Power plays in global internet governance

Millennium: Journal of International Studies

Volumn 43, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 640-659

  Carr, Madeline ^a  

^a ABERYSTWYTH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cyber; Global governance; Gramsci; Internet

Indexed keywords

EID: 84922032438     PISSN: 03058298     EISSN: 14779021     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0305829814562655     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Malcolm Turnbull, 'Australia is committed to a m ulti-stakeholder system of Internet governance', press release on Malcolm Turnbull MP website, 15 March 2014. http://www.malcolmturnbull. com.au/media/australian-committed-to-a-multi-stakeholder-system-of-internet-governance.
2. Fadi Chehadé, 'Largest Ever ICANN Meeting Convenes in London Affirmation of Multistakeholder Model for Internet Governance by World Leaders', press release on ICANN website, 23 June 2014. https://www.icann.org/news/announcement-2014-06-23-en.
3. Greg Walden, opening statement at the 'International Proposals to Regulate the Internet', hearing before the Committee on Energy and Commerce, 31 May 2012, Washington, DC, p. 2.
4. Bertrand de la Chapelle, 'Towards Multi-Stakeholder Governance - The Internet Governance Forum as Laboratory', Internet Governance: Infrastructure and Institutions (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 256-70.
5. Jean-Marie Chenou, 'Is Internet Governance a Democratic Process? Multistakeholderism and Transnational Elites', paper presented at the ECPR Conference, 2011.
6. Dan Drezner, 'The Global Governance of the Internet: Bringing the State Back In', Political Science Quarterly 119, no. 3 (2004): 477-98.
7. Bart Cammaerts, 'Power Dynamics in Multi-stakeholder Policy Processes and Intra-civil Society Networking', in The Handbook of Global Media and Communication Policy, eds Robin Mansell and Mark Raboy (Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, 2011)
8. Laura DeNardis, The Global War for Internet Governance (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014).
9. Milton Mueller and Ben Wagner, 'Finding a Formula for Brazil: Representation and Legitimacy in Internet Governance', Center for Global Communication Studies, Annenberg School for Communication, http:// www.global.asc.upenn.edu/fileLibrary/PDFs/MiltonBenWPdraft_Final.pdf.
10. Jeff Bridoux and Milja Kurki, Democracy Promotion: A Critical Introduction (New York: Routledge, 2014)
11. Claudia Padovani and Elena Pavan, 'Diversity Reconsidered in a Global Multi-Stakeholder Environment: Insights from the Online World', in The Power of Ideas: Internet Governance in a Global Multi-Stakeholder Environment, ed. Wolfgang Kleinwachter (Marketing for Deutschland GmbH, 2007), 100.
12. Marianne Franklin, Digital Dilemmas: Power, Resistance and the Internet (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 157.
13. World Summit on the Information Society, http://www.itu.int/wsis/index.html
14. Thomas Weiss and Rorden Wilkinson, 'Rethinking Global Governance? Complexity, Authority, Power, Change', International Studies Quarterly, 58 (2014): 207-15
15. Of course, interpretations of what it means for the Internet to 'work' are subjective and this in itself is a question that should be opened up for debate. In this context though, I refer simply to the fact that packets of information move across the network more or less as they are intended to.
16. Weiss and Wilkinson, 'Rethinking Global Governance?', 209.
17. Andrew Hurrell, On Global Order (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 2.
18. In global governance, networked arrangements are characterised by 'sharing authority between the nodes or constituting authority from the interactions themselves'. Miles Kahler and David Lake, 'Economic Integration and Global Governance: Why So Little Supranationalism?' in The Politics of Global Regulation, eds Walter Mattli and Ngaire Woods (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009), 248.
19. Laura DeNardis and Mark Raymond have developed a taxonomy that disaggregates the practices that comprise Internet governance into six 'functional areas' and 44 'tasks' ('Thinking Clearly about Multistakeholder Internet Governance').
20. Stephen H. Linder, 'Coming to Terms with the Public-Private Partnership: A Grammar of Multiple Meanings', American Behavioral Scientist 43, no. 1 (1999): 35-51.
21. This catchphrase began life as a sign in the Clinton campaign headquarters in Arkansas. A message crafted by James Carville, political consultant and lead strategist on the Clinton campaign. Mary Matalin and James Carville with Peter Knobler, All's Fair: Love, War, and Running for President (New York: Random House, 1994).
22. Governor William J. Clinton, remarks at the Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 16 April 1992, http://www.ibiblio.org/nii/econ-posit.html.
23. For an account of how the funding was organised in 1990, see Brian Kahin, 'RFC1192 - Commercialization of the Internet, Summary Report', issued as a Request for Comments by the Network Working Group, Harvard, November 1990, http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1192. html .
24. For background on this, see the National Science Foundation (NSF) website, 'The Internet: Changing the Way we Communicate', http://www.nsf.gov/about/history/nsf0050/internet/ internet.htm.
25. Those engaged included key figures in the Internet technology community, business and civil liberties organisations amongst others. For a comprehensive list of these stakeholders and their interests, see Milton Mueller, Net Neutrality as Global Principle for Internet Governance (Syracuse, NY: Internet Governance Project, 5 November 2007), 166-7.
26. At the time of writing, ICANN operates under a zero dollar contract to the US Department of Commerce though this is up for review in 2015.
27. A whole range of legitimacy challenges have led to ICANN remaining in some form of US government oversight though this is under constant review and revision. For an authoritative background to this, see Milton Mueller, Ruling the Root (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002).
28. Steven J. Vaughan-Nicols, 'Don't Panic! It's only the Internet Running out of Addresses', ZDNET, 3 February 2011, http://www.zdnet.com/blog/networking/dont-panic-its-only-theinternet- running-out-of-addresses/656.
29. Yuezhi Zhao, 'China's Pursuits of Indigenous Innovations in Information Technology Developments: Hopes, Follies and Uncertainties', Chinese Journal of Communication 3, no. 3 (2011): 266-89.
30. DeNardis and Raymond, 'Thinking Clearly about Multistakeholder Internet Governance'.
31. While ICANN is only one of a number of technical/policy/standards organisations that contribute to Internet governance, it is worth looking at in some depth because it is the site of particular contestation about these issues of power, legitimacy, state control and interests.
32. Markus Kummer, 'Multistakeholder Cooperation: Reflections on the Emergence of a New Phraseology in International Cooperation', Internet Society Public Policy Blog, 14 May 2013, http://www.internetsociety.org/blog/2013/05/multistakeholder-cooperation-reflectionsemergence- new-phraseology-international.
33. Minu Hemmati (ed.), Multi-stakeholder Processes for Governance and Sustainability beyond Deadlock and Conflict (London: Earthscan Publications, 2002), 1.
34. Bart Cammaerts, 'Power Dynamics in Multi-Stakeholder Policy Processes and Intra-civil Society Networking', in The Handbook of Global Media and Communication Policy, eds Robin Mansell and Marc Raboy (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011), 134.
35. Working Group on Internet Governance Report, Chateau de Bossey (2005): 4.
36. Markus Kummer, 'Multistakeholder Cooperation: Reflections on the Emergence of a New Phraseology in International Cooperation', Internet Society Public Policy Blog, 14 May 2013, http://www.internetsociety.org/blog/2013/05/ multistakeholder-cooperation-reflections-emergence-new-phraseology-international.
37. Bertrand de la Chapelle, 'Towards Multi-Stakeholder Governance - The Internet Governance Forum as Laboratory', in The Power of Ideas: Internet Governance in a Global Multi- Stakeholder Environment, ed. Wolfgang Kleinwachter (Marketing for Deutschland GmbH, 2007), 260.
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41. Franklin, Digital Dilemmas, 190-1.
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43. Drezner, 'The Global Governance of the Internet'.
44. Peng Hwa Ang, 'The Evolution of Rules for the Internet as a Model for Internet Governance', in The Power of Ideas: Internet Governance in a Global Multi-Stakeholder Environment, ed. Wolfgang Kleinwachter (Marketing for Deutschland GmbH, 2007), 85.
45. Hemmati, Multi-stakeholder Processes.
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48. Mueller and Wagner, 'Finding a Formula for Brazil', 3.
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51. Mueller and Wagner, 'Finding a Formula for Brazil', 3.
52. 'Affirmation of Commitments by the US Department of Commerce and the International Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers', ICANN website, 30 September 2009, https:// www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/affirmation-of-commitments-30sep09-en.pdf .
53. Mueller and Wagner, 'Finding a Formula for Brazil', 17.
54. Stephen Gill, 'Globalisation, Market Civilisation, and Disciplinary Neoliberalism', Millennium - Journal of International Studies 24, no. 3 (1995): 399-423.
55. Padovani and Pavan, 'Diversity Reconsidered', 109.
56. Global Network Initiative, https://www.globalnetworkinitiative.org/.
57. Katy Waldman, 'Facebook's Unethical Experiment', Slate, 28 June 2014, http://www.slate. com/articles/health_and_science/science/2014/06/facebook_unethical_experiment_it_ made_news_feeds_happier_or_sadder_to_manipulate.html.
58. DeNardis and Raymond, 'Thinking Clearly about Multistakeholder Internet Governance', 4-5.
59. Franklin, Digital Dilemmas, 157.
60. Jan Aart Scholte, 'Civil Society and Democratically Accountable Global Governance', in Government and Opposition (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2004), 211-12.
61. 'Civil Society Pre-NETMundial Coordination Meeting', Best Bits, 22 April 2014, http://bestbits. net/events/netmundial-coordination/?instance_id=.
62. Zixue Tai, The Internet in China: Cyberspace and Civil Society (New York: Routledge, 2006).
63. Arne Hintz, 'Deconstructing Multi-stakeholderism: The Discourses and Realities of Global Governance at the World Summit on the Information Society', 9, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/ viewdoc/download;jsessionid=66A4E1F7E91574AD08A73A0638A92D2C?doi=10.1.1.408. 5532&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
64. 'Internet Society Questionnaire on Multistakeholder Governance', Internet Society (October 2013): 7, http://www.internetsociety.org/doc/internet-society-questionnaire-multistakeholder- governance-report-and-summary-results-october.
65. Milton Mueller, Networks and States: The Global Politics of Internet Governance (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010), 83.
66. 'Civil Society Closing Statement at NETmundial 2014', BestBits Website, 24 April 2014, http://bestbits.net/netmundial-response/.
67. DeNardis, The Global War for Internet Governance, 230.
68. Weiss and Wilkinson, 'Rethinking Global Governance?', 213.