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Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 1-26

The strange death of the public intellectual: Liberal intellectual identity and the ‘field of cultural production’ in England, 1880–1920

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EID: 85007122203     PISSN: 13555502     EISSN: 17500133     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3366/jvc.2001.6.1.1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (3)

References (73)
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    • 1908. ‘The Dearth of Genius’. Nation, 20 June:410
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    • Cambridge: MIT Press, translated by Thomas Burger with the assistance of Frederick Lawrence. Originally published in 1962 as Habermas' Habilitationschrift, it was rejected by Horkheimer and Adorno as for being insufficiently critical of the Enlightenment. See Calhoun, ed., Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1992), 4–5. The skeleton outline of the concept of the public sphere was first published in English as a dictionary-type entry by Habermas in 1974. See Habermas, ‘The Public Sphere’, New German Critique, 3 (Fall, 1974): 49–55
    • Habermas, Jurgen. 1991. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere:An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society Cambridge:MIT Press. translated by Thomas Burger with the assistance of Frederick Lawrence. Originally published in 1962 as Habermas' Habilitationschrift, it was rejected by Horkheimer and Adorno as for being insufficiently critical of the Enlightenment. See Calhoun, ed., Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge:MIT Press, 1992), 4–5. The skeleton outline of the concept of the public sphere was first published in English as a dictionary-type entry by Habermas in 1974. See Habermas, ‘The Public Sphere’, New German Critique, 3 (Fall, 1974):49–55.
    • (1991) The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society
    • Habermas, J.1
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    • New York: W.W. Norton, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Democracy on Trial (New York: Basic Books, 1995), Michael Sandel, Democracy's Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), John Keane, Public Life and Late Capitalism: Towards a Socialist Theory of Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), Terry Eagleton, The Function of Criticism: From The Spectator to Post-Structuralism (London: Verso, 1984), and Jean Francois Lyotard, Le Tombeau de l'intellectuel (Paris: Galilee, 1984)
    • Lasch, Christopher. 1995. The Revolt of the Elites and the Betrayal of Democracy New York:W.W. Norton. Jean Bethke Elshtain, Democracy on Trial (New York:Basic Books, 1995), Michael Sandel, Democracy's Discontent:America in Search of a Public Philosophy (Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 1996), John Keane, Public Life and Late Capitalism:Towards a Socialist Theory of Democracy (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1984), Terry Eagleton, The Function of Criticism:From The Spectator to Post-Structuralism (London:Verso, 1984), and Jean Francois Lyotard, Le Tombeau de l'intellectuel (Paris:Galilee, 1984).
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    • Lasch, C.1
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    • Russian Revolution: Paul Miliukoff and American progressive intellectuals Walter Lippman and Herbert Croly
    • International intellectuals who either published in the Nation or met with the group while visiting London include German socialist theoretician Eduard Bernstein, ‘cadet’ leader of failed 1905 Russian Revolution, Paul Miliukoff and American progressive intellectuals Walter Lippman and Herbert Croly.
    • (1905) ‘cadet’ leader of failed
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    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, The two best studies of this group of New Liberals and their ideas are, and Alfred Havighurst, Radical Journalist: H.W. Massingham (London: Cambridge University Press, 1974)
    • Clarke, Peter. 1978. Liberals and Social Democrats Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. The two best studies of this group of New Liberals and their ideas are, and Alfred Havighurst, Radical Journalist:H.W. Massingham (London:Cambridge University Press, 1974).
    • (1978) Liberals and Social Democrats
    • Clarke, P.1
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    • The Progressive Movement in England
    • See, Fifth Series
    • Clarke, Peter. 1974. ‘The Progressive Movement in England’. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 24:159–82. See, Fifth Series
    • (1974) Transactions of the Royal Historical Society , vol.24 , pp. 159-182
    • Clarke, P.1
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    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, See, and Liberals and Social Democrats. For the social programme of New Liberalism see Stefan Collini, Liberalism and Sociology: L.T. Hobhouse and Political Argument in England 1880–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), Michael Freeden, The New Liberalism: An Ideology of Social Reform (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), H.V. Emy, Liberals, Radicals and Social Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973), and Peter Weiler, The New Liberalism: Liberal Social Theory in Great Britain 1889–1914 (New York: Garland Publishing, Inc. 1982. The religious roots of this new social theory are explored in Melvin Richter, The Politics of Conscience: T.H. Green and His Age (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964). Very recently, scholars have begun to re-examine the intellectual and cultural writing of New Liberals. See Gal Gerson, ‘Liberals and the Carnivalesque: Gilbert Murray and Francis Cornford on Ritual’, History of European Ideas, 24 4–5 (1998): 331–54
    • Clarke, Peter. 1971. Lancashire and the New Liberalism Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. See, and Liberals and Social Democrats. For the social programme of New Liberalism see Stefan Collini, Liberalism and Sociology:L.T. Hobhouse and Political Argument in England 1880–1914 (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1979), Michael Freeden, The New Liberalism:An Ideology of Social Reform (Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1978), H.V. Emy, Liberals, Radicals and Social Politics (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1973), and Peter Weiler, The New Liberalism:Liberal Social Theory in Great Britain 1889–1914 (New York:Garland Publishing, Inc. 1982. The religious roots of this new social theory are explored in Melvin Richter, The Politics of Conscience:T.H. Green and His Age (Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 1964). Very recently, scholars have begun to re-examine the intellectual and cultural writing of New Liberals. See Gal Gerson, ‘Liberals and the Carnivalesque:Gilbert Murray and Francis Cornford on Ritual’, History of European Ideas, 24 4–5 (1998):331–54.
    • (1971) Lancashire and the New Liberalism
    • Clarke, P.1
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    • This early rejection of Victorianism is recounted in Nevinson's autobiographical work
    • New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, Also see Hobson's reflections on the 1890s in ‘The Task of Reconstruction’ published as the concluding chapter of The Crisis of Liberalism, edited with an introduction by P.F. Clarke (New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 1974)
    • 1935. “ This early rejection of Victorianism is recounted in Nevinson's autobiographical work ”. In Fire of Life New York:Harcourt, Brace and Company. Also see Hobson's reflections on the 1890s in ‘The Task of Reconstruction’ published as the concluding chapter of The Crisis of Liberalism, edited with an introduction by P.F. Clarke (New York:Barnes and Noble Books, 1974).
    • (1935) Fire of Life
  • 11
    • 4043149179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, On the pre-war sensibilities of the Bloomsbury Group see
    • Stansky, Peter. 1996. On or About December 1910:Early Bloomsbury and Its Intimate World Cambridge, Massachusetts:Harvard University Press. On the pre-war sensibilities of the Bloomsbury Group see
    • (1996) On or About December 1910: Early Bloomsbury and Its Intimate World
    • Stansky, P.1
  • 13
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    • London: Edward Arnold, See ‘The Dearth of Genius’, Nation, 20 June 1908, 410. The classic analysis of this ‘Edwardian crisis’ is, of course, George Dangerfield, The Strange Death of Liberal England (1936). More recent analyses of this crisis of Liberal England can be found in
    • Bentley, Michael. 1987. The Climax of Liberal Politics:British Liberalism in Theory and Practice 1868–1918 London:Edward Arnold. See ‘The Dearth of Genius’, Nation, 20 June 1908, 410. The classic analysis of this ‘Edwardian crisis’ is, of course, George Dangerfield, The Strange Death of Liberal England (1936). More recent analyses of this crisis of Liberal England can be found in
    • (1987) The Climax of Liberal Politics: British Liberalism in Theory and Practice 1868–1918
    • Bentley, M.1
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    • Johnson R., (ed), New York: Columbia University Press, In particular see the essay, ‘The Field of Cultural Production, or: The Economic World Reversed’, 29–73
    • Bourdieu, Pierre. 1993. The Field of Cultural Production:Essays on Art and Literature Edited by:Johnson, Randal. New York:Columbia University Press. In particular see the essay, ‘The Field of Cultural Production, or:The Economic World Reversed’, 29–73.
    • (1993) The Field of Cultural Production: Essays on Art and Literature
    • Bourdieu, P.1
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    • These franchise statistics are from Also see Soffer, Ethics and Society in England: The Revolution in the Social Sciences (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), 169–70
    • Walter, Arnstein L., Britain Yesterday and Today, 118147 These franchise statistics are from Also see Soffer, Ethics and Society in England:The Revolution in the Social Sciences (Berkeley:University of California Press, 1978), 169–70.
    • Britain Yesterday and Today , vol.118 , pp. 147
    • Walter, A.L.1
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    • Oxford: Clarendon Press, and Donald Read, The Age of Urban Democracy: England 1868–1914 (London and New York: Longman, 1994)
    • McKibbin, Ross. 1994. The Ideologies of Class:Social Relations in Britain, 1880–1950 Oxford:Clarendon Press. and Donald Read, The Age of Urban Democracy:England 1868–1914 (London and New York:Longman, 1994).
    • (1994) The Ideologies of Class: Social Relations in Britain, 1880–1950
    • McKibbin, R.1
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    • First Principles of Ecclesiastical Truth (1871), quoted in Read
    • James, Baldwin Brown, First Principles of Ecclesiastical Truth (1871), quoted in Read, The Age of Urban Democracy:England 1868–1914, 3.
    • The Age of Urban Democracy: England , vol.1868-1914 , pp. 3
    • James, B.B.1
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    • 2nd Edition, See reprint edition with introduction to second edition appended and introduction and notes by P.F. Clarke (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1973), especially 70–72; Graham Wallas, Human Nature and Politics (London: Archibald Constable and Co. Ltd., 1908); and J.A. Hobson, The Crisis of Liberalism, reprint edition with an introduction by P.F. Clarke (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1974). Also see J.A. Hobson, ‘The Mob-Mind’, Nation, 1 August 1908, 631–2
    • Hobhouse, L. T., 1909. Democracy and Reaction, 2nd Edition See reprint edition with introduction to second edition appended and introduction and notes by P.F. Clarke (New York:Harper and Row Publishers, 1973), especially 70–72; Graham Wallas, Human Nature and Politics (London:Archibald Constable and Co. Ltd., 1908); and J.A. Hobson, The Crisis of Liberalism, reprint edition with an introduction by P.F. Clarke (New York:Harper and Row Publishers, 1974). Also see J.A. Hobson, ‘The Mob-Mind’, Nation, 1 August 1908, 631–2.
    • (1909) Democracy and Reaction
    • Hobhouse, L.T.1
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    • See ‘The Worst Journalism’
    • In the Nation and among New Liberals, the Daily Mail was the symbol of the dangers of yellow journalism. See ‘The Worst Journalism’, Nation, 20 July 1907, 755–6.
    • (1907) Nation , vol.20 , pp. 755-756
  • 22
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    • Westport: Greenwood Press, The impact of the Boer War on Liberals and New Liberals is well documented in Collini, Liberals and Social Democrats and Havighurst, Radical Journalist: H.W. Massingham. Also see, J.A. Hobson, The Psychology of Jingoism (London: Grant Richards, 1901), L.T. Hobhouse, Democracy and Reaction (1904). Reprint ed
    • Fisher, H. A.L., 1973. James Bryce Vol. I and II, Westport:Greenwood Press. The impact of the Boer War on Liberals and New Liberals is well documented in Collini, Liberals and Social Democrats and Havighurst, Radical Journalist:H.W. Massingham. Also see, J.A. Hobson, The Psychology of Jingoism (London:Grant Richards, 1901), L.T. Hobhouse, Democracy and Reaction (1904). Reprint ed
    • (1973) James Bryce , vol.1
    • Fisher, H.A.L.1
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    • Our “Educated” Classes
    • Nation 660 January
    • C.F.G. Masterman, ‘Our “Educated” Classes’, Nation, 22 January 1910, 660.
    • (1910) Nation , vol.22 , pp. 660
    • Masterman, C.F.G.1
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    • Bauman, Legislators and Interpreters, 3–4
    • Bauman, Legislators and Interpreters, 3–4.
  • 27
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    • Hobson, The Crisis of Liberalism, 261–5
    • Hobson, The Crisis of Liberalism, 261–5.
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    • New York: Harper Torchbooks, In particular see ‘The Romantic Artist’, 30–49
    • Williams, Raymond. 1958. Culture and Society, 1780–1950 New York:Harper Torchbooks. In particular see ‘The Romantic Artist’, 30–49.
    • (1958) Culture and Society, 1780–1950
    • Williams, R.1
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    • Hobson, John Ruskin, Social Reformer, 47–8
    • Hobson, John Ruskin, Social Reformer, 47–8.
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    • Bourdieu, ‘The Field of Cultural Production’, 65
    • Bourdieu, ‘The Field of Cultural Production’, 65.
  • 33
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    • The Debate on Taxation 1860–1874
    • Biagini E., Reid A., (eds), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, A good summation of the meaning of Cobden to the free trade debate can be found in Anthony Howe, ‘Towards the “Hungry Forties”: free trade in Britain, c.1880–1906’ in E. Biagini, ed., Citizenship and Community: Liberals, Radicals and Collective Identities in the British Isles, 1865–1931 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996)
    • Biagini, E., 1991. “ ‘The Debate on Taxation 1860–1874’ ”. In Currents of Radicalism Edited by:Biagini, E., and Reid, A., Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. A good summation of the meaning of Cobden to the free trade debate can be found in Anthony Howe, ‘Towards the “Hungry Forties”:free trade in Britain, c.1880–1906’ in E. Biagini, ed., Citizenship and Community:Liberals, Radicals and Collective Identities in the British Isles, 1865–1931 (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1996).
    • (1991) Currents of Radicalism
    • Biagini, E.1
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    • Henry Wood Nevinson Papers, Eng. misc., Bodleian Library
    • Nevinson kept a daily diary throughout his adult life and it is an invaluable source for understanding the social world of the Nation group and London progressivism, The Nevinson diary will be cited as ND throughout
    • The Diary of Henry W. Nevinson, 17 March 1908, Henry Wood Nevinson Papers, Eng. misc., Bodleian Library, Oxford University. Nevinson kept a daily diary throughout his adult life and it is an invaluable source for understanding the social world of the Nation group and London progressivism. The Nevinson diary will be cited as ND throughout.
    • (1908) Oxford University
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    • This celebration was planned for 1913–14. However, it was postponed at the outbreak of War in August 1914
    • This celebration of the past in 1919 took on a different meaning in the post-war years than it would have had in 1913 February
    • ND, 15 February 1919. This celebration was planned for 1913–14. However, it was postponed at the outbreak of War in August 1914. This celebration of the past in 1919 took on a different meaning in the post-war years than it would have had in 1913.
    • (1919) This celebration of the past in 1919 took on a different meaning in the post-war years than it would have had in , pp. 1913
  • 36
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    • ND, 22 June 1910
    • ND, 22 June 1910.
  • 37
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    • ND, 19 March 1908
    • ND, 19 March 1908.
  • 38
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    • ND, 15 February 1919
    • ND, 15 February 1919.
  • 40
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    • Nevinson, ‘The Teaching of Tolstoy’, 828
    • Nevinson, ‘The Teaching of Tolstoy’, 828.
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    • A Re-Statement of Liberalism
    • 8 January
    • Hobhouse, L. T., 1910. ‘A Re-Statement of Liberalism’. Nation, 8 January:614
    • (1910) Nation , pp. 614
    • Hobhouse, L.T.1
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    • London: Rivers Oram Press, On the emerging importance of science in social investigation during this period see Reba Soffer, Ethics and Society in England, and Gertrude Himmelfarb, Poverty and Compassion: The Moral Imagination of the Late Victorians (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991)
    • Eileen, Janes Yeo. 1996. The Contest for Social Science London:Rivers Oram Press. On the emerging importance of science in social investigation during this period see Reba Soffer, Ethics and Society in England, and Gertrude Himmelfarb, Poverty and Compassion:The Moral Imagination of the Late Victorians (New York:Alfred A. Knopf, 1991).
    • (1996) The Contest for Social Science
    • Eileen, J.Y.1
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    • New York: Duffield and Company, The best example of this is Originally published in 1905 Also see The Diary of Beatrice Webb, 3 volumes, edited by Norman and Jeanne Mackenzie (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1984)
    • Wells, H. G., 1917. The New Machiavelli New York:Duffield and Company. The best example of this is Originally published in 1905 Also see The Diary of Beatrice Webb, 3 volumes, edited by Norman and Jeanne Mackenzie (Cambridge:Harvard University, 1984).
    • (1917) The New Machiavelli
    • Wells, H.G.1
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    • Letters to the Editor ‘On the Alleged Diabolical Influences of the Fabian Society’
    • 6 April, Wells is responding to J.A. Hobson, ‘The New Aristocracy of Mr. Wells’, Contemporary Review (April 1906): 487–99
    • Wells, H. G., 1907. Letters to the Editor ‘On the Alleged Diabolical Influences of the Fabian Society’. Nation, 227 6 April Wells is responding to J.A. Hobson, ‘The New Aristocracy of Mr. Wells’, Contemporary Review (April 1906):487–99.
    • (1907) Nation , vol.227
    • Wells, H.G.1
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    • Liberalism and Sociology, 209–11. Also see Philip Abrams
    • Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, See
    • Collini, Stefan. 1968. “ Liberalism and Sociology, 209–11. Also see Philip Abrams ”. In The Origins of British Sociology Chicago and London:University of Chicago Press. See
    • (1968) The Origins of British Sociology
    • Collini, S.1
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    • Mind in Evolution
    • New York: Henry Holt and Company, Morals in Evolution, Parts I and II, (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1906) and Development and Purpose: An Essay Towards a Philosophy of Evolution (London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd., 1913). For the circumstances surrounding his appointment to the Martin White chair of sociology see Collini, Liberalism and Sociology, 209–11. A recent reevaluation of Hobhouse's relationship with the Sociological Society can be found in Eileen Janes Yeo, The Contest for Social Science, 233–4
    • Hobhouse, L. T., 1901. “ Mind in Evolution ”. In Parts I and II New York:Henry Holt and Company. Morals in Evolution, Parts I and II, (New York:Henry Holt and Company, 1906) and Development and Purpose:An Essay Towards a Philosophy of Evolution (London:Macmillan and Co. Ltd., 1913). For the circumstances surrounding his appointment to the Martin White chair of sociology see Collini, Liberalism and Sociology, 209–11. A recent reevaluation of Hobhouse's relationship with the Sociological Society can be found in Eileen Janes Yeo, The Contest for Social Science, 233–4.
    • (1901) Parts I and II
    • Hobhouse, L.T.1
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    • Eileen Yeo has recently used a neo-Marxist perspective to argue that Hobhouse's ‘organic sociology’ was an attempt by liberal sociologists to ‘displace class consciousness’ and deflect the real challenge from below. See Yeo, The Contest for Social Science, 233–7
    • Eileen Yeo has recently used a neo-Marxist perspective to argue that Hobhouse's ‘organic sociology’ was an attempt by liberal sociologists to ‘displace class consciousness’ and deflect the real challenge from below. See Yeo, The Contest for Social Science, 233–7.
  • 49
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    • Hobhouse's address to the Sociological Society in 1907 was published as an editorial article in the first issue of the new journal the Sociological Review. See L.T. Hobhouse, ‘Sociology, General, Special and Scientific’, Sociological Review (1908), reprinted in Abrams, The Origins of British Sociology, 247–59
    • Hobhouse's address to the Sociological Society in 1907 was published as an editorial article in the first issue of the new journal the Sociological Review. See L.T. Hobhouse, ‘Sociology, General, Special and Scientific’, Sociological Review (1908), reprinted in Abrams, The Origins of British Sociology, 247–59.
  • 50
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    • British Idealism and Social Explanation: A Study in Late Victorian Thought
    • New York: Oxford University Press, For a recent re-evaluation of British Idealism see
    • Den Otter, Sandra M., 1996. “ British Idealism and Social Explanation:A Study in Late Victorian Thought ”. In Oxford Historical Monographs New York:Oxford University Press. For a recent re-evaluation of British Idealism see
    • (1996) Oxford Historical Monographs
    • Den Otter, S.M.1
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    • Development and Purpose, quoted in Fletcher
    • London: Michael Joseph
    • Hobhouse. 1971. “ Development and Purpose, quoted in Fletcher ”. In The Making of Sociology:A Study of Sociological Theory Vol. 2, 152London:Michael Joseph.
    • (1971) The Making of Sociology: A Study of Sociological Theory , vol.2 , pp. 152
    • Hobhouse1
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    • New York: Columbia University Press, This lecture was later published as
    • 1911. Social Evolution and Political Theory 6New York:Columbia University Press. This lecture was later published as
    • (1911) Social Evolution and Political Theory , pp. 6
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    • L.T. Hobhouse, ‘Sociology, General, Special and Scientific’, 252–3
    • L.T. Hobhouse, ‘Sociology, General, Special and Scientific’, 252–3.
  • 54
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    • Soffer, Ethics and Society in England, 193–5
    • Soffer, Ethics and Society in England, 193–5.
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    • See Bauman, Legislators and Interpreters, 4
    • See Bauman, Legislators and Interpreters, 4.
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    • 85025319782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hobson, The Social Problem, 262
    • Hobson, The Social Problem, 262.
  • 58
    • 85025314079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hobson, The Crisis of Liberalism, 228–9
    • Hobson, The Crisis of Liberalism, 228–9.
  • 59
    • 85025364431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the relationship between the Liberal party and the Nation group see Clarke, Liberals and Social Democrats, 100–27, Freeden, The New Liberals. The notion of the New Liberals serving as a ‘ginger group’ was brought to my attention by L.P. Curtis at Brown University
    • For the relationship between the Liberal party and the Nation group see Clarke, Liberals and Social Democrats, 100–27, Freeden, The New Liberals. The notion of the New Liberals serving as a ‘ginger group’ was brought to my attention by L.P. Curtis at Brown University.
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    • Nevinson frequently mentioned Lloyd George and Winston Churchill as guests at the weekly ‘Nation lunch’. ND, passim. e.g. 30 August 1910, 21 October 1913. Also see Havighurst, Radical Journalist, 152–3
    • Nevinson frequently mentioned Lloyd George and Winston Churchill as guests at the weekly ‘Nation lunch’. ND, passim. e.g. 30 August 1910, 21 October 1913. Also see Havighurst, Radical Journalist, 152–3.
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    • See Clarke, Liberals and Social Democrats, 110–11, Masterman, C.F.G. Masterman: A Biography; and Weiler, The New Liberalism, 112–26
    • See Clarke, Liberals and Social Democrats, 110–11, Masterman, C.F.G. Masterman:A Biography; and Weiler, The New Liberalism, 112–26.
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    • L.T. Hobhouse, ‘The Re-Statement of Liberalism’, 614
    • L.T. Hobhouse, ‘The Re-Statement of Liberalism’, 614.
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    • L.T. Hobhouse, leader, Manchester Guardian, quoted in Collini, Liberalism and Sociology, 93
    • L.T. Hobhouse, leader, Manchester Guardian, quoted in Collini, Liberalism and Sociology, 93.
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    • The Career of Fabianism
    • L.T. Hobhouse, ‘The Career of Fabianism’, Nation, 30 March 1907, pp. 182–3.
    • (1907) Nation , vol.30 , pp. 182-183
    • Hobhouse, L.T.1
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    • The Ways of the C.O.S.
    • March, The Charity Organization Society was founded in 1869 on the philosophy of self-help and individual moral effort. It was led by C.S. Loch and then by the Bernard and Helen Bosanquet at the turn of the century. They fell out with Barnett and the Toynbee reformers during the 1890s. The New Liberal labelling of them as working from ‘unscientific moralism’ can be found in an anonymous article
    • 1914. ‘The Ways of the C.O.S.’. Nation, 21 March:1029 The Charity Organization Society was founded in 1869 on the philosophy of self-help and individual moral effort. It was led by C.S. Loch and then by the Bernard and Helen Bosanquet at the turn of the century. They fell out with Barnett and the Toynbee reformers during the 1890s. The New Liberal labelling of them as working from ‘unscientific moralism’ can be found in an anonymous article
    • (1914) Nation , vol.21 , pp. 1029
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    • Nation 196 May
    • ‘The Common Man’, Nation, 6 May 1911, 196.
    • (1911) Nation , vol.6 , pp. 196
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    • The wartime divisions and ultimate dissolution of the Nation group is detailed in Havighurst, Radical Journalist: H.W. Massingham
    • The wartime divisions and ultimate dissolution of the Nation group is detailed in Havighurst, Radical Journalist:H.W. Massingham.
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    • London: T. Fisher Unwin Ltd., Also quoted in Clark, Liberals and Social Democrats, 167
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* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.