The intellectual aristocracy revisited

Journal of Victorian Culture

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 15-45

  Whyte, William ^a  

^a ST JOHN S COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84921001697     PISSN: 13555502     EISSN: 17500133     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3366/jvc.2005.10.1.15     Document Type: Article

References (171)

1. This paper was first presented to the Oxford Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century British History Seminar, and I am very grateful to all the participants for their comments. I must also thank Professor Lyn Pykett and the anonymous readers of the Journal of Victorian Culture for their helpful and constructive criticism. Above all, I am indebted to Jane Garnett, Robert Tobin, and Zoë Waxman, who read and commented on early drafts of this piece.
2. Cannadine, David. 1997. G. M. Trevelyan:A Life in History 1992; xiiHarmondsworth:Penguin.
3. Annan, N. G., 1955. “ ‘The Intellectual Aristocracy’ ”. In Studies in Social History Edited by:Plumb, J. H., 241–87. London:Longmans. reprinted in Noel Annan, The Dons (London:HarperCollins, 1999), 304–41.
4. Quoted in Cannadine, Trevelyan, 236.
5. Collini, Stefan. 1999. English Pasts 298Oxford:Oxford University Press.
6. Quoted in Cannadine, Trevelyan, 236.
7. Shils, Edward. 1972. The Intellectuals and the Powers and Other Essays 21Chicago and London:University of Chicago Press.
8. Eliot, T. S., 1948. Notes Towards the Definition of Culture 37London:Faber. Quoted in
9. Rubinstein, W. D., 1987. Elites and the Wealthy in Modern British History 80Brighton and New York:Harvester.
10. Bauman, Zygmunt. 1987. Legislators and Interpreters:on Modernity, Post-Modernity and Intellectuals Vol. 2, 18–19. Cambridge:Polity.
11. Perkin, Harold. 1989. The Rise of Professional Society:England since 1880 London and New York:Routledge. especially xii. F.M.L. Thompson, English Landed Society in the Nineteenth Century (London and Toronto:Routledge, 1963), 300.
12. Mauriello, Christopher E., 2001. ‘The Strange Death of the Public Intellectual:Liberal Intellectual Identity and the ‘Field of Cultural Production’ in England, 1880–1920’. Journal of Victorian Culture, 6:1–26.
13. Cowling, Maurice. 1980-2001. Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England Vol. 3, xiiiCambridge:Cambridge University Press. vol. i.
14. McKibbin, Ross. 1990. The Ideologies of Class 33Oxford:Oxford University Press.
15. Harris, José. 1994. Private Lives, Public Spirit:Britain 1870–1914 222London:Penguin.
16. Annan, The Dons, 11.
17. Heyck, T. W., 1982. The Transformation of Intellectual Life in Victorian England 13–21. London and Sydney:Croon Helm. and n.22.
18. Heck, Transformation, 13.
19. Allen, Peter. 1986. ‘The Meanings of ‘An Intellectual’ in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century English Usage’. University of Toronto Quarterly, 55:342–58. 347.
20. Collini, Stefan. 1991. Public Moralists 14Oxford:Oxford University Press.
21. Sher, Richard B., 1985. Church and University in the Scottish Enlightenment:The Moderate Literati of Edinburgh 9Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press. As, has noted in his fascinating
22. Knights, Ben. 1978. The Idea of the Clerisy in the Nineteenth Century Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. Christopher Kent, Brains and Numbers:Elitism, Comtism and Democracy in Mid-Victorian England (Toronto:University of Toronto Press, 1978).
23. Green, Simon. 1993. “ ‘Archbishop Frederick Temple on Meritocracy, Liberal Education and the Idea of a Clerisy’ ”. In Public and Private Doctrine Edited by:Bentley, Michael. 149–67. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
24. Wells, H. G., 1905. A Modern Utopia 259London:Chapman and Hall.
25. Haweis, H. R., 1878. The Art of Beauty 211London:Chatto and Windus.
26. Norman and MacKenzie, Jeanne, eds. 1982-5. The Dairy of Beatrice Webb Vol. 4, 108London:Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. vol. ii
27. Abbott, Evelyn, and Campbell, Lewis. 1897. Life and Letters of Benjamin Jowett Vol. 2, 212–13. London:John Murray. vol. ii.
28. Faber, Geoffrey. 1957. Jowett:A Portrait with Background London:Faber.
29. Harvie, Christopher. 1997. “ ‘Reform and Expansion, 1854–1871’ ”. In The History of the University of Oxford VI:Nineteenth-Century Oxford, Part 1 Edited by:Brock, M. G., and Curthoys, M. C., Oxford:Oxford University Press. and idem., The Lights of Liberalism:University Liberals and the Challenge of Democracy (London:Allen Lane, 1976).
30. Stone, Lawrence. 1975. “ ‘The Size and Composition of the Oxford Student Body, 1580–1909’ ”. In The University in Society Edited by:Stone, Lawrence. Vol. 2, 65London:Princeton University Press. vol. i
31. Engel, A. J., 1983. From Clergyman to Don:The Rise of the Academic Profession in Nineteenth-Century Oxford 87Oxford:Oxford University Press.
32. Tuckwell, op. cit., 279.
33. Freeman, E. R., 1887. ‘Oxford After Forty Years:I’. Contemporary Review, 51:604–22. 615.
34. Howarth, Janet. ‘“In Oxford But…Not of Oxford”:the women's colleges’. in Brock and Curthoys, VII237–307.
35. Freeman, op. cit., 612.
36. Brooke, Christopher N.L., 1993. A History of the University of Cambridge Vol. 4, 2–90. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. vol. iv,; Sheldon Rothblatt, The Revolution of the Dons:Cambridge and Society in Victorian England (London:Faber and Faber, 1968).
37. Winstanley, D. A., 1947. Later Victorian Cambridge 57–89. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. 264-70.
38. Parry, St John R., 1926. Henry Jackson O.M. 26Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
39. Williamson, L. P., 1980. A Century of King's, 1873–1972 4Cambridge:King's College.
40. Clark, John Willis. 1900. Old Friends at Cambridge and Elsewhere 13London and Cambridge:Macmillan.
41. Raverat, Gwen. 1952. Period Piece 16London:Faber and Faber.
42. Cornford, F. M., 1994. “ ‘Microcosmographica Academica’ ”. In University Politics Edited by:Johnson, Gordon. 95Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
43. Sutherland, John. 1990. Mrs Humphry Ward 51–3. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
44. Raverat, op. cit., 19.
45. Marshall, Mary Paley. 1947. What I Remember Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. She was later to be librarian of the Marshall Library of Economics.
46. Perrone, Fernanda. 1993. ‘Women Academics in England, 1870–1930’. History of Universities, XII:339–68. ‘University Teaching as a Profession for Women in Oxford, Cambridge and London, 1870–1930’ (DPhil thesis, University of Oxford, 1991) and, Carol Dyhouse, No Distinction of Sex? Women at British Universities 1870–1939 (London:UCL Press, 1995).
47. Woolf, Virginia. 1993. “ ‘Three Guineas’ ”. In A Room of One's Own/Three Guineas 1938; 212London:Penguin.
48. Hannabuss, Keith. 2000. “ ‘Henry Smith’ ”. In Oxford Figures Edited by:Fauves, John, Flood, Raymond, and Wilson, Robin. 203–17. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
49. 1921. “ The best account of Percival remains William Temple ”. In Life of Bishop Percival London:Macmillan.
50. Page, T. E., 1906. “ ‘Classics’ ”. In The Public Schools from Within 4London:Sampson, Low Marston and Co. in idem
51. Bamford, T. W., 1967. The Rise of the Public Schools London:Nelson. Edward C. Mack, Public Schools and British Opinion since 1860 (London:Methuen, 1941) and—especially—David Newsome, Godliness and Good Learning (London:Cassell, 1961).
52. Allsobrook, David Ian. 1986. Schools for the Shires Manchester and New York:Manchester University Press. and Colin Shrosbree, Public Schools and Private Education (Manchester and New York, Manchester University Press,1988).
53. Butler, H. Montague. 1899. Public School Sermons 7London:Ibbister and Co. See also John Roach, Secondary Education in England, 1870–1902 (London and New York:Routledge, 1991), 153.
54. Bowen, E. E., 1867. “ ‘Teaching by Means of Grammar’ ”. In Essays on a Liberal Education Edited by:Farrar, D. W., 198London:Macmillan.
55. Dukes, Clement. 1887. Health at School Considered in its Mental, Moral, and Physical Aspects 19London:Cassell.
56. Honey, J. R. deS., 1977. Tom Brown's Universe:The Development of the Victorian Public School 264–8. London:Millington.
57. Curthoys, M. C., ‘The Careers of Oxford Men’. Brock and Curthoys, 6477–510. at 494.
58. Dunbabin, J. P.D., 1975. ‘Oxford and Cambridge College Finances 1871–1913’. Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 28:631–47.
59. Nettleship, Mrs. 1895. A Memoir of Henry Nettleship 17Oxford:privately printed.
60. Peers, E. A., 1996. “ ‘Autobiography’ ”. In Redbrick University Revisited Edited by:Mackenzie, A. L., and Adrian, A. R., 86Liverpool:Liverpool University Press.
61. Green, Edward. 1920. The Harrow Life of Henry Montague Butler London:Longmans. The Butlers were also relatives of Professor J.R.M. Butler who attended the launch of Trevelyan's Festschrift.
62. James, H. A., 1887. School Ideals:Sermons Preached in the Chapel of Rossall School London:Macmillan.
63. Quoted in Honey, op. cit., 326.
64. Barker, Ernest. 1953. Age and Youth London:Oxford University Press.
65. Annan, Noel. 1965. Roxburgh of Stowe 10London:Longmans. Quoted in
66. Dukes, op. cit., 19.
67. Wilkinson, Rupert. 1964. The Prefects Vol. 9, 12London:Oxford University Press.
68. Soffer, Reba N., 1994. Discipline and Power:The University, History, and the Making of an English Elite Vol. 5, 8Stanford:Stanford University Press.
69. Waugh, Alec. 1917. The Loom of Youth 70London:G. Richards.
70. Pattison, Mark. 1868. Suggestions on Academical Organisation 236Edinburgh:Edmonston and Douglas.
71. Green, V. H.H., 1957. Oxford Common Room 129London:E. Arnold. St John's was, of course, notoriously conservative. See W.H. Hutton, S. John the Baptist College (1898; London:Routledge, 1998).
72. Macan, R. W., 1929. “ ‘Oxford in the Seventies’ ”. In The Eighteen-Seventies Edited by:Granville-Barker, Harley. 210–48. Cambridge:University Press. at 239.
73. Curthoys, ‘The Careers of Oxford Men’, 490, 496.
74. Lubenow, W. C., 1998. The Cambridge Apostles:Liberalism, Imagination, and Friendship in British Intellectual and Professional life Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
75. Monsman, Gerald. 1998. Oxford University's Old Mortality Society:A Study in Victorian Romanticism 1–2. Lewiston, New York:Edwin Mellen Press. Quoted in
76. Kent, Brains and Numbers, 21–33.
77. Lucas, E. V., 1928. The Colvins and Their Friends 190London:Methuen.
78. Francis Gledstanes Waugh, The Athenaeum Club and Its Associations (privately printed, 1900), 117.
79. Ward, Humphry. 1975. “ History of the Athenaeum ”. In The Athenaeum:Club and Social Life in London, 1824–1974 47London:Heinemann. (privately printed, 1926), 87. These figures are approximate totals. Nonetheless, the numbers given in F.R. Cowell, differ in no substantial respect.
80. Coignard, Alain Jerome. 1984. ‘Basil Champneys, Architecte, 1842–1935’ Vol. IV, 12–18. University of Paris. Memoire de Maitrise, Esp.
81. Lucas, op. cit., 8.
82. Champneys, Basil. 1900. Memoirs and Correspondence of Coventry Patmore Vol. 2, 351London:G. Bell and Sons. vol. i
83. Walkley, Giles. 1994. Artists' Houses in London, 1764–1914 Aldershot:Scolar Press. ch. 6.
84. Champneys, Basil, Appleton, John H., and Sayce, A. H., eds. 1881. Dr Appleton:His Life and Literary Relics Vol. 13, 86–8. London:English and Foreign Philosophical Library. Diderick Roll-Hansen, The Academy 1869–1879:Victorian Intellectuals in Revolt (Copenhagen:Rosenkilde and Bagger, 1957).
85. Blomfield, Reginald. 1935. ‘Basil Champneys’. Journal of the R.I.B.A., 42:737–8. See
86. Dakers, Caroline. 1999. The Holland Park Circle:Artists and Victorian Society New Haven and London:Yale University Press. See esp.
87. Hamerton, P. G., 1873. The Intellectual Life London:Macmillan.
88. Crawford, Elizabeth. 2002. Enterprising Women:The Garretts and Their Circle London:Francis Boutle.
89. Lubenow, The Cambridge Apostles, 123.
90. Hutton, R. H., 1867. Essays on Reform 29London:Macmillan.
91. Colvin, Sidney, ed. 1899. The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson to His Family and Friends Vol. 2, xxxiLondon:Methuen. vol. i
92. Nicholson, Nigel, ed. 1975-9. The Letters of Virginia Woolf Vol. 5, 458London:Hogarth Press. vol. ii,.
93. Diary of Beatrice Webb, vol. i, p. 105.
94. Cannadine, David. 1992. The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy Vol. 298, 342London:Picador. Perkin, Professional Society, 27, 62–9; Rubinstein, Elites, and the Wealthy 62–70; Thompson, op. cit., 292–9.
95. Escott, T. H.S., 1886. Society in London Vol. 43, 161London:Chatto and Windus.
96. Escott, Society in London, 163.
97. Thompson, F. M.L., 1988. The Rise of Respectable Society 267London:Fontana.
98. Bryce, James. ‘The Historical Aspect of Democracy’. Essays on Reform, 270.
99. Wallace, Elizabeth. 1957. Goldwin Smith:Victorian Liberal 51Toronto:University of Toronto Press. Quoted in
100. Millar, J. H., 1897. ‘Mr. Jowett and Oxford Liberalism’. Blackwood's Magazine, 161:721–32. and [Julia Wedgwood], ‘The Moral Influence of George Eliot’, Contemporary Review 39 (1881):173–85, at 177–9.
101. Dunbabin, J. P.D., ‘Finance and Property’. Brock and Curthoys, iv375–437. at 397, 406, 411–13.
102. Oman, Charles. 1942. Memories of Victorian Oxford 3rd edn; 136London:Methuen.
103. By 1913 he had an annual income of £17,000:Perkin, Professional Society, 68.
104. Curthoys, ‘Careers of Oxford Men’, 494–5.
105. Perkin, Professional Society, ch. 3.
106. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1996. Distinction London:Routledge. trans. Richard Nice; 176, 254, 261, 287, 292–3; Homo Academicus, 178; Rules of Art (trans. Susan Emmanuel; Oxford:Polity, 1996), 48–55, 11, 129; Bourdieu and J-C. Passeron, Reproduction (trans. Richard Nice; London:Sage, 1990), 201.
107. George Eliot, for one, was blessed with ‘Intellectual wealth’. Wedgwood, op. cit., 179.
108. Loftie, W. J., 1876. A Plea for Art in the House 46London:Macmillan.
109. Hamerton, Intellectual Life, 186
110. Maurier, George Du. 1891. Society Pictures Vol. 2, 220London:Bradbury, Agnew and Co. vol. i, vol. ii, p. 239
111. Arnold, Matthew. 1993. Culture and Anarchy 1869; 64–181. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
112. See also Arnold, ‘Democracy’ (1861), in Culture and Anarchy.
113. Morris. “ ‘The Beauty of Art’ (1880) ”. In Collected Works Edited by:Morris, May. Vol. 24, 1910–15. London vol. 22, 62–3.
114. Arnold, Culture and Anarchy, 110.
115. Crook, J. Mordaunt. 1999. The Rise of the Nouveaux Riches 58–67. London:John Murray. 167-74, 70.
116. Morris, William. Works, 22113–94.
117. Shaw, G. B., 1930. Immaturity 105–11. London written 1879, Constable, 164.
118. Trollope. The Way We Live Now, i296
119. Rhoda and Garret, Agnes. 1876. Suggestions for House Decoration 7London:Macmillan.
120. Ward, Mrs Humphry. 1918. A Writer's Recollections 190–20. London:William Collins.
121. Smith, Goldwin. 1891. A Trip to England 47Toronto:Copp, Clark Company.
122. Black, Helen C., 1893. Notable Women Authors of the Day 68Glasgow:David Bryce and Son.
123. The Dairy of Beatrice Webb, ii38
124. Haweis, The Art of Beauty.
125. Colvin. Stevenson, ixl
126. Gernsheim, Alison. 1963. Victorian and Edwardian Fashion:A Photographic Survey 65New York:Dover.
127. Gilbert, W. S., 1881. Patience 10–12. London at 30 and H.R. Haweis, The Art of Dress (London:Chatto and Windus, 1879), ch. 10.
128. Wordsworth, Elizabeth. 1912. Glimpses of the Past 140London and Oxford:A.R. Mowbray and Co.
129. Hamilton. Newnham, 139; Raverat. Period Piece, 26201
130. Cunningham, C. Willett. 1937. English Women's Clothing in the Nineteenth Century 290London:Faber and Faber.
131. G.M. Trevelyan in Marshall, What I Remember, xii.
132. Diary of Beatrice Webb, ii129
133. Oman, Carola. 1976. An Oxford Childhood 43London:Hodder and Stoughton.
134. Mallock. Old Order, iii260
135. Roberts, E. S., 1934. Sherborne, Oxford and Cambridge 197London:M. Hopkinson.
136. Diary of Beatrice Webb, iii42
137. Marshall. 1878. “ What I Remember ”. In The Dining Room 13–20. London Raverat, Period Piece, 125–8; M.J. Loftie
138. Hamilton, Walter. 1882. The Aesthetic Movement viiLondon
139. Whistler, John K., ed. 1996. The Correspondence of Alfred Marshall, Economist Vol. 3, 95Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. vol. ii
140. Trollope, Anthony. 1868. British Sport and Pastimes 5London:Virtue and Co.
141. Hansen, Peter H., 1995. ‘Albert Smith, the Alpine Club, and the Invention of Mountaineering in Mid-Victorian Britain’. Journal of British Studies, 34:300–24.
142. Young, G. W., 1982. “ ‘Mountain Prophets’ ”. In Peaks, Passes and Glaciers:Selections From the Alpine Club Journal Edited by:Unsworth, Walt. 126–47. Harmondsworth:Penguin. 126; H. Preston-Thomas, ‘The Alpine Club’, Blackwood's Magazine 182 (1907), 162.
143. Robertson, David. 1977. “ ‘Mid-Victorians amongst the Alps’ ”. In Nature and the Victorian Imagination Edited by:Knoepflmacher, U. C., and Trevelyan, G. B., 120Berkley and London:University of California Press. Quoted in
144. Offer, Avner. 1981. Property and Politics:1870–1914, Landownership, Law, Ideology, and Urban Development in England 334Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
145. Maitland, F. W., 1906. The Life and Letters of Leslie Stephen 358London:Duckworth. Quoted in
146. Sully, James. 1908. ‘Reminiscences of the Sunday Tramps’. Cornhill Magazine, 24:76–88.
147. Norton, Richard. 1995-7. ‘Henry Boyd and Thomas Graham Jackson:Their Rowing Exploits’. Hertford College Magazine, 82:106–11.
148. Offer, Property and Politics, 348.
149. Lowerson, John. 1993. Sport and the English Middle Classes, 1870–1914 Vol. 2, 120Manchester and New York:Manchester University Press. Correspondence of Alfred Marshall, pp. 182, 199;
150. Robbins, David. 1987. ‘Sport, Hegemony and the Middle Class:The Victorian Mountaineers’. Theory, Culture and Society, 4 (4):579–601. 585.
151. Lowerson, Sport and the English Middle Classes, 120
152. Goldman, Lawrence. 2000. ‘Intellectuals and the English Working Class 1870–1945:The Case of Adult Education’. History of Education, 29 (4):281–300. J.P.C. Roach, ‘Victorian Universities and the National Intelligentsia’, Victorian Studies3 (1959):131–50.
153. Colvin, Christina. 1985. ‘A Don's Wife a Century Ago’. Oxoniensia, 50:267–78. at 272.
154. Dunne, Tom. 1982. ‘La trahison des clercs:British Intellectuals and the First Home Rule Crisis’. Irish Historical Studies, 23:134–73. John Roach, ‘Liberalism and the Victorian Intelligentsia’, Cambridge Historical Journal 13 (1957):58–81.
155. Harvie, The Lights of Liberalism.
156. Brodrick, G. C., 1900. Memories and Impressions, 1831–1900 361London:James Nisbet.
157. Turner, Frank M., 1993. Contesting Cultural Authority:Essays in Victorian Intellectual Life Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. 49, 72, 137, 159, 170, 200; Robert M. Young, Darwin's Metaphor:Nature's Place in Victorian Culture (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1985), ch. 5.
158. Curthoys, ‘Careers of Oxford Men’, 503; Bamford, Public Schools, 55.
159. Sully, ‘Sunday Tramps’, 76–7.
160. Brown, Alan Willard. 1947. The Metaphysical Society:Victorian Minds in Crisis, 1869–80 New York:Columbia University Press.
161. Balfour, A. J., ed. 1909. Papers Read Before the Synthetic Society 1896–1908 275London:Spottiswood.
162. Brodrick, G. C., 1898. ‘The University of Oxford in 1898’. Nineteenth Century, 44:208–23. 211-12.
163. Slobodin, Richard. 1978. W. H. R. Rivers New York:Columbia University Press.
164. Lodge, Oliver. 1931. Past Years 105London:Hodder and Stoughton.
165. Howarth, Janet. 1987. ‘Science Education in Late-Victorian Oxford:A Curious Case of Failure?’. English Historical Review, 102:334–71. 367.
166. Milne, E. A., 1939-41. ‘Augustus Edward Hough Love’. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, 3:467–82. at 469–70. Significantly, the Greek is untranslated in this version.
167. Goldman, Lawrence. 1995. Dons and Workers:Oxford and Adult Education since 1850 8–9. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
168. Woolf, Leonard. 1980. An Autobiography:I, 1880–1911 119Oxford:Oxford University Press. See also R.D. Anderson, European Universities from the Enlightenment to 1914 (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2004), 149.
169. Ellis, E. L., 1971. The University College of Wales, Aberystwyth 1872–1972 120Cardiff:University of Wales Press. Quoted in
170. Annan, Noel. 1984. Leslie Stephen:The Godless Victorian 97London:Weidenfeld and Nicholson.
171. Cannadine, Trevelyan, 49–50