. Peter Dobkin Hall, Inventing the Nonprofit Sector and Other Essays on Philanthropy, Voluntarism, and Nonprofit Organizations (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), chap. 1;
253. David C. Hammack, ed., Making the Nonprofit Sector in the United States: A Reader (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998).
254. Conrad Edick Wright, The Transformation of Charity in Postrevolutionary New England (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992), 56.
255. Mark A. Noll, introduction to God and Mammon: Protestants, Money, and the Market, 1790-1860, ed. Mark A. Noll (New York:Oxford University Press, 2002).
256. Journal of Caleb Alexander, in "Annual Report of the Trustees," in Samuel Spring, A Sermon, Delivered before the Massachusetts Missionary Society, at Their Annual Meeting May 15, 1802 (Newburyport, Mass.: Blunt, 1802), 42.
257. Anne Stott, Hannah More: The First Victorian (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 169, 208-9;
258. Patricia Demers, The World of Hannah More (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1996), 109-10.
259. William Jones, The Jubilee Memorial of the Religious Tract Society (London: Religious Tract Society, 1850);
260. James Raven, "Sent to the Wilderness: Mission Literature in Colonial America," in Free Print and Non-Commercial Publishing since 1700, ed. James Raven (Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2000).
261. An Account of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (Cambridge, Mass.: Hilliard, 1806), 17-18, 31-32;
262. An Account of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (Andover, Mass.: Flagg and Gould, 1815), 13-15.
263. Constitution of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (Charlestown, Mass.: Etheridge, 1803);
264. Account of the Massachusetts Society (1815), 75-76.
265. Account of the Massachusetts Society (1806);
266. Account of the Massachusetts Society (1815).
267. Nathan O. Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1989);
268. John H. Wigger, Taking Heaven by Storm:Methodism and the Rise of Popular Christianity in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998);
269. Roger Finke and Rodney Stark, The Churching of America, 1776-1990: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy (New Brunswick, N.J.:Rutgers University Press, 1992).
270. Eliphalet Pearson, A Sermon Delivered in Boston before the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, Nov. 27, 1811 (Cambridge, Mass.: Hilliard and Metcalf, 1811), 23-24;
271. Account of the Massachusetts Society (1806), 21;
272. Paul K. Conkin, The Uneasy Center: Reformed Christianity in Antebellum America (Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press, 1995), chaps. 3-4.
273. Constitution of the Massachusetts Society (1803), 3-5;
274. Account of the Massachusetts Society (1806), 34;
275. Account of the Massachusetts Society (1815), 14.
276. Jonathan D. Sassi, "The First Party Competition and Southern New England's Public Christianity," Journal of the Early Republic 21 (Summer 2001): 267-68, 298;
277. Peter Dobkin Hall, The Organization of American Culture, 1700-1900: Private Institutions, Elites, and the Origins of American Nationality (New York: New York University Press, 1982), 87-88.
278. Conrad Wright, "The Controversial Career of Jedidiah Morse," in The Unitarian Controversy: Essays on American Unitarian History (Boston: Skinner House, 1994);
279. John G. West, Jr., The Politics of Revelation and Reason: Religion and Civic Life in the New Nation (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996), chap. 2
280. Field, Crisis of the Standing Order, 145-46, 151-52, 163-67;
281. Phillips, Jedidiah Morse, 135-39;
282. Account of the Massachusetts Society (1815), 76.
283. James H. Moorhead, "The Millennium and the Media," in Communication and Change in American Religious History, ed. Leonard I. Sweet (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1993).
284. Mark A. Noll, America's God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln (New York:Oxford University Press, 2002), chaps. 7 and 14.
285. Martin Luther, quoted in Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 147;
286. John Foxe, quoted in Stephen Greenblatt, Renaissance Self-Fashioning: From More to Shakespeare (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 98-99.
287. Harry Y. Gamble, Books and Readers in the Early Church: A History of Early Christian Texts (New Haven, Conn.:Yale University Press, 1995);
288. David D. Hall, "The Chesapeake in the Seventeenth Century," in A History of the Book in America, vol. 1: The Colonial Book in the Atlantic World, ed. Hugh Amory and David D. Hall (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000)
289. Richard D. Brown, Knowledge Is Power: The Diffusion of Information in Early America, 1700-1865 (New York: Oxford University Press), chap. 2.
290. Perry Miller, The New England Mind: The Seventeenth Century, 2d ed. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1954), 20-22;
291. David D. Hall, introduction to Amory and Hall, History of the Book, 1:2-3;
292. Hugh Amory, "Printing and Bookselling in New England, 1638-1713," in Amory and Hall, History of the Book, 1:108-9.
293. Arthur G. Dickens, The English Reformation, 2d ed. (London: Batsford, 1989);
294. Christopher Haigh, ed., The English Reformation Revised (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).
295. David D. Hall, Worlds of Wonder, Days of Judgment: Popular Religious Belief in Early New England (New York: Knopf, 1989), 31;
296. Harry S. Stout, The New England Soul:Preaching and Religious Culture in Colonial New England (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 105-6.
297. Harry S. Stout, "Word and Order in Colonial New England," and Nathan O. Hatch, "Sola Scriptura and Novus Ordo Seclorum," both in The Bible in America: Essays in Cultural History, ed. Nathan O. Hatch and Mark A. Noll (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982);
298. Jill Lepore, "Literacy and Reading in Puritan New England," in Perspectives on American Book History: Artifacts and Commentary, ed. Scott E. Casper, Joanne D. Chaison, and Jeffrey D. Groves (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002);
299. Julie Hedgepeth Williams, "Evangelism and the Genesis of Printing in America," in Media and Religion in American History, ed. Wm. David Sloan (Northport, Ala.: Vision, 2000);
300. Julie Hedgepeth Williams, The Significance of the Printed Word in Early America: Colonists' Thoughts on the Role of the Press (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1999), chaps. 1 and 3.
301. Thomas Shepard and Thomas Hooker, quoted in Perry Miller, The New England Mind: From Colony to Province (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953), 64-65.
302. Sydney E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1972), 152-53.
303. Samuel Willard, quoted in David D. Hall, "On Common Ground: The Coherence of American Puritan Studies," William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 44 (April 1987): 202;
304. David D. Hall, "Narrating Puritanism," in New Directions in American Religious History, ed. Harry S. Stout and D. G. Hart (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 66.
305. Sacvan Bercovitch, The American Jeremiad (Madison:University of Wisconsin Press, 1978), 47-51.
306. Knight, Orthodoxies in Massachusetts, 130-31.
307. Hall, "Narrating Puritanism," 55.
308. Jack P. Greene, Pursuits of Happiness:The Social Development of Early Modern British Colonies and the Formation of American Culture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), chaps. 1-3;
309. Knight, Orthodoxies in Massachusetts, chaps. 4-5.
310. Edmund S. Morgan, The Puritan Family: Religion and Domestic Relations in Seventeenth-Century New England, rev. ed. (New York: Harper and Row, 1966), 88-89;
311. John Demos, A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony, 2d ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 183;
312. Gloria L. Main, Peoples of a Spacious Land: Families and Cultures in Colonial New England (Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press, 2001), chap. 2
313. Helena M. Wall, "Notes on Life since A Little Commonwealth: Family and Gender History since 1970," William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 57 (October 2000):807-25.
314. E. Jennifer Monaghan, "Literacy Instruction and Gender in Colonial New England," in Reading in America: Literature and Social History, ed. Cathy N. Davidson (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989), 54-61;
315. E. Jennifer Monaghan, "Reading for the Enslaved, Writing for the Free: Reflections on Liberty and Literacy," Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 108 (October 1998): 311-15.
316. Joel Perlmann and Dennis Shirley, "When Did New England Women Acquire Literacy?" William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 48 (January 1991): 50-67;
317. Gloria L. Main, "An Inquiry into When and Why Women Learned to Write in Colonial New England," Journal of Social History 24 (Spring 1991): 579-89.
318. Linda Auwers, "Reading the Marks of the Past: Exploring Female Literacy in Colonial Windsor, Connecticut," Historical Methods 13 (1980): 209;
319. William J. Gilmore, Reading Becomes a Necessity of Life: Material and Cultural Life in Rural New England (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1989), 122-23.
320. Bernard Bailyn, Education in the Forming of American Society (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1960);
321. Lawrence Cremin, American Education: The Colonial Experience, 1607-1783 (New York:Harper and Row, 1970).
322. Robert A. Gross, "Giving in America: From Charity to Philanthropy," in Charity, Philanthropy, and Civility in American History, ed. Lawrence J. Friedman and Mark D. McGarvie (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 33-35;
323. Peter Dobkin Hall, "Religion and the Organizational Revolution in the United States," in Sacred Companies:Organizational Aspects of Religion and Religious Aspects of Organizations, ed. N. J. Demerath III et al. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 100-101.
324. Peter Dobkin Hall, Inventing the Nonprofit Sector and Other Essays on Philanthropy, Voluntarism, and Nonprofit Organizations (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 16-17;
325. E. Digby Baltzell, Puritan Boston and Quaker Philadelphia: Two Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Class Authority and Leadership (New York: Free Press, 1979)
326. Edmund S. Morgan, Benjamin Franklin (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2002).
327. Samuel Eliot Morison, Three Centuries of Harvard, 1636-1936 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1936).
328. Amory, "Printing and Bookselling," 86-87, 105-7; Hugh Amory, "The New England Book Trade, 1713-1790," in Amory and Hall, History of the Book, 1:314-15.
329. Neal Salisbury, "Red Puritans: The 'Praying Indians' of Massachusetts Bay and John Eliot," William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 31 (January 1974): 27-54.
330. Jean M. O'Brien, Dispossession by Degrees: Indian Land and Identity in Natick, Massachusetts, 1650-1790 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), chaps. 1-2.
331. Amory, "Printing and Bookselling," 89;
332. Hall, introduction to Amory and Hall, History of the Book, 18-19.
333. Jill Lepore, The Name of War: King Philip's War and the Origins of American Identity (New York: Knopf, 1998), chap. 1;
334. William Kellaway, The New England Company, 1649-1776 (London: Longmans, 1961).
335. N. H. Keeble, Richard Baxter: Puritan Man of Letters (Oxford: Clarendon, 1982), 71-72
336. Susan O'Brien, "Eighteenth-Century Publishing Networks in the First Years of Transatlantic Evangelicalism," in Evangelicalism: Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America, the British Isles, and Beyond, 1700-1990, ed. Mark A. Noll, David W. Bobbington, and George A. Rawlyk (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 43-44.
337. Frank Lambert, " 'Pedlar in Divinity': George Whitefield and the Great Awakening, 1737-1745," Journal of American History 77 (December 1990): 812-37.
338. Stanley E. Fish, "Interpreting the Variorum," in Reader-Response Criticism: From Formalism to Post-Structuralism, ed. Jane P. Tompkins (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980), 183.
339. Stanley E. Fish, Is There a Text in This Class? TheAuthority of Interpretive Communities (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980);
340. Norman N. Holland, The Critical I (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992);
341. David Morley, "Active Audience Theory: Pendulums and Pitfalls," Journal of Communication 43 (Autumn 1993): 13-19.
342. Roger Chartier, The Order of Books: Readers, Authors, and Libraries in Europe between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1994), 3.
343. Robert Darnton, "First Steps toward a History of Reading," in The Kiss of Lamourette: Reflections in Cultural History (New York: Norton, 1990).
344. Charles L. Cohen, "The Post-Puritan Paradigm of Early American Religious History," William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 54 (October 1997): 697.
345. Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People (Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press, 1990);
346. Patricia U. Bonomi, Under the Cope of Heaven:Religion, Society, and Politics in Colonial America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986);
347. Frank Lambert, "Pedlar in Divinity": George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals, 1737-1770 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994), 137.
348. Harry S. Stout, The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1991);
349. Frank Lambert, Inventing the Great Awakening (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999).
350. Erik R. Seeman, "Reading Indians' Deathbed Scenes: Ethnohistorical and Representational Approaches," Journal of American History 88 (June 2001): 20-21, 38-39;
351. Salisbury, "Red Puritans," 42-43.
352. Hilary E. Wyss, Writing Indians: Literacy, Christianity, and Native Community in Early America (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2000), chap. 1
353. Samuel J. Mills, "Plan of a General Bible Society," Panoplist (October 1813): 357.
354. Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution: Jacksonian American, 1815-1846 (New York:Oxford University Press, 1991);
355. Daniel Feller, The Jacksonian Promise: America, 1815-1840 (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995);
356. Sean Wilentz, "Society, Politics, and the Market Revolution, 1815-1848," in The New American History, rev. ed., ed. Janet Flammang and Eric Foner (Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple University Press, 1997).
357. Melvyn Stokes and Stephen Conway, eds., The Market Revolution in America:Social, Political, and Religious Expressions, 1800-1880 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996).
358. Samuel J. Mills, Communications relative to the Progress of Bible Societies in the United States (Philadelphia, Pa.: n.p., 1813), 9-10;
359. Thomas C. Richards, Samuel J. Mills:Missionary, Pathfinder, Pioneer and Promoter (Boston: Pilgrim Press, 1906), 130, 273;
360. Gardiner Spring, Memoirs of the Rev. Samuel J. Mills, Late Missionary to the South Western Section of the United States (New York: Seymour, 1820), 94, 97;
361. Steven Mintz, Moralists and Modernizers: America's Pre-Civil War Reformers (Baltimore, Md.:Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995).
362. Elias Boudinot, The Age of Revelation (Philadelphia, Pa.: Dickins, 1801), xx;
363. George Adams Boyd, Elias Boudinot: Patriot and Statesman, 1740-1821 (Princeton, N.J.:Princeton University Press, 1952), 257-60.
364. Peter Dobkin Hall, The Organization of American Culture, 1700-1900: Private Institutions, Elites, and the Origins of American Nationality (New York: New York University Press, 1982), chap. 5
365. Mills and Smith, Report of a Missionary Tour, 44-46;
366. Connecticut Bible Society, Report of the Directing Committee of the Connecticut Bible Society (Hartford: Hudson, 1815), 16-19;
367. Elias Boudinot, To the Several Bible Societies in the United States of America (Burlington, N.J.: n.p., 1816).
368. [William Jay], A Memoir on the Subject of a General Bible Society for the United States of America, by a Citizen of the State of New-York (Burlington, N.J.: n.p., 1816), 11-13.
369. Sellers, Market Revolution, 20;
370. Robert G. Albion, The Rise of New York Port (New York: Scribner's, 1939), 10, 13-14;
371. Charles King, Progress of the City of New York during the Last Fifty Years (New York: Appleton, 1852), 74-75.
372. Allan R. Pred, Urban Growth and the Circulation of Information: The United States System of Cities, 1790-1840 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1973).
373. Constitution of the American Bible Society, Formed by a Convention of Delegates, Held in the City of New-York, May, 1816, Together with Their Address to the People of the United States (New York: Hopkins, 1816), 16.
374. Peter J. Wosh, Spreading the Word: The Bible Business in Nineteenth-Century America (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994).
375. Henry Otis Dwight, The Centennial History of the American Bible Society (New York: Macmillan, 1916);
376. Creighton Lacy, The Word-Carrying Giant: The Growth of the American Bible Society (South Pasadena, Calif.: Carey Library, 1977).
377. American Bible Society, Seventh Annual Report (1823), 8;
378. Lewis Tappan, The Life of Arthur Tappan (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1871), 74-75;
379. Bertram Wyatt-Brown, Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical War against Slavery (Cleveland, Ohio: Press of Case Western Reserve University, 1969), chaps. 3-4.
380. John M. Gibson, Soldiers of the Word: The Story of the American Bible Society (Philadelphia, Pa.: Philosophical Library, 1958), 57-58.
381. Paul C. Gutjahr, An American Bible: A History of the Good Book in the United States, 1777-1880 (Stanford, Calif.:Stanford University Press, 1999), 36-37, 70-71.
382. Eric M. North, "The Production and Supply of Scriptures, 1816-1820," Historical Essay No. 18, part 1 (New York: American Bible Society, 1963), 1-2.
383. Margaret T. Hills, The English Bible in America: A Bibliography of Editions of the Bible and the New Testament Published in America, 1777-1957 (New York: American Bible Society and New York Public Library, 1961), 50-51;
384. Margaret T. Hills, "The Production and Supply of Scriptures, 1821-1830," Historical Essay No. 18, part 2 (New York: American Bible Society, 1964).
385. Rosalind Remer, Printers and Men of Capital: Philadelphia Book Publishers in the New Republic (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996), 95-98;
386. Eugene Exman, The Brothers Harper: A Unique Publishing Partnership and Its Impact upon the Cultural Life of America from 1817 to 1853 (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), 20;
387. James Moran, Printing Presses: History and Development from the Fifteenth Century to Modern Times (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1973), 113-16;
388. Robert Hoe, A Short History of the Printing Press (New York: Hoe, 1902), 10-11.
389. Hills, "Production and Supply of Scriptures," 11-15.
390. Robert quoted in Dard Hunter, Papermaking: The History and Technique of an Ancient Craft, 2d ed. (New York: Knopf, 1947), 344, 346.
391. Robert H. Clapperton, The Papermaking Machine: Its Invention, Evolution, and Development (New York:Pergamon, 1968).
392. Donald C. Coleman, The British Paper Industry, 1495-1860 (Oxford:Clarendon, 1958), 202-4;
393. Lyman H. Weeks, A History of Paper Manufacturing in the United States, 1690-1916 (New York: Lockwood Trade Journal, 1916), 195, 223-24.
394. Hunter, Papermaking, 351-56;
395. David C. Smith, History of Papermaking in the United States, 1691-1969 (New York: Lockwood, 1970), 32;
396. Harold B. Hancock and Norman B. Wilkinson, "The Gilpins and Their Endless Papermaking Machine," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 81 (October 1957): 391-405.
397. Judith A. McGaw, Most Wonderful Machine: Mechanization and Social Change in Berkshire Paper Making, 1801-1885 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987).
398. Hills, "Production and Supply of Scriptures," 47-48.
399. Leslie Howsam, Cheap Bibles: Nineteenth-Century Publishing and the British and Foreign Bible Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 43, 50-51.
400. Leslie Howsam, "The Nineteenth-Century Bible Society and 'the Evil of Gratuitous Distribution,' " in Free Print and Non-Commercial Publishing since 1700, ed. James Raven (Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2000), 126-27.
401. An Expose of the Rise and Proceedings of the American Bible Society, during the Thirteen Years of Its Existence, by a Member (New York: n.p., 1830), 13-14, 17-18.
402. Wosh, Spreading the Word, 124-26.
403. American Bible Society, Seventh Annual Report (1823), 24;
404. American Bible Society, Eighth Annual Report (1824), 28-29.
405. American Bible Society, Eleventh Annual Report (1827), 37.
406. American Bible Society, Ninth Annual Report (1825), 63.
407. Laurence R. Iannaccone, "Why Strict Churches Are Strong," American Journal of Sociology 99 (March 1994):1180-1211;
408. Rodney Stark and Roger Finke, Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000), 147-52.
409. Nathan Bangs, A History of the Methodist Episcopal Church, vol. 4 (New York: Carlton and Porter, 1857), chap. 16;
410. Abel Stevens, Life and Times of Nathan Bangs, D.D. (New York: Carlton and Porter, 1863);
411. David Paul Nord, "Benevolent Books: Printing, Religion, and Reform," in An Extensive Republic:Print, Culture, and Society in the New Nation, ed. Robert A. Gross and Mary Kelley, vol. 2 of A History of the Book in America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming).
412. American Tract Society, Twenty-Fifth Annual Report (1850), 22-23.
413. Address of the Executive Committee of the American Tract Society, 12-13.
414. Lawrence Thompson, "The Printing and Publishing Activities of the American Tract Society from 1825 to 1850," Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 35 (Second Quarter 1941): 81-114.
415. [R. S. Cook], Home Evangelization:View of the Wants and Prospects of Our Country, Based on the Facts and Relations of Colportage (New York: American Tract Society, [1849]), 140.
416. Bangs, History of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 4:452;
417. Methodist Episcopal Church, Journal of the General Conference (1844), 167.
418. Home and Foreign Record, September 1851;
419. Presbyterian Board of Publication, Twelfth Annual Report (1850), 39-40;
420. Cathy N. Davidson, Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986);
421. Isabelle Lehuu, Carnival on the Page: Popular Print Media in Antebellum America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000).
422. American Tract Society, Eighteenth Annual Report (1843), 25;
423. American Tract Society, Fifth Annual Report (1830), 28-29;
424. American Tract Society, Seventh Annual Report (1832), 20;
425. American Sunday School Union, Third Annual Report (1827), iii;
426. American Sunday School Union, Fourth Annual Report (1828), iv-v;
427. Address of the Managers of the American Sunday School Union, 9;
428. American Sunday School Union, Second Annual Report (1826), 4;
429. American Sunday School Union, Sixth Annual Report (1830), 16-17;
430. American Sunday School Union, Eleventh Annual Report (1835), 17.
431. American Sunday School Union, Second Annual Report (1826), 4;
432. American Sunday School Union, Fifth Annual Report (1829), 4;
433. American Sunday School Union, Sixth Annual Report (1830), 15-16;
434. American Sunday School Union, Sixth Annual Report (1830), 15-19;
435. American Sunday School Union, Eighth Annual Report (1832), 36.
436. American Bible Society, Twelfth Annual Report (1828), 28;
437. American Bible Society, Thirteenth Annual Report (1829), 41-42;
438. American Bible Society, Fifteenth Annual Report (1831), 3-4, 17-18, 47-48;
439. American Bible Society, Fifteenth Annual Report (1831), 6-7, 17-18;
440. American Bible Society, Seventeenth Annual Report (1833), 16-17;
441. Eric M. North, "Distribution of Scriptures in the United States, 1831-1840," Historical Essay No. 14, part 3 (New York: American Bible Society, 1964), 21.
442. Charles I. Foster, "The Urban Missionary Movement, 1814-1837," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 75 (January 1951): 58-59;
443. and Paul S. Boyer, Urban Masses and Moral Order in America, 1820-1920 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978), chap. 2
444. American Tract Society, Fourth Annual Report (1829), 74-76;
445. American Tract Society, Eighth Annual Report (1833), 31-32;
446. American Tract Society, Ninth Annual Report (1834), 126-28.
447. American Tract Society, Sixth Annual Report (1831), 16;
448. American Tract Society, Eighth Annual Report (1833), 23.
449. American Tract Society, Sixth Annual Report (1831), 24-27;
450. American Tract Society, Ninth Annual Report (1834), 126-28.
451. American Tract Society, Sixth Annual Report (1831), 28;
452. American Tract Society, Eighth Annual Report (1833), 24-28.
453. American Sunday School Union, Sixth Annual Report (1830), 3, 15;
454. American Sunday School Union, Seventh Annual Report (1831), 5.
455. American Sunday School Union, Ninth Annual Report (1833), 32-39.
456. American Tract Society, Sixth Annual Report (1831), 28;
457. American Tract Society, Eighth Annual Report (1833), 24-28;
458. American Sunday School Union, Ninth Annual Report (1833), 10.
459. Boylan, Sunday School, 68-77.
460. William Cogswell, The Harbinger of the Millennium (Boston: Peirce and Parker, 1833), 34;
461. American Tract Society, Fifth Annual Report (1830), 28-29.
462. Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815-1846 (New York:Oxford University Press, 1991), 54-55.
463. Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1977), 8-12;
464. JoAnne Yates, Control through Communication: The Rise of System in American Management (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989), 9-13.
465. John H. Wigger, Taking Heaven by Storm: Methodism and the Rise of Popular Christianity in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 191-92.
466. American Tract Society, Fourth Annual Report (1829), 28-29, 74-76;
467. American Tract Society, Fifth Annual Report (1830), 31;
468. American Tract Society, Sixth Annual Report (1831), 24-27;
469. American Tract Society, Fourth Annual Report (1829), 22;
470. American Tract Society, Fifth Annual Report (1830), 21, 34-41.
471. American Tract Society, Eighth Annual Report (1833), 32-38.
472. John W. Kuykendall, Southern Enterprize: The Work of National Evangelical Societies in the Antebellum South (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1982).
473. American Tract Society, Twenty-Fifth Annual Report (1850), 30.
474. American Bible Society, Twelfth Annual Report (1828), 27.
475. American Tract Society, Second Annual Report (1827), 19-23;
476. American Tract Society, First Annual Report (1826), 20;
477. Anne M. Boylan, Sunday School: The Formation of an American Institution, 1790-1880 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1988), 74.
478. American Tract Society, Sixth Annual Report (1831), 24-28.
479. American Tract Society, Eighth Annual Report (1833), 33-37;
480. American Tract Society, Sixth Annual Report (1831), 20-23;
481. American Tract Society, Thirteenth Annual Report (1838), 18.
482. American Tract Society, Fifth Annual Report (1830), 28-29;
483. American Tract Society, Twenty-Fifth Annual Report (1850), 65.
484. Rosalind Remer, Printers and Men of Capital: Philadelphia Book Publishers in the New Republic (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996), chap. 6;
485. James N. Green, Mathew Carey: Publisher and Patriot (Philadelphia, Pa.: Library Company, 1985);
486. James N. Green, "From Printer to Publisher: Mathew Carey and the Origins of Nineteenth-Century Book Publishing," in Getting the Books Out: Papers of the Chicago Conference on the Book in Nineteenth-Century America, ed. Michael Hackenberg (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1987).
487. James Penn Pilkington, The Methodist Publishing House: A History, vol. 1:Beginnings to 1870 (Nashville, Tenn.: Abingdon, 1968), 109, 138, 142-43, 213;
488. J. Newton Brown, History of the American Baptist Publication Society, from Its Origin in 1824, to Its Thirty-Second Anniversary in 1856 (Philadelphia, Pa.: American Baptist Publication Society, [1856]), 156-57, 170-71;
489. American Baptist Publication Society, Sixth Annual Report (1845), 38-39;
490. American Baptist Publication Society, Seventh Annual Report (1846), 17-18;
491. Abel Stevens, comp., Documents of the Tract Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church (New York: Carlton and Phillips, 1853), 22;
492. Methodist Episcopal Church, Journal of the General Conference (1852), 120, 123;
493. Methodist Episcopal Church, Journal of the General Conference (1856), 229.
494. American Tract Society, Twenty-First Annual Report (1846), 21;
495. American Tract Society, Twenty-Sixth Annual Report (1851), 46-47, 64-65.
496. "Ten Years of Colportage in America," in American Tract Society, Twenty-Sixth Annual Report (1851), 45-72;
497. R. S. Cook, "The Colporteur System," in Proceedings of a Public Deliberative Meeting of the Board and Friends of the American Tract Society, Held in Broadway Tabernacle, New-York, October 25, 26, and 27, 1842 (New York: American Tract Society, 1843);
498. [Jonathan Cross], Five Years in the Alleghanies (New York:American Tract Society, 1863);
499. [John McMillan Stevenson] Toils and Triumphs of Union Missionary Colportage for Twenty-Five Years, by One of the Secretaries of the American Tract Society (New York: American Tract Society, [1866]).
500. American Tract Society, Twenty-Third Annual Report (1848), 70, 73.
501. American Tract Society, Thirty-First Annual Report (1856), 42;
502. American Tract Society, Fifteenth Annual Report (1840), 24-25;
503. American Tract Society, Eighteenth Annual Report (1843), 28, 46;
504. American Messenger, June 1851, 22.
505. American Tract Society, First Annual Report (1826), 17;
506. American Tract Society, Third Annual Report (1828), 15;
507. American Tract Society, Twenty-Ninth Annual Report (1854), 64-65;
508. American Tract Society, Thirty-First Annual Report (1856), 42-43.
509. Theodore M. Porter, Trust in Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995).
510. American Tract Society, Twentieth Annual Report (1845), 73;
511. American Tract Society, Twenty-Second Annual Report (1847), 39;
512. American Tract Society, Twenty-Fourth Annual Report (1849), 52-55;
513. American Messenger, January 1846, 3; October 1848, 38; December 1847, 47;
514. Colporteur Reports to the American Tract Society, 1841-1846 (Newark, N.J.: Historical Records Survey Project, Work Projects Administration, 1940).
515. American Tract Society, Twentieth Annual Report (1845), 73;
516. American Tract Society, Twenty-Sixth Annual Report (1851), 59-63;
517. American Messenger, October 1848, 38;
518. American Tract Society, Twenty-Sixth Annual Report (1851), 60;
519. American Tract Society, Twenty-Sixth Annual Report (1851), 63.
520. American Tract Society, Twelfth Annual Report (1837), 183-84;
521. American Tract Society, Thirteenth Annual Report (1838), 33-39.
522. American Tract Society, Twenty-Fifth Annual Report (1850), 51.
523. American Tract Society, Twenty-Sixth Annual Report (1851), 49;
524. American Tract Society, Twenty-First Annual Report (1846), 22;
525. American Tract Society, Twenty-Sixth Annual Report (1851), 67.
526. Ronald J. Zboray, A Fictive People: Antebellum Economic Development and the American Reading Public (New York:Oxford University Press, 1993), chap. 3;
527. Ronald J. Zboray, "Book Distribution and American Culture: A 150-Year Perspective," Book Research Quarterly 3 (Fall 1987): 37-59.
528. Zboray, "Book Distribution and American Culture," 53-57.
529. Yates, Control through Communication, 3.
530. Michael Winship, American Literary Publishing in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: The Business of Ticknor and Fields (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), chap. 6
531. James Gilreath, "American Book Distribution," in Needs and Opportunities in the History of the Book: America, 1639-1876, ed. David D. Hall and John B. Hench (Worcester, Mass.: American Antiquarian Society, 1987).
532. American Tract Society, Twenty-Ninth Annual Report (1854), 59;
533. American Tract Society, Eleventh Annual Report (1836), 41;
534. American Tract Society, Thirteenth Annual Report (1838), 18;
535. Johnson and Kaplan, Relevance Lost, chaps. 2-3.
536. Nathan O. Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity (New Haven, Conn.:Yale University Press, 1989), 11, 142-44, 202-4;
537. Wigger, Taking Heaven by Storm, 191-92.
538. Mark A. Noll, America's God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 195-202;
539. Nathan O. Hatch and John H. Wigger, introduction to Methodism and the Shaping of American Culture, ed. Hatch and Wigger (Nashville, Tenn.: Abingdon, 2001), 40.
540. Bible Agent's Manual (New York: American Bible Society, 1856), 3-8;
541. Wosh, Spreading the Word, 10, 175-76.
542. Creighton Lacy, The Word-Carrying Giant: The Growth of the American Bible Society (South Pasadena, Calif.: Carey Library, 1977), 96-100;
543. Henry Otis Dwight, The Centennial History of the American Bible Society (New York: Macmillan, 1916), 180.
544. American Bible Society, Forty-Fourth Annual Report (1860), 21-22.
545. Colin B. Goodykoontz, Home Missions on the American Frontier: with Particular Reference to the American Home Missionary Society (Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton, 1939).
546. American Bible Society, Forty-Fourth Annual Report (1860), 34-35.
547. Connecticut Bible Society, Report of the Directing Committee of the Connecticut Bible Society (Hartford: Hudson and Goodwin, 1810), 7;
548. Connecticut Bible Society, Address, Constitution, and Subscription Proposal of the Connecticut Bible Society (n.p., 1808), 1, 4;
549. Bible Society of Philadelphia, The First Report of the Bible Society Established at Philadelphia (Philadelphia, Pa.: Fry and Kammerer, 1809), 11;
550. Massachusetts Bible Society, A Circular Address from the Bible Society of Massachusetts (Boston: Belcher, 1809), 4-5, 14.
551. Connecticut Bible Society, Address (1808), 2;
552. Bible Society of Philadelphia, An Address of the Bible Society Established at Philadelphia to the Public (Philadelphia, Pa.: Fry and Kammerer, 1809), 3-4;
553. Bible Society of Philadelphia, First Report (1809), 8.
554. Leslie Howsam, Cheap Bibles: Nineteenth-Century Publishing and the British and Foreign Bible Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991);
555. William Canton, A History of the British and Foreign Bible Society, vol. 1 (London:Murray, 1904).
556. Leslie Howsam, "The Nineteenth-Century Bible Society and 'the Evil of Gratuitous Distribution,' " in Free Print and Non-Commercial Publishing since 1700, ed. James Raven (Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2000), 121;
557. Bible Society of Philadelphia, Address (1809), 9.
558. Bible Society of Philadelphia, Address (1809), 6-7;
559. Bible Society of Philadelphia, First Report (1809), 7-8.
560. Bible Society of Philadelphia, Address (1809), 10, 22;
561. Massachusetts Bible Society, Circular Address (1809), 19.
562. Connecticut Bible Society, Address (1808), 4-5;
563. Bible Society of Philadelphia, Address (1809), 18.
564. Paul C. Gutjahr, An American Bible: A History of the Good Book in the United States, 1777-1880 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1999), 23-29.
565. Michael Winship, "Printing with Plates in the Nineteenth Century," Printing History 4 (1983): 15-27;
566. Rosalind Remer, Printers and Men of Capital: Philadelphia Book Publishers in the New Republic (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996), 94-98;
567. John Bidwell, "Joshua Gilpin and Lord Stanhope's Improvements in Printing," Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 76 (Second Quarter 1982): 143-58.
568. George A. Kubler, A New History of Stereotyping (New York: Little and Ives, 1941).
569. Charles Brightly, The Method of Founding Stereotype, and Thomas Hodgson, An Essay on the Origin and Progress of Stereotype Printing (New York:Garland, 1982).
570. Bible Society of Philadelphia, The Second Report of the Bible Society Established at Philadelphia (Philadelphia, Pa.: Fry and Kammerer, 1810), 10-11;
571. Bible Society of Philadelphia, The Third Report of the Bible Society Established at Philadelphia (Philadelphia, Pa.: Fry and Kammerer, 1811), 7.
572. Bible Society of Philadelphia, The Eighth Report of the Bible Society Established at Philadelphia (Philadelphia, Pa.: Fry, 1816), 3-4.
573. Margaret T. Hills, The English Bible in America: A Bibliography of Editions of the Bible and the New Testament Published in America, 1777-1957 (New York: American Bible Society and New York Public Library, 1961), 37;
574. James N. Green, "From Printer to Publisher: Mathew Carey and the Origins of Nineteenth-Century Book Publishing," in Getting the Books Out:Papers of the Chicago Conference on the Book in Nineteenth-Century America, ed. Michael Hackenberg (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1987).
575. Bible Society of Philadelphia, Fifth Report (1813), 11-12;
576. Bible Society of Philadelphia, Sixth Report (1814), 13.
577. Bible Society of Philadelphia, Third Report (1811), 4.
578. Bible Society of Philadelphia, Eighth Report (1816), 3-4;
579. Bible Society of Philadelphia, Address (1810), 5.
580. New York Bible Society, Fourth Report of the New-York Bible Society (New York: Seymour, 1813), 3;
581. Bible Society of Philadelphia, Sixth Report (1814), 13-14.
582. Green, Mathew Carey, 18-20;
583. Remer, Printers and Men of Capital, 52.
584. Gutjahr, American Bible, 29-30;
585. Remer, Printers and Men of Capital, 95-99;
586. Margaret T. Hills, "Bible Publication in America to 1816," Historical Essay No. 5 (New York: American Bible Society, 1963), 8.
587. Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815-1846 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), chaps. 4-5.
588. History of Tracts (Andover, Mass.: Flagg and Gould, 1820), 28.
589. New-York Religious Tract Society, The First Annual Report of the New-York Religious Tract Society (New York: Seymour, 1813), 3;
590. New-York Religious Tract Society, The Sixth Annual Report of the New-York Religious Tract Society (New York:Seymour, 1818), 33;
591. New-York Religious Tract Society, The Twelfth Annual Report of the New-York Religious Tract Society (New York: Fanshaw, 1824), 16.
592. Rodney Stark and Roger Finke, Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000);
593. Laurence R. Iannaccone, "Rational Choice: Framework for the Scientific Study of Religion," in Rational Choice Theory and Religion: Summary and Assessment, ed. Lawrence A. Young (New York: Routledge, 1997);
594. Laurence R. Iannaccone, "Voodoo Economics? Reviewing the Rational Choice Approach to Religion," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 34 (1995): 76-88.
595. Rodney Stark and William Sims Bainbridge, A Theory of Religion (New York: Lang, 1987).
596. Roger Finke and Rodney Stark, The Churching of America, 1776-1990: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992);
597. R. Stephen Warner, "Work in Progress toward a New Paradigm for the Sociological Study of Religion in the United States," American Journal of Sociology 98 (March 1993): 1044-93.
598. Steve Bruce, Choice and Religion: A Critique of Rational Choice Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
599. Laurence R. Iannaccone, "Why Strict Churches Are Strong," American Journal of Sociology 99 (March 1994): 1184;
600. Stark and Finke, Acts of Faith, 148.
601. Finke and Stark, Churching of America, 252-55.
602. Iannaccone, "Why Strict Churches Are Strong," 1182-83; and Carl L. Bankston III, "Rationality, Choice, and the Religious Economy: The Problem of Belief," Review of Religious Research 43 (2002):311-25.
603. Connecticut Bible Society, Report (1816), 6.