A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony

A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-240

  Demos, John ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

American Puritans; Colonial community; Colony; Family; Mayflower; Pilgrims; Repression; Seventeenth century America

Indexed keywords

EID: 84940011064     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195128901.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (341)

1. William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, ed. Samuel Eliot Morison (New York, 1952), 61.
2. George D. Langdon, Jr., Pilgrim Colony: A History of New Plymouth, 1620-1691 (New Haven, Conn., 1966).
3. Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 23-25
4. Ruth A. Mclntyre, Debts Hopeful and Desperate: Financing the Plymouth Colony (Plimoth Plantation, 1963).
5. Bradford, Of Plymouth Floatation, 75-77.
6. Langdon, Pilgrim Colony, 21ff.
7. George D. Langdon, Jr., "The Franchise and Political Democracy in Plymouth Colony, " William and Mary Quarterly, 3d Ser., XX (1963), 513-26.
8. Nathaniel B. Shurtleff and David Pulsifer (Boston, 1855-61), II, 9.
9. Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 253-54.
10. Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 254.
11. Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 333.
12. John Demos, "Notes on Life in Plymouth Colony," William and Mary Quarterly, 3d Ser., XXII (1965), 264-86.
13. Richard L. Bushman, Front Puritan to Yankee (Cambridge, Mass., 1967).
14. Plymouth Colony Records, XI, 18.
15. Darren B. Rutman, Husbandmen of Plymouth (Boston, 1967).
16. Plymouth Colony Records, XI, 41.
17. Douglas Leach, Flintlock and Tomahawk (New York, 1958).
18. Bernard Bailyn, Education in the Forming of American Society (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1960)
19. Talcott Parsons and Robert F. Bales, Family, Socialization, and Interaction Process (Glencoe, III., 1960).
20. Govr & Cowncell." Records of the Colony of New Plymouth, in New England, ed. Nathaniel B. Shurtleff and David Pulsifer (Boston, 1855-61), I, 44.
21. Lysander S. Richards, History of Marshfield (Plymouth, Mass., 1901), 82.
22. William Brigham, The Compact with the Charter and Laws of the Colony of New Plymouth (Boston, 1836), 65.
23. What follows is a sampling of historical work on early American family life published since the appearance of A Little Commonwealth in 1970.
24. Axtell, James, The School Upon a Hill: Education and Society in Colonial New England (1974).
25. Calvert, Karin, Children in the House (1991).
26. Fischer, David Hackett, Growing Old in America (1977).
27. Fox, Vivian C. and Martin H. Quitt, Loving, Parenting, and Dying: The Family Cycle in England and America (1980).
28. Frost, J. William, The Quaker Family in Colonial America (1973).
29. Greven, Philip J. Jr., The Protestant Temperament: Patterns of Child-Rearing, Religious Experience, and the Self in Early America (1977).
30. Jensen, Joan M., Loosening the Bonds: Mid-Atlantic Farm Women, 1750-1850 (1986).
31. Koehler, Lyle, A Searching for Power: The "Weaker Sex" in Seventeenth-Century New England (1980).
32. Kulikoff, Allan, Tobacco and Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake (1986).
33. Levy, Barry, Quakers and the American Family: British Settlement in the Delaware Valley (1982).
34. Lewis, Jan, The Pursuit of Happiness: Family and Values in Jefferson's Virginia (1983).
35. Norton, Mary Beth, Founding Mothers and Fathers: Gendered Power and the Forming of American Society (1996).
36. Slater, Peter Gregg, Children in the New Eengland Mind: In Death and Life (1977).
37. Smith, Daniel Blake, Inside the Great House: Planter Family-Life in Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake Society (1981).
38. Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher, Good Wives: Image and Reality in the Lives of Women in Northern New England, 1650-1750 (1980).
39. Wall, Helena, Fierce Communion: Family and Community in Early America (1990).
40. Mayflower Descendant, II, 218-34.
41. Ann Attwood, Mayflower Descendant, XI, 201-6.
42. The Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in the New Eengland, ed. Nathaniel B. Shurtleif, 5 vols. (Boston, 1853-54), I, 126.
43. C. W. Cunnington and Phillis Cunnington, Handbook of English Costume in the Seventeenth Century (London, 1955).
44. Alice M. Earle, Child Life in Colonial Days (New York, 1927), 35ff
45. Briggs, "Pilgrim Dress," 4-5.
46. Robert Baldick (New York, 1962), ch. 3.
47. John Demos and Virginia Demos, "Adolescence in Historical Perspective," Journal of Marriage and the Family, XXXI (1969), No. 4.
48. E. D. Starbuck, The Psychology of Religion (New York, 1899).
49. Fleming, Children and Puritanism, 127-45;
50. Earle, Child Life in Colonial Days, 250-51.
51. Morgan, The Puritan Family, 67-75.
52. William Brigham, The Compact with the Charter and Laws of the Colony of New Plymouth (Boston, 1836), 255.
53. Plymouth Colony Records, XI, 219.
54. Mayflower Descendant, XXIV, 180.
55. Mayflower Descendant, IX, 30.
56. Mayflower Descendant, I, 27.
57. Kenneth Keniston, "Social Change and Youth in America," Daedalus (Winter, 1962), 145-71;
58. Erik H. Erikson, "Youth: Fidelity and Diversity," Daedalus (Winter, 1962), 5-27;
59. Ruth Benedict, "Continuities and Discontinuities in Cultural Conditioning," Psychiatry, I, 161-67.
60. Martha Hewitt, Plymouth Colony Records, V, 14.
61. Plymouth Colony Records, XI, 46.
62. Plymouth Colony Records, IV, 7.
63. Brigham, The Compact with the Charter and Laws of the Colony of New Plymouth, 44.
64. Mayflower Descendant, II, 38.
65. Brigham, The Compact with the Charter and Laws of the Colony of New Plymouth, 272.
66. Plymouth Colony Records, IV, 140.
67. Plymouth Colony Records, III, 5
68. Mayflower Descendant, XV, 235.
69. Mayflower Descendant, XI, 82.
70. Brigham, The Compact viith the Charter and Laws of the Colony of New Plymouth, 79-80.
71. Plymouth Colony Records, VIII, 101, 109.
72. Plymouth Colony Records, VII, 101
73. Plymouth Colony Records, V, 116
74. Brigham, The Compact with the Charter and Laws of the Colony of New Plymouth, 245-46.
75. Plymouth Colony Records, XI, 95.
76. George Elliott Howard, A History of Matrimonial Institutions (Chicago, 1904), II, 160-200.
77. "Thomas Cushman, for com-itting carnall coppulation with his now wife before marriage but after contract, is centanced by the Court to pay five pounds, according to the Law." Plymouth Colony Records, IV, 83.
78. Plymouth Colony Records, III, 6.
79. Brigham, The Compact with the Charter and Laws of the Colony of New Plymouth, 272.
80. Mayflower Descendant, II, 27-28.
81. Mayflower Descendant, IV, 115.
82. William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, ed. Samuel Eliot Morison (New York, 1952), 86.
83. Plymouth Colony Records, V, 263.
84. Plymouth Colony Records, III, 46, 52
85. Brigham, The Compact with the Charter and Laws of the Colony of New Plymouth, 272.
86. Alice Morse Earle, in Customs and Fashions in Old New England (New York, 1894), 73ff.
87. Chilton L. Powell "Marriage in Early New England, " New England Quarterly, I, 328;
88. Morgan, The Puritan Family, 33.
89. Philip J. Greven, "Family Structure in Seventeenth-Century Andover, Massachusetts, " William arid Mary Quarterly, 3d Ser., XXIII, 234-56.
90. Mayflower Descendant, IV, 157.
91. Thomas Spooner, Records of William Spooner of Plymouth, Mass., and His Descendants (Cincinnati, 1883), 19.
92. John Thompson of Middleborough, Mayflower Descendant, IV, 23.
93. Mayflower Descendant, XI, 50-53.
94. Mayflotoer Descendant, XXIV, 71.
95. Mayflower Descendant, V, 239.
96. Benjamin Bartlett of Duxbury, in Mayflower Descendant, VI, 45.
97. Peregrine White of Marshfield, in Mayflower Descendant, I, 130.
98. Joseph Alden of Bridgewater, in Mayflower Descendant, VI, 71.
99. Kenelm Winslow, in Mayflower Descendant, XXIV, 41.
100. Mayflower Descendant, XV, 248-49.
101. John Turner of Sciruate, Mayflower Descendant, V, 41.
102. Mayflower Descendant, IX, 66.
103. Mayflower Descendant, XVI, 82.
104. Plymouth Colony Records, V, 159.
105. Mayflower Descendant, XII, 214.
106. Mayflower Descendant, IV, 84.
107. Richard LeBaron Bowen, Early Rehoboth (Rehoboth, Mass., 1948), III, 164.
108. Edmund S. Morgan, The Puritan Family (New York, 1966);
109. Bernard Bailyn, Education in the Forming of American Society (Chapel Hill, N. C., 1060).
110. Arthur W. Calhoun, A Social History of the American Family, 3 vols. (Cleveland, 1917-18).
111. The Works of John Robinson, ed. Robert Ashton (Boston, 1853).
112. William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, ed. Samuel Eliot Morison (New York, 1952).
113. Abram Kardiner and Ralph Linton, The Individual and His Society (New York, 1939), 471-83.
114. Mayflower Descendant, XI, 8.
115. Mayflower Descendant, X, 162-64.
116. Mayflower Descendant, IX, 82.
117. Mayflower Descendant, II, 148-52.
118. Bailey, "Pilgrim Possessions," 4.
119. Mayflower Descendant, X, 199.
120. Mayflower Descendant, IV, 75ff.
121. Mayflower Descendant, I, 205.
122. "boards both loose and nailed." Plymouth Colony Records, XII, 199.
123. W. G. Hoskins, "The Rebuilding of Rural England, 1570-1640," first published in Past and Present, no. 4 (1953);
124. Provincial England (London, 1063), 131-48.
125. Mayflower Descendant, II, 228-34.
126. William Randall and Humphrey Johnson, Plymouth Colony Records, I, 110ff.
127. Of Plymouth Plantation, ed. Samuel Eliot Morison (New York, 1952), 76.
128. Mayflower Descendant, XI, 8.
129. Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 133.
130. Carson and Candee, "Report on Architecture," 5.
131. Heath, Journal of the Pilgrims, 47, 48.
132. Records of the Colony of New Plymouth, in New England, ed. Nathaniel B. Shurtleff and David Pulsifer (Boston, 1855-61), XI, 4.
133. John Winthrop, Jr., in Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, Ser. 4, VII, 118-20.
134. William Kemp of Duxbury, Mayflower Descendant, IV, 81.
135. James Deetz, "The Howlands of Rocky Nook, " Supplement to The Howland Quarterly, XXIV, no. 4, 4.
136. Records of the Town of Plymouth, I (Plymouth, 1889), II;
137. Plymouth Colony Records, XII, 26.
138. Plymouth Colony Records, II, 22.
139. M. W. Barley, The English Farmhozise and Cottage (London, 1961), 133-34.
140. Plymouth Colony Records, II, 133.
141. Plymouth Colony Records, XII, 86-87, III-12, 187, 199.
142. Mayflower Descendant, I, 203-5.
143. Mayflower Descendant, II. 228-34.
144. Mayflower Descendant, IV, 79.
145. John Attwood, in Mayflower Descendant, V, 153-59.
146. Plymouth Colony Records, III, 205, 207, 211.
147. Plymouth Colony Records, V, 223-24.
148. Mayflower Descendant, XI, 52.
149. The Works of John Robinson, ed. Robert Ashton (Boston, 1851), I, 236.
150. Richard B. Morris, Studies in the History of American Law (New York, 1930)
151. Brigham, The Compact with the Charter and Laws of the Colony of New Plymouth, 281.
152. Plymouth Colony Records, IV, 46.
153. Mayflower Descendant, XVII, 49
154. Mayflower Descendant, X, 102.
155. Dolar Davis, Mayflower Descendant, XXIV, 73.
156. Mayflower Descendant, VI, 191-92.
157. Mayflower Descendant, VIII, 171.
158. Mayflower Descendant, XIII, 94-96.
159. Mayflower Descendant, IX, 155.
160. Robert O. Blood Jr., and Donald M. Wolfe, Husbands and Wives (Glencoe, 111., 1960)
161. Biigham, The Compact with the Charter and Laws of the Colony of New Plymouth, 86.
162. Mayflower Descendant, XV, 34.
163. Mayflower Descendant, XII, 134.
164. Plymouth Colony Records, IV, 54.
165. Plymouth Colony Records, V, 15.
166. Plymouth Colony Records, IV, 44.
167. Plymouth Colony Records, VI, 187.
168. Mayflower Descendant, XIV, 26.
169. Elizabeth Anthony Dexter, Colonial Women of Affairs (Boston, 1911)
170. The Works of John Robinson, I, 20.
171. Plymouth Colony Records, III, 174.
172. Ply mouth Colony Records, V, 33.
173. Plymouth Colony Records, VI, 44-45.
174. Plymouth Colony Records, IV, 10.
175. Plymouth Colony Records, V, 61.
176. Plymouth Colony Records, IV, 47.
177. Plymouth Colony Records, III, 75.
178. Plymouth Colony Records, V, 29.
179. Plymouth Colony Records, IV, 93.
180. Plymouth Colony Records, VI, 191.
181. Plymouth Colony Records, V, 39.
182. Plymouth Colony Records, IV, II.
183. Plymouth Colony Records, VI, 191.
184. The Works of John Robinson, I, 241.
185. Brigham, The Compact with the Charter and Laws of the Colony of New Plymouth, 245-46.
186. Plymouth Colony Records, III, 221.
187. Bowen, Early Rehoboth, I, 15-24;
188. Joseph B. Felt, "Population of Plymouth Colony," in American Statistical Association Collections, I, Pt. ii (Boston, 1845), 143-44;
189. Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, xi
190. Edmund Morgan, The Puritan Family (New York, 1966), esp. 46ff.
191. Plymouth Colony Records, VI, 134-35.
192. Records of the Colony of New Plymouth, in New England, ed. Nathaniel B. Shurtleff and David Pulsifer (Boston, 1855-61), VI, 45.
193. Robert G. Potter et al., "Application of Field Studies to Research on the Physiology of Human Reproduction," in Journal of Chronic Diseases, XVIII (1965), 1125-40.
194. The Works of John Robinson, ed. Robert Ashton (Boston, 1851), I, 246-47.
195. Paul H. Mussen, John J. Conger and Jerome Kagan, Child Development and Personality (New York, 2nd ed., 1963)
196. Dr. Benjamin Spock's famous Baby and Child Care (New York, 1945).
197. Edmund Morgan, "The Puritans and Sex, " New England Quarterly, XV (1942), 591-607.
198. The Works of John Robinson, I, 226.
199. Abram Kardiner, The Psychological Frontiers of Society (New York, 1945).
200. Erik Erikson, Identity and the Life Cycle (New York, 1959), 65-74.
201. John Ward in Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana (Hartford, 1853), I, 522:
202. Earle, Child Life in Colonial Days, 41, 44.
203. Rebecca Littlefield vs. Israel Woodcock, Plymouth Colony Records, V, 161
204. Edmund Morgan, in The Puritan Family (New York, 1966)
205. Barbel Inhelder and Jean Piaget, The Growth of Logical Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence, trans. Anne Parsons and Stanley Milgram (New York, 1958).
206. Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (New York, 1945), chs. V, VI.
207. Erikson, Identity and the Life Cycle, 84.
208. John A. Goodwin, The Pilgrim Republic (Boston, 1888), 494-95.
209. Records of the Town of Plymouth (Plymouth, 1889), I, 115.
210. Plymouth Colony Records, V, 107-8.
211. Records of the Town of Plymouth, I, 224, 245.
212. Bernard Bailyn, Education in the Forming of American Society (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1960).
213. Plymouth Colony Records, III 166.
214. Records of the Town of Plymouth, I, 151.
215. Plymouth Colony Records, VI, 125-26.
216. The Works of John Robinson, 1, 253.
217. Pilgrim Notes and Queries, IV, 4.
218. Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 334.
219. Plymouth Colony Records, II, 67-68.
220. Plymouth Colony Records, III, 119.
221. Plymouth Colony Records, VI, 25.
222. Samuel Eaton to John Cooke, Plymouth Colony Records, I, 43.
223. Mayflower Descendant, XI, 34.
224. Martha Everson to John Barrow, in Records of the Town of Plymouth, I, 112.
225. Plymouth Colony Records, XI, 40.
226. Plymouth Colony Records, I, 111
227. Mayflower Descendant, XXV, 121.
228. Mayflower Descendant, IV, 156.
229. Mayflower Descendant, XXXIII, 35.
230. Mayflower Descendant, VIII, 209.
231. Mayflower Descendant, XIV, 151.
232. Plymouth Colony Records, III, 70.
233. Plymouth Colony Records, VI, 25.
234. Morgan, The Puritan Family, 125ff.
235. Plymouth Colony Records, II, 73.
236. Plymouth Colony Records, III, 18.
237. Plymouth Colony Records, II, 105.
238. Plymouth Colony Records, III, 64.
239. Plymouth Colony Records, II, 58-59.
240. Plymouth Colony Records, III, 71.
241. Plymouth Colony Records, III, 75.
242. Plymouth Colony Records, III, 119
243. Plymouth Colony Records, I, 7
244. Plymouth Colony Records, II, 69.
245. Plymouth Colony Records, III, 83, 88.
246. Mayflower Descendant, I, 31.
247. Mayflower Descendant, IX, 30.
248. Pilgrim Notes and Queries, V, 122.
249. Mayflower Descendant, II, 148.
250. Mayflower Descendant, XIV, 229.
251. Mayflower Descendant, XV, 235.
252. John Harrison, "Clayworth and Cogenhoe," in H. E. Bell and R. L. Ollard, Historical Essays, Presented to David Ogg (London, 1963), 157-84.
253. Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost (New York, 1965), 89ff.
254. Mayflower Descendant, XVI, 82.
255. Mayflower Descendant, XV, 250.
256. Mayflower Descendant, XIV, 231.
257. Mayflower Descendant, VIII, 85.
258. New England Historical and Genealogical Register, XXXIV (1880), 404-5.
259. Richard LeBaron Bowen, Early Rehoboth (Reho-both, Mass., 1945), I, 75-76.
260. John Demos, "Families in Colonial Bristol, Rhode Island: An Exercise in Historical Demography," Willam and Mary Quarterly, 3d Ser., XXV (1968), 40-57.
261. George L. Howe, Mount Hope: A New England Chronicle (New York, 1959)
262. George H. Munro, The History of Bristol, R.I. (Providence, 1880).
263. John Demos, "Notes on Life in Plymouth Colony," William and Mary Quarterly, 3d. Ser., XXII (1965), 271.
264. Records of the Colony of New Plymouth, in New England, ed. Nathaniel B. Shurtleff and David Pulsifer (Boston, 1855-61), II, 78.
265. Plymouth Colony Records, I, 8
266. Plymouth Colony Records, II, 69.
267. Plymouth Colony Records, III 197.
268. Plymouth Colony Records, I, 21.
269. Plymouth Colony Records, IV, 194.
270. Plymouth Colony Records, I, 24.
271. Plymouth Colony Records, III, 51.
272. Plymouth Colony Records, VI, 31.
273. L. S. Richards, History of Marshfield (Plymouth, 1901), I, 28.
274. Mayflower Descendant, V, 91.
275. Mayflower Descendant, XII, 133.
276. Plymouth Colony Records, II, 112-13.
277. Mayflower Descendant, I, 30-31.
278. Mayflower Decendant, XIV, 152.
279. Mayflower Descendant, VII, 41-43.
280. Edmund Morgan, The Puritan Family (New York, 1966), 77.
281. Mayflower Descendant, XIV, 232.
282. Mayflower Descendant, XXXI, 100-101.
283. Mayflower Descendant, XXXIV, 34.
284. Mayflower Descendant, XI, 26.
285. Plymouth Colony Records, VI, 125-26.
286. Mayflower Descendant, XVI, 206.
287. Pilgrim Notes and Queries, V. 88.
288. Mayflower Descendant, IV, 196.
289. Mayflower Descendant, XIII, 14.
290. Demos, "Families in Colonial Bristol, Rhode Island: An Exercise in Historical Demography," 50-51.
291. John Churchill, Sr., in Mayflower Descendant, XVIII, 40-41.
292. William Brigham, The Compact with the Charter and Lotos of the Colony of New Plymouth (Boston, 1836), 156.
293. Plymouth Colony Records, I, 135-36.
294. Plymouth Colony Records, III, 37.
295. Richards, History of Marshfield, I, 30.
296. Plymouth Colony Records, VI, 54, 74.
297. Records of the Town of Plymouth, I, 172.
298. Richards, History of Marshfield, I, 27.
299. Brigham, The Compact with the Charter and Laws of the Colony of New Plymouth, 245.
300. Brigham, The Compact with the Charter and Laws of the Colony of New Plymouth, 245.
301. Plymouth Colony Records, VI, 20.
302. Plymouth Colony Records, V, 16.
303. Plymouth Colony Records, III, 201.
304. Mayflower Descendant, XI, 160.
305. Plymouth Colony Records, IV, 47.
306. Plymouth Colony Records, V, 13.
307. Plymouth Colony Records, XI, 111.
308. Brigham, The Compact with the Charter and Laws of the Colony of New Plymouth, 270-71.
309. Plymouth Colony Records, III, 120.
310. Brigham, The Compact with the Charter and Laws of the Colony of New Plymouth, 46.
311. Mayflower Descendant, II, 113.
312. George Lyman Kittredge, Witchcraft in Old and New England (Cambridge, Mass., 1929), 198ff.
313. Thomas Lapham of Scituate, Mayflower Descendant, X, 198-200;
314. Thomas Hicks of Scituate, XI, 160-61.
315. Lewis R. Binford, "Archaeology as Anthropology," in American Antiquity, XXVIII (1962), 217-15.
316. Sandford Fleming, Children and Puritanism (New Haven, Conn., 1933);
317. Alice Morse Earle, Child Life in Colonial Days (New York, 1927).
318. Phillipe Aries, Centuries of Childhood, trans. Robert Baldick (New York, 1962).
319. William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, ed. Samuel Eliot Morison (New York, 1952), 120-21.
320. Mayflower Descendant, XV, 248-51.
321. Mayflower Descendant, XI, 152-56);
322. Samuel P. May, The Descendants of Richard Sares [Sears] of Yarmouth, Mass. [Albany, N.Y., 1890], 36-37)
323. Mayflower Descendant, IV, 157ff.
324. Mayflower Descendant, II, 81-83.
325. Mayflower Descendant, VI, 44-46.
326. Mayflower Descendant, III, 220.
327. Plymouth Colony Records, II, 142.
328. Mayflower Descendant, XI, 186.
329. Plymouth Colony Records, II, 119.
330. Mayflower Descendant, XVIII, 14-15.
331. Plymouth Colony Records, VI, 4.
332. The Works of John Robinson, I, 246.
333. Mayflower Descendant, VIII, 203-4.
334. Mayflower Descendant, XI, 153.
335. Mayflower Descendant, XXVI, 80
336. Mayflower Descendant, XXXI, 102.
337. Mayflower Descendant, X, 162-64.
338. Mayflower Descendant, XI, 200-201.
339. Mayflower Descendant, XXIV, 133.
340. Plymouth Colony Records, VI, 39.
341. Mayflower Descendant, X, 200.