Biodegradability Testing of Compostable Polymer Materials

Handbook of Biopolymers and Biodegradable Plastics: Properties, Processing and Applications

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 213-263

  Rudnik, Ewa ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIODEGRADABILITY;

BIODEGRADABILITY TESTING; POLYMER MATERIALS;

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS;

EID: 84922115941     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4557-2834-3.00011-2     Document Type: Chapter

References (183)

1. Bellia G., Tosin M., Floridi G., Degli-Innocenti F. Activated vermiculite: a solid bed for testing biodegradability under composting conditions. Polym. Deg. Stab. 1999, 66:65.
2. Degli-Innocenti F., Bellia G., Tosin M., Kapanen A., Itävaara M. Detection of toxicity released by biodegradable plastics after composting in activated vermiculite. Polym. Deg. Stab. 2001, 73:101.
3. Longieras A., Copinet A., Bureau G., Tighzert L. An inert solid medium for simulation of material biodegradation in compost and achievement of carbon balance. Polym. Deg. Stab. 2004, 83:187.
4. Bellia G., Tosin M., Degli-Innocenti F. The test method of composting in vermiculite is unaffected by the priming effect. Polym. Deg. Stab. 2000, 69:113.
5. Jang J.-Ch, Shin P.-K., Yoon J.-S., Lee I.-M., Lee H.-S., Kim M.-N. Glucose effect on the biodegradation of plastics by compost from food garbage. Polym. Deg. Stab. 2002, 76:155.
6. Yang H.-S., Yoon J.-S., Kim M.-N. Dependence of biodegradability of plastics in compost on the shape of specimens. Polym. Deg. Stab. 2005, 87:131.
7. Jayasekara R., Lonergan G.T., Harding I., Bowater I., Halley P., Christie G.B. An automated multi-unit composting facility for biodegradability evaluations. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 2001, 76:411.
8. Száraz L., Beczner J., Kayser G. Investigation of the biodegradability of water-insoluble materials in a solid test based on the adaption of a biological oxygen demand measuring system. Polym. Deg. Stab. 2003, 81:477.
9. Körner I., Braukmeier J., Herrenklage J., Leikam K., Ritzkowski M., Schlegelmilch M., Stegmann R. Investigation and optimization of composting processes - test systems and practical examples. Waste Manag. 2003, 23:17.
10. Ghorpade V.M., Gennadios A., Hanna M.A. Laboratory composting of extruded poly(lactic acid) sheets. Biores. Technol. 2001, 76:57.
11. Way C., Wu D.Y., Dean K., Palombo E. Design considerations for high-temperature respirometric biodegradation of polymers in compost. Polym. Test. 2010, 29:147.
12. Grima S., Bellon-Maurel V., Feuilloley P., Silvestre F. Aerobic biodegradation of polymers in solid-state conditions: a review of environmental and physicochemical parameter settings in laboratory simulations. J. Polym. Environ. 2000, 8:183.
13. Joo S.B., Kim M.N., Im S.S., Yoon J.S. Biodegradation of plastics in compost prepared at different composting conditions. Macromol. Symp. 2005, 224:355.
14. Itävaara M., Vikman M. An overview of methods for biodegradability testing of biopolymers and packaging materials. J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 1996, 4:29.
15. Briassouliss D., Dejean C., Picuno P. Critical review of norms and standards for biodegradable agricultural plastics Part II: composting. J. Polym. Environ 2010, 18:364.
16. Calmon A., Silvestre F., Bellon-Maurel V., Roger J.-M., Feuilloley P. Modelling easily bio-degradability of materials in liquid medium - relationship between structure and biodegradability. J. Environ. Polym. Deg. 1999, 7:135.
17. Pagga U., Schäfer A., Müller R.-J., Pantke M. Determination of the aerobic biodegradability of polymeric material in aquatic batch tests. Chemosphere 2001, 42:319.
18. Gu J.-G., Gu J.-D. Methods currently used in testing microbiological degradation and deterior-ation of a wide range of polymers with various degrees of degradability: a review. J. Polym. Environm 2005, 13:65.
19. Eubeler J.P., Bernhard M., Zok S., Knepper T.P. Environmental biodegradation of synthetic polymers I. Test methodologies and procedures. Trend. Anal. Chem. 2009, 28:1057.
20. Mulbry W., Reeves J.B., Millner P. Use of mid- and near-infrared spectroscopy to track degradation of bio-based eating utensils during composting. Bioresour.Technol. 2012, 109:93.
21. Kunioka M., Ninomiya F., Funabashi M. Biodegradation of poly(lactic acid) powders proposed as the reference test materials for the international standard of biodegradation evaluation methods. Polym. Deg. Stab. 2006, 91:1919.
22. Guo W., Tao J., Yang C., Zhao Q., Song C., Wang S. The rapid evaluation of material biodegradability using an improved ISO 14852 method with a microbial community. Polym. Test. 2010, 29:832.
23. Lunt J. Large-scale production, properties and commercial applications of polylactic acid polymers. Polym. Deg. Stab. 1998, 59:145.
24. Auras R., Harte B., Selke S. An overview of polylactides as packaging materials. Macromol. Biosci. 2004, 4:835.
25. Biodegradable Plastics - Development and environmental impacts, Nolan-ITU Pty Ltd, prepared in association with ExcelPLas, Australia, October 2002, . http://www.%20environment.gov.au/settlements/%20publications/waste/degradables/biodegradable.
26. Techno-economic feasibility of large-scale production of bio-based polymers in Europe (PRO-BIP), Final Report, Utrecht/Karlsruhe, October 2004.
27. Ho K.-L.G., Pometto A.L., Gadea-Rivas A., Briceño Rojas A. Degradation of polylactic acid (PLA) plastic in Costa Rican soil and Iowa State University compost rows. J. Environ. Polym. Deg. 1999, 7:173.
28. Kijchavengkul T., Auras R., Rubino M., Ngouajio M., Fernandez R.T. Development of an automatic laboratory-scale respirometric system to measure polymer biodegradability. Polym. Test. 2006, 25:1006.
29. Tuominen J., Kylmä J., Kapanen A., Venelampi O., Itävaara M., Seppälä J. Biodegradation of lactic acid based polymers under controlled composting conditions and evaluation of the ecotoxicological impact. Biomacromolecules 2002, 3:445.
30. Itävaara M., Karjomaa S., Selin J.-F. Biodegradation of polylactide in aerobic and anaerobic thermophilic conditions. Chemosphere 2002, 46:879.
31. Z˙enkiewicz M., Malinowski R., Rytlewski P., Richert A., Sikorska W., Krasowska K. Some composting and biodegradation effects of physically or chemically crosslinked poly(lactic acid). Polym. Test. 2012, 31:83.
32. Kale G., Aura R., Singh S.P. Comparison of the degradability of poly(lactide) packages in composting and ambient exposure conditions. Packag. Technol. Sci. 2007, 20:49.
33. Pradhan R., Reddy M., Diebel W., Erickson L., Misra M., Mohanty A. Comparative compostability and biodegradation studies of various components of green composites and their blends in simulated aerobic composting bioreactor. Int. J. Plast. Technol. 2010, 14(Suppl. 1):S45.
34. Sarasa J., Gracia J.M., Javierre C. Study of the biodisintegration of a bioplastic material waste. Bioresour. Technol. 2009, 100:3764.
35. Leejarkapi T., Suwanmanee U., Rudeekit Y., Mungcharoen T. Biodegradable kinetics of plastics under controlled composting conditions. Waste Manag. 2011, 31:1153.
36. Khabbaz F., Karlsson S. Albertsson A.-Ch Py-GC/MS - An effective technique for characterizing the degradation mechanism of poly(L-lactide) in different environments. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2000, 78:2369.
37. Tokiwa Y., Jarerat A. Microbial degradation of aliphatic polyesters. Macromol. Symp. 2003, 201:283.
38. Tokiwa Y., Calabia B.P. Biodegradability and biodegradation of poly(lactide). Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2006, 72:244.
39. Pranamuda H., Tokiwa Y., Tanaka H. Polylactide degradation by an Amycolatopsis sp. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1997, 63:1637.
40. Tansengco M.L., Tokiwa Y. Comparative population study of aliphatic polyester-degrading microorganisms at 50 °C. Chem. Lett. 1998, 27:1043.
41. Suyama T., Tokiwa Y., Ouichanpagdee P., Kanagawa T., Kamagata Y. Phylogenetic affiliation of soil bacteria that degrade aliphatic polyesters available commercially as biodegradable plastics. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1998, 64:5008.
42. Ohkita T., Lee S.H. Thermal degradation and biodegradability of poly(lactic acid)/corn starch biocomposites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2006, 100:3009.
43. Urayama H., Kanamori T., Kimura Y. Properties and biodegradability of polymer blends of poly(L-lactide) with different optical purity of the lactate units. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2002, 287:116.
44. Gattin R., Copinet A., Bertrand C., Couturier Y. Comparative biodegradation study of starch- and polylactic acid-based films. J. Polym. Environ. 2001, 9:11.
45. Hoshino A., Isono Y. Degradation of aliphatic polyester films by commercially available lipases with special reference to rapid and complete degradation of poly(L-lactide) film by lipase PL derived from Alcaligenes sp. Biodegradation 2002, 13:141.
46. Rudnik E., Briassoulis D. Degradation behavior of poly(lactic acid) films and fibers in soil under Mediterranean field conditions and laboratory simulations testing. Ind. Crops Prod. 2011, 33:648.
47. Hakkarainen M. Aliphatic polyesters: abiotic and biotic degradation and degradation products. Adv. Polym. Sci. 2002, 157:115.
48. Byrom D. The synthesis and biodegradation of polyhydroxyalkanoates from bacteria. Int. Biodeter. Biodegrad. 1993, 31:199.
49. Pagga U., Beimborn D.B., Boelens J., De Wilde B. Determination of the aerobic biodegradability of polymeric material in laboratory controlled composting test. Chemosphere 1995, 31:4475.
50. Yue C.L., Gross R.A., McCarthy S.P. Composting studies of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-valerate). Polym. Deg. Stab. 1996, 51:205.
51. Weng Y.-X., Wang Y., Wang X.-L., Wang Y.-Z. Biodegradation behaviour of PHBV films in a pilot - Scale composting condition. Polym. Test. 2010, 29:579.
52. Weng Y.-X., Wang X.-L., Wang Y.-Z. Biodegradation behaviour of PHAs with different chemical structures under controlled composting conditions. Polym. Test. 2011, 30:372.
53. Eldsätter C., Karlsson S. Albertsson A.-Ch effect of abiotic factors on the degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) in simulated and natural composting environments. Polym. Deg. Stab. 1999, 64:177.
54. Luo S., Netravali A.N. A study of physical and mechanical properties of poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) during composting. Polym. Deg. Stab. 2003, 80:59.
55. Rosa D.S., Lotto N.T., Lopes D.R., Guedes C.G.F. The use of roughness for evaluating the bio-degradation of poly-β-(hydroxybutyrate) and poly-β-(hydroxybutyrate-co-β-valerate). Polym. Test. 2004, 23:3.
56. Lotto N.T., Calil M.T., Guedes C.G.F., Rosa D.S. The effect of temperature on the biodegradation test. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2004, 24:659.
57. Dos Santos Rosa D., Callil M.R., Das Graças Fassina Guedes C., Rodrigues T.C. Biodegradability of thermally aged PHB, PHBV, and PCL in soil compostage. J. Polym. Environ. 2004, 12:239.
58. El-Hadi A., Schnabel R., Straube E., Müller G., Henning S. Correlation between degree of crystallinity, morphology, glass temperature, mechanical properties and biodegradation of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) PHAs and their blends. Polym. Test. 2002, 21:665.
59. Kellerrhals M.B., Kessler B., Witholt B., Tchouboukov Brandl H. Renewable long-chain fatty acids for production of biodegradable medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHAs) at laboratory and pilot plant scales. Macromolecules 2000, 33:4690.
60. Reddy C.S.K., Ghai R., Rashmi, Kalia V.C. Polyhydroxyalkanoates: an overview. Bioresour. Technol. 2003, 87:137.
61. Volova T.G., Boyandin A.N., Vasiliev A.D., Karpov V.A., Prudnikova S.V., Mishukova O.V., Boyarskikh U.A., Filipienko M.L., Rudnev V.P., Xuân B.B., Dông V.V., Gitelson I.I. Biodegradation of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) in tropical coastal waters and identification of PHA-degrading bacteria. Polym. Deg. Stab. 2010, 95:2350.
62. Volova T.G., Gladyshev M.I., Trusova M.Yu, Zhila N.O. Degradation of polyhydroxyalkanoates and the composition of microbial destructors under natural conditions. Microbiology 2006, 75:593.
63. Rudnik E., Briassoulis D. Comparative biodegradation in soil behaviour of two biodegradable polymers based on renewable resources. J. Polym. Environ 2011, 19(1):18.
64. Vikman M., Itävaara M., Poutanen K. Measurement of the biodegradation of starch-based materials by enzymatic methods and composting. J. Envir. Polym. Deg. 1995, 3:23.
65. Degli-Innocenti F., Tosin M., Bastioli C. Evaluation of the biodegradation of starch and cellulose under controlled composting conditions. J. Polym. Environ. 1998, 6:197.
66. Jbilou F., Galland S., Ayadi F., Belard L., Dole P., Desjardin V., Bayard R., Degraeve P. Biodegradation of corn flour-based materials assessed by enzymatic, aerobic, and anaerobic tests: influence of specific surface area. Polym. Test. 2011, 30:131.
67. Gattin R., Copinet A., Bertrand C., Couturier Y. Biodegradation study of a starch and poly(lactic acid) co-extruded material in liquid, composting and inert mineral media. Int. Biodeter. Biodegr. 2002, 50:25.
68. Du Y.-L., Cao Y., Lu F., Li F., Cao Y., Wang X.-L., Wang Y.-Z. Biodegradation behaviours of thermoplastic starch (TPS) and thermoplastic dialdeyde starch (TPDAS) under controlled composting conditions. Polym. Test. 2008, 27:924.
69. Degli-Innocenti F., Tosin M., Bastioli C. Evaluation of the biodegradation of starch and cellulose under controlled composting conditions. J. Polym. Environ. 1998, 6:197.
70. Pérez J., Muňoz-Dorado J., de la Rubia T., Martinez J. Biodegradation and biological treatments of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin: an overview. Int. Microbiol. 2002, 5:53.
71. Edgar K.J., Buchanan C.M., Debenham J.S., Rundquist P.A., Seiler B.D., Shelton M.C., Tindall D. Advances in cellulose ester performance and application. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2001, 26:1605.
72. Gardner R.M., Buchanan C.M., Komarek R., Dorschel D., Bogus C., White A.W. Compostability of cellulose acetate films. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1994, 52:1477.
73. Gu J.-D., Yang S., Welton R., Eberiel D., McCarthy S.P., Gross R.A. Effect of environmental parameters on the degradability of polymer films in laboratory-scale composting reactors. J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 1994, 2:129.
74. Glasser W.G., McCartney B., Samaranayake G. Cellulose derivatives with low degree of substitution. 3. The biodegradability of cellulose esters using a simple enzyme assay. Biotechnol. Prog. 1994, 10:214.
75. Buchanan C.M., Dorschel D., Gardner R.M., Komarek R.J., Matosky A.J., White A.W., Wood M.D. The influence of degree of substitution on blend miscibility and biodegradation of cellulose acetate blends. J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 1996, 4.
76. Samios E., Dart R.K., Dawkins J.V. Preparation, characterization and biodegradation studies on cellulose acetates with varying degrees of substitution. Polymer 1997, 38:3045.
77. Frisoni G., Baiardo M., Scandola M. Natural cellulose fibers: heterogenous acetylation kinetics and biodegradation behaviour. Biomacromolecules 2001, 2:476.
78. Ikejima T., Inoue Y. Crystallization behaviour and environmental biodegradability of the blend films of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) with chitin and chitosan. Carbohydr. Polym. 2000, 41:351.
79. Lodha P., Netravali A.N. Effect of soy protein isolate resin modifications on their biodegradation in a compost medium. Polym. Deg. Stab. 2005, 87:465.
80. Domenek S., Feuilloley P., Gratraud J., Morel M.-H., Guilbert S. Biodegradability of wheat gluten based plastics. Chemosphere 2004, 54:551.
81. Abrusci C., Marquina D., Santos A., Del Amo A., Corrales T., Catalina F. A chemiluminescence study on degradation of gelatine. Biodegradation by bacteria and fungi isolated from cinematographic films. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 2007, 185:188.
82. Chiellini E., Cinelli P., Corti A., Kenawy E.R. Composite films based on waste gelatin: thermal-mechanical properties and biodegradation testing. Polym. Deg. Stab. 2001, 73:549.
83. Fujimaki T. Processability and properties of aliphatic polyesters, "BIONOLLE", synthesised by polycondensation reaction. Polym. Deg. Stab. 1998, 59:209.
84. Tserki V., Matzinos P., Pavlidou E., Vachliotis D., Panayiotou C. Biodegradable aliphatic polyesters. Part I. Properties and biodegradation of poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate). Polym. Deg. Stab. 2006, 91:367.
85. Tserki V., Matzinos P., Pavlidou E., Vachliotis D., Panayiotou C. Biodegradable aliphatic polyesters. Part II. Synthesis and characterization of chain extended poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate). Polym. Deg. Stab. 2006, 91:377.
86. Kim M.-N., Kim K.-H., Jin H.-J., Park J.-K., Yoon J.-S. Biodegradability of ethyl and n-octyl branched poly(ethylene adipate) and poly(butylene succinate). Eur. Polym. J. 2001, 37:1843.
87. Bikiaris D.N., Papageorgiou G.Z., Achilias D.S. Synthesis and comparative biodegradability studies of three poly(alkylene succinate)s. Polym. Deg. Stab. 2006, 91:31.
88. Marten E., Müller R.-J., Deckwer W.-D. Studies on the enzymatic hydrolysis of polyesters. I. Low molecular mass model esters and aliphatic polyesters. Polym. Deg. Stab. 2003, 80:485.
89. Ahn B.D., Kim S.H., Kim Y.H., Yang J.S. Synthesis and characterization of the biodegradable copolymers from succinic acid, and adipic acid with 1,4-butanediol. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2001, 82:2808.
90. Rizarrelli P., Puglisi C., Montaudo G. Soil burial and enzymatic degradation in solution of aliphatic co-polyesters. Polym. Deg. Stab. 2004, 85:855.
91. Zhao J.-H., Wang X.-Q., Zeng J., Yang G., Shi F.-H., Yan Q. Biodegradation of poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) by Aspergillus versicolor. Polym. Deg. Stab. 2005, 90:173.
92. Zhao J.-H., Wang X.-Q., Zeng J., Yang G., Shi F.-H., Yan Q. Biodegradation of poly (butylene succinate) in compost. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2005, 97:2273.
93. Kim M.-N., Kim K.-H., Jin H.-J., Park J.-K., Yoon J.-S. Biodegradability of ethyl and n-octyl branched poly(ethylene adipate) and poly(butylene succinate). Eur. Polym. J. 2001, 37:1843.
94. Jin H.-J., Kim D.-S., Lee B.-Y., Kim M.-N., Lee I.-M., Lee H.-S., Yoon J.-S. Chain extension and biodegradation of poly(butylene succinate) with maleic acid units. J. Polym. Sci. 2000, 38:2240.
95. Pranamuda H., Tokiwa Y., Tanaka H. Microbial degradation of an aliphatic polyester with a high melting point, poly(tetramethylene succinate). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1995, 61:1828.
96. Hayase N., Yano H., Kudoh E., Tsutsumi Ch., Ushio K., Miyahara Y., Tanaka S., Nakagawa K. Isolation and characterization of poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate)-degrading microorganism. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 2004, 97:131.
97. Abe M., Kobayashi K., Honma N., Nakasaki K. Microbial degradation of poly(butylene succinate) by Fusarium solani in soil environments. Polym. Deg. Stab 2010, 95:138.
98. Tsutsumi C., Hayase N., Nakagawa K., Tanaka S., Miyahara Y. The enzymatic degradation of commercial biodegradable polymers by some lipases and chemical degradation of them. Macromol. Symp. 2003, 197:431.
99. Scherer T.M., Clinton Fuller R., Lenz R.W., Goodwin S. Hydrolase activity of an extracellular depolymerase from Aspergillus fumigatus with bacterial and synthethic polyesters. Polym. Deg. Stab. 1999, 64:267.
100. Jarerat A., Tokiwa Y. Degradation of poly(tetramethylene succinate) by thermophilic actinomycetes. Biotechnol. Lett. 2001, 23:647.
101. Chandure A.S., Umare S.S. Synthesis, characterization and biodegradation of low molecular weight polyesters. Int. J. Polym. Mater. 2007, 56:339.
102. Shirahama H., Kawaguchi Y., Aludin M.S., Yasuda H. Synthesis and enzymatic degradation of high molecular weight aliphatic polyesters. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2001, 80:340.
103. Diamond M.J., Freedman B., Garibaldi J.A. Biodegradable polyester films. Int. Biodeter. Biodegrad. 2001, 48:219.
104. Nikolic M.S., Djonlagic J. Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate). Polym. Deg. Stab. 2001, 74:263.
105. Maeda H., Yamagata Y., Abe K., Hasegawa F., Machida M., Ishioka R., Gomi K., Nakajima T. Purification and characterization of a biodegradable plastic-degrading enzyme from Aspergillus oryzae. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2005, 67:778.
106. Müller R.-J., Kleeberg I., Deckwer W.-D. Biodegradation of polyesters containing aromatic constituents. J. Biotechnol. 2001, 86:87.
107. Witt U., Müller R.-J., Deckwer W.-D. Biodegradation of polyester copolymers containing aromatic compounds. J. Macromol. Sci. - Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, A32:851.
108. Müller R.-J., Witt U., Rantze E., Deckwer W.-D. Architecture of biodegradable copolyesters containing aromatic constituents. Polym. Deg. Stab. 1998, 59:203.
109. Kleeberg I., Hetz C., Kroppenstedt R.M., Müller R.-J., Deckwer W.-D. Biodegradation of aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters by Thermonospora fusca and other thermophilic compost isolates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1998, 64:1731.
110. Trinh Tan F., Cooper D.G., Maric M., Nicell J.A. Biodegradation of a synthetic co-polyester by aerobic mesophilic microorganisms. Polym. Deg. Stab. 2008, 93:1479.
111. Nakajima-Kambe T., Ichihashi F., Matsuzoe R., Kato S., Shintani N. Degradation of aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters by bacteria that can degade aliphatic polyesters. Polym. Deg. Stab. 2009, 94:1901.
112. Kang H.J., Park S.S. Characterization and biodegradability of poly(butylene adipate-co-succinate)/poly(butylene terephthalate) copolyester. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1999, 72:593.
113. Marten E., Müller R.-J., Deckwer W.-D. Studies on the enzymatic hydrolysis of polyesters. II. Aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters. Polym. Deg. Stab. 2005, 88:371.
114. Müller R.-J., Schrader H., Profe J., Dresler K., Deckwer W.-D. Enzymatic degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate): rapid hydrolyse using a hydrolase from T. fusca. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2005, 26:1400.
115. Mueller R.-J. Biological degradation of synthetic polyesters - Enzymes as potential catalysts for polyester recycling. Process Biochem. 2006, 41:2124.
116. Maeda Y., Maeda T., Yamaguchi K., Kubota S., Nakayama A., Kawasaki N., Yamamoto N., Aiba S. Synthesis and characterization of novel biodegradable copolyesters by transreaction of poly(ethylene terephthalate) with copoly(succinic anhydride/ethylene oxide). J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 2000, 38:4478.
117. Kijchavengkul T., Auras R., Rubino M., Selke S., Ngouajio M., Fernandez R.T. Biodegradation and hydrolysis rate of aliphatic aromatic polyester. Poylm. Deg. Stab. 2010, 95:2641.
118. Edlund U., Albertsson A.-Ch. Degradable polymer microspheres for controlled drug delivery. Adv. Polym. Sci. 2002, 157:67.
119. Krasowska K., Heimowska A., Rutkowska M. Enzymatic and hydrolytic degradation of poly (ε-caprolactone). Int. Polym. Sci. Technol. 2006, 33. T/57.
120. Eldsäter C., Erlandsson B., Renstad R., Albertsson A.-C., Karlsson S. The biodegradation of amorphous and crystalline regions in film-blown poly(ε-caprolactone). Polymer 2000, 41:1297.
121. Agarwal S., Speyerer C. Degradable blends of semi-crystalline and amorphous branched poly(caprolactone): effect of microstructure on blend properties. Polymer 2010, 51:1024.
122. Mezzanote V., Bertani R., Degli Innocenti F., Tosin M. Influence of inocula on the results of biodegradation tests. Polym. Deg. Stab. 2005, 87:51.
123. Nakasaki K., Ohtaki A, Takano H. Biodegradable plastic reduces ammonia emission during composting. Polym. Deg. Stab. 2000, 70:185.
124. Ohtaki A., Sato N., Nakasaki K. Biodegradation of poly(ε-caprolactone) under controlled composting conditions. Polym. Deg. Stab. 1998, 61:449.
125. Ohtaki A., Akakura N., Nakasaki K. Effects of temperature and inoculum on the degradability of poly(ε-caprolactone) during composting. Polym. Deg. Stab. 1998, 62:279.
126. Gattin R., Cretu A., Barbier-Baudry D. Effect of the remaining lanthanide catalysts on the hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation of poly(ε-caprolactone). Macromol. Symp. 2003, 197:455.
127. Ohkawa K., Kim H., Lee K. Biodegradation of electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) non-woven fabrics by pure-cultured soil filamentous fungi. J. Polym. Environ. 2004, 12:211.
128. Funabashi M., Ninomiya F., Kunioka M. Biodegradation of polycaprolactone powders proposed as reference test materials for international standard of biodegradation evaluation method. J. Polym. Environ. 2007, 15:7.
129. Botines E., Rodríguez-Galán A., Puiggalí J. Poly(ester amide)s derived from 1,4-butanediol, adipic acid and 1,6-aminohexanoic acid: characterization and degradation studies. Polymer 2002, 43:6073.
130. Ferré T., Franco L., Rodríguez-Galán A., Puiggalí J. Poly(ester amide)s derived from 1,4-butanediol, adipic acid and 1,6-aminohexanoic acid. Part II: composition changes and fillers. Polymer 2003, 44:6139.
131. Lozano M., Franco L., Rodríguez-Galán A., Puiggalí J. Poly(ester amide)s derived from 1,4-butanediol, adipic acid and 1,6-aminohexanoic acid. Part III: substitution of adipic acid units by terephthalic acid units. Polym. Deg. Stab. 2004, 85:595.
132. Chen X., Gonsalves K.E., Cameron J.A. Further studies on biodegradation of aliphatic poly(ester-amides). J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1993, 50:1999.
133. Rodríguez-Galán A., Fuentes L., Puiggalí J. Studies on the degradability of a poly(ester amide) derived from L-alanine, 1,12-dodecanediol and 1,12-dodecanedioic acid. Polymer 2000, 41:5967.
134. Grigat E., Koch R., Timmermann R. BAK 1095 and BAK 2195: completely biodegradable synthetic thermoplastics. Polym. Deg. Stab. 1998, 59:223-226.
135. Jayeskara R., Sheridan S., Lourbakos E., Beh H., Christie G.B.Y., Jenkins M., Halley P.B., McGlashan S., Lonergan G.T. Biodegradation and ecotoxicity evaluation of a Bionolle and starch blend and its degradation products in compost. Int. Biodeter. Biodeg. 2003, 51:77-81.
136. Brožek J., Šašek V., Prokopová I., Chromcová D., Náhlik J., Erbanová P. Degradation of polyesteramides during composting under standard and isothermal conditions. Folia Microbiol. 2009, 54:451.
137. Park C., Kim E.Y., Yoo Y.T., Im S.S. Effect of hydrophilicity on the biodegradability of polyesteramides. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2003, 90:2708.
138. Chiellini E., Corti A., Solaro R. Biodegradation of poly(vinyl alcohol) based blown films under different environmental conditions. Polym. Deg. Stab. 1999, 64:305.
139. Corti A., Solaro R., Chiellini E. Biodegradation of poly(vinyl alcohol) in selected mixed culture and relevant culture filtrate. Polym. Deg. Stab. 2002, 75:447.
140. Chiellini E., Corti A., D'Antone S., Solaro R. Biodegradation of poly(vinyl alcohol) based materials. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2003, 28:963.
141. Kawai F., Hu X. Biochemistry of microbial polyvinyl alcohol degradation. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2009, 84:227.
142. Hoffmann J., Řezníčková I., Kozáková J., Růžička J., Alexy P., Bakoš D., Precnerová L. Assessing biodegradability of plastics based on poly(vinyl alcohol) and protein wastes. Polym. Deg. Stab. 2003, 79:511.
143. David C., De Kesel C., Lefebre F., Weiland M. The biodegradation of polymers: a recent studies. Angew. Makromol. Chem. 1994, 216:21.
144. Chiellini E., Corti A., Del Sarto G., D'Antone S. Oxo-biodegradable polymers - effect of hydrolysis degree on biodegradation of poly(vinyl alcohol). Polym. Deg. Stab. 2006, 91:3397.
145. Matsumura S., Tomizawa N., Toki A., Nishikawa K., Toshima K. Novel poly(vinyl alcohol)-degrading enzyme and the degradation mechanism. Macromolecules 1999, 32:7753.
146. Watanabe M., Kawai F. Numerical simulation for enzymatic degradation of poly(vinyl alcohol). Polym. Deg. Stab. 2003, 81:393.
147. Solaro R., Corti A., Chiellini E. Biodegradation of poly(vinyl alcohol) with different molecular weights and degree of hydrolysis. Polym. Adv. Technol. 2000, 11:873.
148. Chiellini E., Corti A., Politi B., Solaro R. Adsorption/desorption of polyvinyl alcohol on solid substrates and relevant biodegradation. J. Polym. Environ. 2000, 8:67.
149. Ohkita T., Lee S.-H. Thermal degradation and biodegradability of poly(lactic acid)/corn starch biocomposites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2006, 100:3009.
150. Tsuji H., Kidokoro Y., Mochizuki M. Enzymatic degradation of biodegradable polyester composites of poly(L-lactic acid) and poly(ε-caprolactone). Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2006, 291:1245.
151. Imam S.H., Chen L., Gordon S.H., Shogren R.L., Weisleder D., Greene R.V. Biodegradation of injection molded starch-poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) blends in a natural compost environment. J. Envion. Polym. Deg. 1998, 6:91.
152. Rychter P., Biczak R., Herman B., Smyłła A., Kurcok P., Adamus G., Kowalczuk M. Environmental degradation of polyester blends containing atactic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). Biodegradation in soil and ecotoxicological impact. Biomacromolecules 2006, 7:3125.
153. Dubois P., Narayan R. Biodegradable compositions by reactive processing of aliphatic polyester/polysaccharide blends. Macromol. Symp. 2003, 198:233.
154. Singh R.P., Pandey J.K., Rutot D., Degée Ph., Dubois Ph.: Biodegradation of poly(ε-caprolactone)/starch blends and composites in composting and culture environments: the effect of compatibilization on the inherent biodegradability of the host polymer. Carbohydr. Res. 2003, 338:1759.
155. Dos Santos Rosa D., Rodrigues T.C., das Graças Fassina Guedes C., Calil M.R. Effect of thermal aging on the biodegradation of PCL, PHB-V, and their blends with starch in soil compost. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2003, 89:3539.
156. Nugroho P., Mitomo H., Yoshi F., Kume T., Nishimura K. Improvement of processability of PCL and PBS blend by irradiation and its biodegradability. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2001, 286:316.
157. Wu C.-S. A comparison of the structure, thermal properties, and biodegradability of polycaprolactone/chitosan and acrylic acid grafted polycaprolactone/chitosan. Polymer 2005, 46:147.
158. Rohindra D., Sharma P., Khurma J. Soil and microbial degradation study of poly(ε-caprolactone)-poly(vinyl butyral) blends. Macromol. Symp. 2005, 224:323.
159. Dos Santos Rosa D., Volponi J.E., das Graças Fassina Guedes C. Biodegradation and the dynamic mechanical properties of starch gelatinization in poly(ε-caprolactone)/corn starch blends. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2006, 102:825.
160. Tsuji H., Horikawa G. Porous biodegradable polyester blends of poly(L-lactic acid) and poly(ε-caprolactone): physical properties, morphology, and biodegradation. Polym. Int. 2007, 56:258.
161. Kim C.-H., Jung K.-M., Kim J.-S., Park J.-K. Modification of aliphatic polyesters and their reactive blends with starch. J. Polym. Environ. 2004, 12:179.
162. Tsuji H., Horikawa G., Itsuno S. Melt-processed biodegradable polyester blends of poly(L-lactic acid) and poly(ε-caprolactone): effects of processing conditions on biodegradation. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2007, 104:831.
163. Mariani P.D.S.C., Vinagre Neto A.P., da Silva J.P., Cardoso E.J.B.N., Esposito E., Innocentini-Mei L.H. Mineralization of poly(ε-caprolactone)/adipate modified starch blend in agricultural soil. J. Polym. Environ. 2007, 15:19.
164. Cho H.S., Moon H.S., Kim M., Nam K., Kim J.Y. Biodegradability and biodegradation rate of poly(caprolactone)-starch blend and poly(butylene succinate) biodegradable polymer under aerobic and anaerobic environment. Waste Manag. 2011, 31:475.
165. Zhang P., Huang F., Wang B. Characterization of biodegradable aliphatic/aromatic copolyesters and their starch blends. Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng. 2002, 41:273.
166. Rutkowska M., Krasowska K., Heimowska A., Kowalczuk M. Degradation of the blends of natural and synthetic copolyesters in different natural environment. Macromol. Symp. 2003, 197:421.
167. Ratto J.A., Stenhouse P.J., Auerbach M., Mitchell J., Farrell R. Processing, performance and biodegradability of a thermoplastic aliphatic polyester/starch system. Polymer 1999, 40:6777.
168. Ikejima T., Cao A., Yoshie N., Inoue Y. Surface composition and biodegradability of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid)/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend films. Polym. Deg. Stab. 1998, 62:463.
169. Alexy P., Bakoš D., Hanzelová S., Kukolíkowá L., Kupec J., Charvátová K., Chiellini E., Cinelli P. Poly(vinyl alcohol)-collagen hydrolysate thermoplastic blends: I. Experimental design optimization and biodegradation behaviour. Polym. Test. 2003, 22:801.
170. Alexy P., Bakoš D., Hanzelová S., Crkoňová G., Kramárová Z., Hoffman J., Julinová M., Chiellini E., Cinelli P. Poly(vinyl alcohol)-collagen hydrolysate thermoplastic blends: II. Water penetration and biodegradability of melt extruded films. Polym. Test. 2003, 22:811.
171. Takasu A., Aoi K., Tsuchiya M., Okada M. New chitin-based polymer hybrids. 4: soil burial degradation behaviour of poly(vinyl alcohol)/chitin derivative miscible blends. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1999, 73:1171.
172. Tsuji H., Muramatsu H. Blends of aliphatic polyesters: V. Non-enzymatic and enzymatic hydrolysis of blends from hydrophobic poly(L-lactide) and hydrophilic poly(vinyl alcohol). Polym. Deg. Stab. 2001, 71:403.
173. Guohua Z., Ya L., Cuilan F., Min Z., Caiqiong Z., Zongdao C. Water resistance, mechanical properties and biodegradability of methylated-corn starch/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend film. Polym. Deg. Stab. 2006, 91:703.
174. Corti A., Cinelli P., D'Antone S., Kenawy E.-R., Solaro R. Biodegradation of poly(vinyl alcohol) in soil environment: influence of natural organic fillers and structural parameters. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2002, 203:1526.
175. Jayasekara R., Harding I., Bowater I., Christie G.B.Y., Lonergan G.T. Biodegradation by composting of surface modified starch and PVA blended films. J. Polym. Environ. 2003, 11:49.
176. Yang H.-S., Yoon J.-S., Kim M.-N. Effects of storage of a mature compost on its potential for biodegradation of plastics. Polym. Deg. Stab. 2004, 84:411.
177. Kim M.-N., Lee A.-R., Yoon J.-S., Chin I.-J. Biodegradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), Sky-Green and Mater-Bi by fungi isolated from soils. Eur. Polym. J. 2000, 36:1677.
178. Tsuji H., Suzuyoshi K., Tezuka Y., Ishida T. Environmental degradation of biodegradable polyesters: 3. Effects of alkali treatment on biodegradation of poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly((R)-3-hydroxybutyrate) films in controlled soil. J. Polym. Environ. 2003, 11:57.
179. Ishigaki T., Sugano W., Nakanishi A., Tateda M., Ike M., Fujita M. The degradability of biodegradable plastics in aerobic and anaerobic waste landfill model reactors. Chemosphere 2004, 54:225.
180. Massardier-Nageotte V., Pestre C., Cruard-Pradet T., Bayard R. Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradability of polymer films and physico-chemical characterization. Polym. Deg. Stab. 2006, 91:620.
181. Renstad R., Karlsson S., Sandgren A., Albertsson A.-Ch. Influence of processing additives on the degradation of melt-processing films of poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(lactic acid). J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 1998, 6:209.
182. Calil M.R., Gaboardi F., Guedes C.G.F., Rosa D.S. Comparison of the biodegradation of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), cellulose acetate (CA) and their blends by the Sturm test and selected fungi. Polym. Test. 2006, 25:597.
183. Avérous L. Biodegradable multiphase systems based on plasticized starch: a review. Polym. Rev. 2004, 44:231.