Long-term disturbance dynamics and resilience of tropical peat swamp forests

Journal of Ecology

Volumn 103, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 16-30

  Cole, Lydia E S ^a,b   Bhagwat, Shonil A ^b,c   Willis, Katherine J ^a,b,d,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^c OPEN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

^e ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Climate change; El Ni o; Fire; Fossil pollen; Land use history; Palaeoecology; Sarawak; Sustainable management; Tropical wetlands; Vegetation change

Indexed keywords

ELAEIS; ELAEIS GUINEENSIS; FILICOPHYTA;

EID: 84921921801     PISSN: 00220477     EISSN: 13652745     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.12329     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Anderson, J.A.R. (1964) The structure and development of the peat swamps of Sarawak and Brunei. Journal of Tropical Geography, 18, 7-16.
2. Anderson, J.A.R. (1980) A Checklist of the Trees of Sarawak. Forest Department, Sarawak, Kuching, Malaysia.
3. Anderson, J.A.R. & Muller, J. (1975) Palynological study of a holocene peat and a miocene coal deposit from NW Borneo. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 19, 291-351.
4. Andriesse, J.P. (1988) Nature and Management of Tropical Peat Soils. Food & Agriculture Organisation, Rome.
5. Anshari, G., Kershaw, A.P. & van der Kaars, S. (2001) A Late Pleistocene and Holocene pollen and charcoal record from peat swamp forest, Lake Sentarum wildlife reserve, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 171, 213-228.
6. Anshari, G., Kershaw, A.P., van der Kaars, S. & Jacobsen, G. (2004) Environmental change and peatland forest dynamics in the Lake Sentarum area, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Journal of Quaternary Science, 19, 637-655.
7. Barber, K.E. (1993) Peatlands as scientific archives of past biodiversity. Biodiversity and Conservation, 2, 474-489.
8. Barker, G., Barton, H., Bird, M., Daly, P., Datan, I., Dykes, A. et al. (2007) The "human revolution" in lowland tropical Southeast Asia: the antiquity and behavior of anatomically modern humans at Niah Cave (Sarawak, Borneo). Journal of Human Evolution, 52, 243-261.
9. Bennett, K.D. (1994) Confidence intervals for age estimates and deposition times in late-Quaternary sediment sequences. The Holocene, 4, 337-348.
10. Bennett, K.D. (1996) Determination of the number of zones in a biostratigraphical sequence. New Phytologist, 132, 155-170.
11. Bennett, K.D. & Willis, K.J. (2001) Pollen. Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments. Volume 3: Terrestrial, Algal and Siliceous Indicators (eds J. Smol, H.J.B. Birks & W. Last ), pp. 5-32. Kluwer Academic Publishers, London.
12. Benninghoff, W.S. & Kapp, R.O. (1962) Suggested notations to indicate status of fossil pollen. Pollen et Spores, 4, 332.
13. Bhagwat, S.A., Nogué, S. & Willis, K.J. (2012) Resilience of an ancient tropical forest landscape to 7500 years of environmental change. Biological Conservation, 153, 108-117.
14. Blaauw, M. (2010) Methods and code for "classical" age-modelling of radiocarbon sequences. Quaternary Geochronology, 5, 512-518.
15. Bush, M.B. (2002) On the interpretation of fossil Poaceae pollen in the lowland humid neotropics. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 177, 5-17.
16. Carpenter, S.R. & Brock, W.A. (2006) Rising variance: a leading indicator of ecological transition. Ecology Letters, 9, 311-318.
17. Carpenter, S., Walker, B., Anderies, J.M. & Abel, N. (2001) From metaphor to measurement: resilience of what to what? Ecosystems, 4, 765-781.
18. Carter, C., Finley, W., Fry, J., Jackson, D. & Willis, L. (2007) Palm oil markets and future supply. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 109, 307-314.
19. Chambers, J.Q., Higuchi, N. & Schimel, J.P. (1998) Ancient trees in Amazonia. Nature, 391, 135-136.
20. CIFOR (2014) Indonesia Burning: Information about Fires and Haze in Southeast Asia. Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia. Available at http://blog.cifor.org/fire/#.U-TmHfldXg8.
21. Clark, J.S. (1982) Point count estimation of charcoal in pollen preparations and thin sections of sediments. Pollen et Spores, 24, 523-535.
22. Clark, J.S. (1988) Particle motion and the theory of charcoal analysis: source area, transport, deposition, and sampling. Quaternary Research, 30, 67-80.
23. Cole, L.E.S. (2013) Disturbance, Recovery and Resilience in Tropical Forests: A Focus on the Coastal Peat Swamp Forests of Malaysian Borneo. PhD Thesis, University of Oxford, Oxford. Available at http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid%3Aa135aff3-ea84-4766-8046-b3bb4ce31275.
24. Cole, L.E., Bhagwat, S.A. & Willis, K.J. (2014) Recovery and resilience of tropical forests after disturbance. Nature Communications, 5, 3906.
25. Colinvaux, P.A. & De Oliveira, P.E. (2001) Amazon plant diversity and climate through the Cenozoic. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 166, 51-63.
26. Coode, M.J.E., Dransfield, J., Forman, L.L., Kirkup, D.W., Idris, M.S. (1996) A Checklist of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Brunei Darussalam. Darusima Trading and Printing Co., Brunei.
27. Dakos, V., Van Nes, E.H., D'Odorico, P. & Scheffer, M. (2012) Robustness of variance and autocorrelation as indicators of critical slowing down. Ecology, 93, 264-271.
28. Dommain, R., Couwenberg, J. & Joosten, H. (2010) Hydrological self-regulation of domed peatlands in south-east Asia and consequences for conservation and restoration. Mires and Peat, 6, 1-17.
29. Dommain, R., Couwenberg, J. & Joosten, H. (2011) Development and carbon sequestration of tropical peat domes in south-east Asia: links to post-glacial sea-level changes and Holocene climate variability. Quaternary Science Reviews, 30, 999-1010.
30. Dommain, R., Couwenberg, J., Glaser, P.H., Joosten, H. & Suryadiputra, I.N.N. (2014) Carbon storage and release in Indonesian peatlands since the last deglaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews, 97, 1-32.
31. van Eijk, P., Leenman, P., Wibisono, I.T.C. & Giesen, W. (2009) Regeneration and restoration of degraded peat swamp forest in Berbak NP, Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia. Malayan Nature Journal, 61, 223-241.
32. Elenga, H., De Namur, C., Vincens, A., Roux, M. & Schwartz, D. (2000) Use of plots to define pollen-vegetation relationships in densely forested ecosystems of Tropical Africa. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 112, 79-96.
33. Ewel, K.C. (2010) Appreciating tropical coastal wetlands from a landscape perspective. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 8, 20-26.
34. FAO (2012) Peatlands - Guidance for Climate Change Mitigation by Conservation, Rehabilitation and Sustainable Use. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and Wetlands International, Rome.
35. Fargione, J., Hill, J., Tilman, D., Polasky, S. & Hawthorne, P. (2008) Land clearing and the biofuel carbon debt. Science, 319, 1235-1238.
36. Ficetola, F.G. & Denoël, M. (2009) Ecological thresholds: an assessment of methods to identify abrupt changes in species-habitat relationships. Ecography, 32, 1075-1084.
37. Flenley, J.R. (1988) Palynological evidence for land use changes in South-East Asia. Journal of Biogeography, 15, 185-197.
38. Flenley, J.R. & Butler, K. (2001) Evidence for continued disturbance of upland rain forest in Sumatra for the last 7000 years of an 11, 000 year record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 171, 289-305.
39. Gomez-Pompa, A., Vasque-Yanes, C. & Guevara, S. (1972) The tropical rain forest: a non-renewable resource. Science, 117, 762-765.
40. Graham, L.L.B. & Page, S.E. (2012) Artificial bird perches for the regeneration of degraded tropical peat swamp forest: a restoration tool with limited potential. Restoration Ecology, 20, 631-637.
41. Grieinger, J., Bräuning, A., Helle, G. & Schleser, G. (2011) Late Holocene Asian summer monsoon variability reflected by δ18O in tree-rings from Tibetan junipers. Geophysical Research Letters, 38, L03701.
42. Haberle, S.G., Behling, H., Dupont, L. & Kirleis, W. (2010) Introduction: tropical palaeoecology and global change. Global Change Biology, 16, 1645-1646.
43. Haseldonckx, P. (1977) The Palynology of a Holocene marginal peat swamp environment in Johore, Malaysia. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 24, 227-238.
44. Hector, A. & Bagchi, R. (2007) Biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality. Nature, 448, 188-190.
45. Hesp, P.A., Hung, C.C., Hilton, M., Ming, C.L. & Turner, I.M. (1998) A first tentative Holocene sea-level curve for Singapore. Journal of Coastal Research, 14, 308-314.
46. Higham, T.F.G., Barton, H., Turney, C.S.M., Barker, G., Ramsey, C.B. & Brock, F. (2009) Radiocarbon dating of charcoal from tropical sequences: results from the Niah Great Cave, Sarawak, and their broader implications. Journal of Quaternary Science, 24, 189-197.
47. Holling, C.S. (1973) Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, 1-23.
48. 2 emission reduction options. Biogeosciences Discussions, 8, 9311-9356.
49. Hope, G., Chokkalingam, U. & Anwar, S. (2005) The stratigraphy and fire history of the Kutai Peatlands, Kalimantan, Indonesia. Quaternary Research, 64, 407-417.
50. Huang, Z. (1972) Pollen Flora of Taiwan. National Taiwan University Botanical Department Press, Taipei.
51. Hunt, C.O., Gilbertson, D.D. & Rushworth, G. (2007) Modern humans in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, during Oxygen Isotope Stage 3: palaeoenvironmental evidence from the Great Cave of Niah. Journal of Archaeological Science, 34, 1953-1969.
52. Hunt, C.O. & Premathilake, R. (2012) Early Holocene vegetation, human activity and climate from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Quaternary International, 249, 105-119.
53. Hunt, C.O. & Rushworth, G. (2005) Cultivation and human impact at 6000 cal years B.P. in tropical lowland forest at Niah, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Quaternary Research, 64, 460-468.
54. Imai, N., Samejima, H., Langner, A., Ong, R.C., Kita, S., Titin, J., Chung, A.Y.C., Lagan, P., Lee, Y.F. & Kitayama, K. (2009) Co-benefits of sustainable forest management in biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration. PLoS ONE, 4, Article number e8267.
55. IUCN (1996) Tropical lowland peatlands of Southeast Asia: Proceedings of a Workshop on Integrated Planning and Management of Tropical Lowland Peatlands (eds E. Maltby, C.P. Immirzi & R.J. Safford), Cisarua, Indonesia.
56. Jaenicke, J., Englhart, S. & Siegert, F. (2011) Monitoring the effect of restoration measures in Indonesian peatlands by radar satellite imagery. Journal of Environmental Management, 92, 630-638.
57. Jolly, D., Bonnefille, R., Burcq, S. & Roux, M. (1996) Study and statistical treatment of pollen samples from surface soil of the rain forest in Gabon (Africa). Représentation pollinique de la forêt dense humide du Gabon, tests statistiques, 322, 63-70.
58. Kershaw, A.P. & Strickland, K.M. (1990) A 10 year pollen trapping record from rainforest in northeastern Queensland, Australia. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 64, 281-288.
59. Koh, L.P. & Wilcove, D.S. (2007) Cashing in palm oil for conservation. Nature, 448, 993-994.
60. Koh, L.P., Miettinen, J., Liew, S.C. & Ghazoul, J. (2011) Remotely sensed evidence of tropical peatland conversion to oil palm. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 5127-5132.
61. Langner, A., Miettinen, J. & Siegert, F. (2007) Land cover change 2002-2005 in Borneo and the role of fire derived from MODIS imagery. Global Change Biology, 13, 2329-2340.
62. Li, W., Dickinson, R.E., Fu, R., Niu, G.-Y., Yang, Z.-L. & Canadell, J.G. (2007) Future precipitation changes and their implications for tropical peatlands. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L01403.
63. Lindenmayer, D.B., Hobbs, R.J., Likens, G.E., Krebs, C.J. & Banks, S.C. (2011) Newly discovered landscape traps produce regime shifts in wet forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 15887-15891.
64. Liong, T.Y. & Siong, K.H. (1979) A Review of Lowland Organic Soils of Sarawak. Technical Paper No. 4, Research Branch, Department of Agriculture, Sarawak.
65. Ludwig, D., Walker, B. & Holling, C.S. (1997) Sustainability, stability, and resilience. Conservation and Ecology, 1, article 7 [online].
66. Maloney, B.K. (1992) Late Holocene climatic change in Southeast Asia: the palynological evidence and its implications for archaeology. World Archaeology, 24, 25-34.
67. Mayewski, P.A., Rohling, E.E., Stager, J.C., Karlénd, W., Maascha, K.A., Meekere, L.D. et al. (2004) Holocene climate variability. Quaternary Research, 62, 243-255.
68. Miettinen, J. & Liew, S.C. (2010) Degradation and development of peatlands in Peninsular Malaysia and in the islands of Sumatra and Borneo since 1990. Land Degradation and Development, 21, 285-296.
69. Miettinen, J., Shi, C. & Liew, S.C. (2011) Deforestation rates in insular Southeast Asia between 2000 and 2010. Global Change Biology, 17, 2261-2270.
70. Miettinen, J., Shi, C. & Liew, S.C. (2012) Two decades of destruction in Southeast Asia's peat swamp forests. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 10, 124-128.
71. Miettinen, J., Shi, C., Tan, W.J. & Liew, S.C. (2012) 2010 land cover map of insular Southeast Asia in 250-m spatial resolution. Remote Sensing Letters, 3, 11-20.
72. Morley, R.J. (1981) Development and vegetation dynamics of a lowland ombrogenous swamp in Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia. Journal of Biogeography, 8, 383-404.
73. Morley, R.J. & Flenley, J.R. (1987) Late Cainozoic vegetational and environmental changes in the Malay Archipelago. Biogeographical Evolution of the Malay Archipelago, 50, 1259-1264.
74. Muller, J. (1963) Palynological study of Holocene peat in Sarawak. Proceedings of the Symposium of Ecological Restoration in the Humid Tropics, pp. 147-156.
75. Murdiyarso, D., Hergoualc'H, K. & Verchot, L.V. (2010) Opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in tropical peatlands. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 19655-19660.
76. Nishimura, T.B., Suzuki, E., Kohyama, T. & Tsuyuzaki, S. (2007) Mortality and growth of trees in peat-swamp and heath forests in Central Kalimantan after severe drought. Plant Ecology, 188, 165-177.
77. Page, S.E., Banks, C.J. & Rieley, J.O. (2010) Extent and Significance of Tropical Peat Carbon Pools. Technical Report 1. EU CARBOPEAT Project, Carbon-Climate-Human Interactions in Tropical Peatlands: Vulnerabilities, Risks & Mitigation Measures. University of Leicester, United Kingdom. 55 pp. ISBN 978-1-870474-37-5.
78. Page, S.E., Rieley, J.O. & Banks, C.J. (2011) Global and regional importance of the tropical peatland carbon pool. Global Change Biology, 17, 798-818.
79. Page, S.E., Rieley, J.O., Shotyk, Ø.W. & Weiss, D. (1999) Interdependence of peat and vegetation in a tropical peat swamp forest. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 354, 1885-1887.
80. Page, S.E., Siegert, F., Rieley, J.O., Boehm, H.-D.V., Jaya, A. & Limin, S. (2002) The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997. Nature, 420, 61-65.
81. Page, S.E., Wust, R.A.J., Weiss, D., Rieley, J.O., Shotyk, W. & Limin, S.H. (2004) A record of Late Pleistocene and Holocene carbon accumulation and climate change from an equatorial peat bog (Kalimantan, Indonesia): implications for past, present and future carbon dynamics. Journal of Quaternary Science, 19, 625-635.
82. Page, S.E., Hoscilo, A., Wösten, H., Jauhiainen, J., Silvius, M., Rieley, J., Ritzema, H., Tansey, K., Graham, L., Vasander, H. & Limin, S. (2009) Restoration ecology of lowland tropical peatlands in Southeast Asia: current knowledge and future research directions. Ecosystems, 12, 888-905.
83. Partin, J.W., Cobb, K.M., Adkins, J.F., Clark, B. & Fernandez, D.P. (2007) Millennial-scale trends in west Pacific warm pool hydrology since the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature, 449, 452-455.
84. Pausas, J.G. & Keeley, J.E. (2009) A burning story: the role of fire in the history of life. BioScience, 59, 593-601.
85. Phillips, V.D. (1998) Peatswamp ecology and sustainable development in Borneo. Biodiversity and Conservation, 7, 651-671.
86. Posa, M.R.C., Wijedasa, L.S. & Corlett, R.T. (2011) Biodiversity and conservation of tropical peat swamp forests. BioScience, 61, 49-57.
87. Proske, U., Hanebuth, T.J.J., Gröger, J. & Diêm, B.P. (2011) Late Holocene sedimentary and environmental development of the northern Mekong River Delta, Vietnam. Quaternary International, 230, 57-66.
88. R Core Team (2012) A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Available at http://www.R-project.org.
89. Ramdani, F. & Hino, M. (2013) Land Use Changes and GHG Emissions from Tropical Forest Conversion by Oil Palm Plantations in Riau Province, Indonesia. PLoS ONE, 8, e70323.
90. RCDA (2012) Sarawak SCORE - Corridor of Renewable Energy. Regional Corridor Development Authority, Sarawak. Available at http://www.sarawakscore.com.my/modules/recoda/.
91. Rull, V. (2010) Ecology and palaeoecology: two approaches, one objective. Open Ecology Journal, 3, 1-5.
92. SarVision (2011) Impact of oil Palm Plantations on Peatland Conversion in Sarawak 2005-2010. Wetlands International, The Netherlands.
93. Sawal, P. (2003) Threats to Peat Swamp Forest of Sarawak. Malaysia/The Netherlands Joint Working Group on Sustainable Forest Management, Kuching, Malaysia. Available at http://www.alterra.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyearses/78164A36-BDC0-471F-BB80-08D10A55F689/135280/JWGRAM05.pdf.
94. Scheffer, M. & Carpenter, S.R. (2003) Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: linking theory to observation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18, 648-656.
95. Selvaraj, K., Arthur Chen, C.-T., Lou, J.-Y. & Kotlia, B.S. (2011) Holocene weak summer East Asian monsoon intervals in Taiwan and plausible mechanisms. Quaternary International, 229, 57-66.
96. Selvaraj, K., Wei, K.-Y., Liu, K.-K. & Kao, S.-J. (2012) Late Holocene monsoon climate of northeastern Taiwan inferred from elemental (C, N) and isotopic (δ13C, δ15N) data in lake sediments. Quaternary Science Reviews, 37, 48-60.
97. Silvius, M. & Giesen, W. (1996) Towards integrated management of swamp forests: a case study from Sumatra. Tropical Lowland Peatlands of Southeast Asia (eds M. E, I. CP & S. RJ ), pp. 247-267. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
98. Staub, J.R. & Gastaldo, R.A. (2003) Late-Quaternary incised-valley fill and deltaic sediments in the Rajang River delta. Tropical Deltas of Southeast Asia-Sedimentology, Stratigraphy, and Petroleum Geology, 76, 71-87.
99. Stuijts, J. (1993) Late Pleistocene and Holocene Vegetation of West Java, Indonesia. PhD Thesis, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
100. Stuiver, M., Reimer, P.J. & Reimer, R.W. (2005) CALIB 5.0. Available at http://calib.qub.ac.uk/calib/.
101. Taylor, D. (2010) Biomass burning, humans and climate change in Southeast Asia. Biodiversity and Conservation, 19, 1025-1042.
102. Taylor, D., Yen, O.H., Sanderson, P.G. & Dodson, J. (2001) Late quaternary peat formation and vegetation dynamics in a lowland tropical sw Nee Soon, Singapore. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 171, 269-287.
103. Troels-Smith, J. (1955) Karakterisering af Lose Jordarter (How to Characterize Soils). Danmarks Geologiske Undersokelse 4, Roekke, 3-10.
104. UNFCCC (2013) Technical workshop on ecosystem-based approaches for adaptation to climate change. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Available at http://unfccc.int/adaptation/workshops_meetings/nairobi_work_programme/items/7379.php.
105. USDA (1975) Soil Taxonomy, A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC.
106. Verhagen, A., Diemont, W.H., Limin, S., Rieley, J., Setiadi, B., Silvius, M.J., Ritzema, H.P. & Wösten, J.H.M. (2004) Financial mechanisms for wise use of peatlands in Borneo. Wise Use of Peatlands; Vol. 1 Oral Presentations (ed. J. Päivänen ), pp. 762-767. International Peat Society, Jyväskylä, Finland. ISBN 9529940106
107. Wetlands International (2010) A Quick Scan of Peatlands in Malaysia. Wetlands International-Malaysia, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. Available at http://www.wetlands.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=6x6fRzfiNkk%3d&tabid=56.
108. Willis, K.J., Bennett, K.D., Bhagwat, S.A. & Birks, H.J.B. (2010) Perspective 4 & #xB0;C and beyond: what did this mean for biodiversity in the past? Systematics and Biodiversity, 8, 3-9.
109. Wösten, J.H.M., Clymans, E., Page, S.E., Rieley, J.O. & Limin, S.H. (2008) Peat-water interrelationships in a tropical peatland ecosystem in Southeast Asia. Catena, 73, 212-224.
110. Yeloff, D., Bennett, K.D., Blaauw, M., Mauquoy, D., Sillasoo, U., van der Plicht, J. & van Geel, B. (2006) High precision 14C dating of Holocene peat deposits: a comparison of Bayesian calibration and wiggle-matching approaches. Quaternary Geochronology, 1, 222-235.
111. Yule, C.M. (2010) Loss of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in Indo-Malayan peat swamp forests. Biodiversity and Conservation, 19, 393-409.
112. Yulianto, E., Rahardjo, A.T., Noeradi, D., Siregar, D.A. & Hirakawa, K. (2005) A Holocene pollen record of vegetation and coastal environmental changes in the coastal swamp forest at Batulicin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 25, 1-8.
113. Zhao, Y., Holzer, A. & Zicheng, Y. (2007) Late Holocene natural and human-induced environmental change reconstructed from peat records in eastern Central China. Radiocarbon Dating: An Archaeological Perspective, 49, 789-798.
114. Zhu, C., Ma, C., Yu, S.-Y., Tang, L., Zhang, W. & Lu, X. (2010) A detailed pollen record of vegetation and climate changes in Central China during the last 16 000 years. Boreas, 39, 69-76.