메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 112, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 372-377

Gracility of the modern Homo sapiens skeleton is the result of decreased biomechanical loading

Author keywords

Biomechanics; Gracilization; Human evolution; Mobility; Trabecular bone

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICAL LOADING; BODY MASS; BODY REGIONS; BONE MASS; BONE STRUCTURE; EXERCISE; HIP; HUMAN; MICRO-COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; MUSCULOSKELETAL FUNCTION; NONHUMAN; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SKELETON; SURFACE PROPERTY; TRABECULAR BONE; ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY; ANIMAL; BIOMECHANICS; BODY WEIGHT; BONE; EVOLUTION; FOSSIL; HOMINID; MOTOR ACTIVITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PRIMATE; RADIOGRAPHY; THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGING; WEIGHT BEARING; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84920983143     PISSN: 00278424     EISSN: 10916490     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1418646112     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (146)

References (77)
  • 1
    • 28044461281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanical determinants of bone form: Insights from skeletal remains
    • Ruff CB (2005) Mechanical determinants of bone form: Insights from skeletal remains. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 5(3):202-212.
    • (2005) J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact , vol.5 , Issue.3 , pp. 202-212
    • Ruff, C.B.1
  • 2
    • 0027195461 scopus 로고
    • Postcranial robusticity in Homo. I: Temporal trends and mechanical interpretation
    • Ruff CB, Trinkaus E, Walker A, Larsen CS (1993) Postcranial robusticity in Homo. I: Temporal trends and mechanical interpretation. Am J Phys Anthropol 91(1): 21-53.
    • (1993) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.91 , Issue.1 , pp. 21-53
    • Ruff, C.B.1    Trinkaus, E.2    Walker, A.3    Larsen, C.S.4
  • 3
    • 79960013570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smaller, weaker, and less stiff bones evolve from changes in subsistence strategy
    • Nowlan NC, Jepsen KJ, Morgan EF (2011) Smaller, weaker, and less stiff bones evolve from changes in subsistence strategy. Osteoporos Int 22(6):1967-1980.
    • (2011) Osteoporos Int , vol.22 , Issue.6 , pp. 1967-1980
    • Nowlan, N.C.1    Jepsen, K.J.2    Morgan, E.F.3
  • 4
    • 0034241291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activity, climate, and postcranial robusticity: Implications for modern human origins and scenarios of adaptive change
    • Pearson OM (2000) Activity, climate, and postcranial robusticity: Implications for modern human origins and scenarios of adaptive change. Curr Anthropol 41(4):569-607.
    • (2000) Curr Anthropol , vol.41 , Issue.4 , pp. 569-607
    • Pearson, O.M.1
  • 5
    • 33748657999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hunter-gatherer postcranial robusticity relative to patterns of mobility, climatic adaptation, and selection for tissue economy
    • Stock JT (2006) Hunter-gatherer postcranial robusticity relative to patterns of mobility, climatic adaptation, and selection for tissue economy. Am J Phys Anthropol 131(2):194-204.
    • (2006) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.131 , Issue.2 , pp. 194-204
    • Stock, J.T.1
  • 6
    • 0142245581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mobility in Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic Europe: Evidence from the lower limb
    • Holt BM (2003) Mobility in Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic Europe: Evidence from the lower limb. Am J Phys Anthropol 122(3):200-215.
    • (2003) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.122 , Issue.3 , pp. 200-215
    • Holt, B.M.1
  • 7
    • 59849125888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hunters of the Ice Age: The biology of Upper Paleolithic people
    • Holt BM, Formicola V (2008) Hunters of the Ice Age: The biology of Upper Paleolithic people. Am J Phys Anthropol 51(Suppl 47):70-99.
    • (2008) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.51 , pp. 70-99
    • Holt, B.M.1    Formicola, V.2
  • 8
    • 33645235979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Who's afraid of the big bad Wolff: "Wolff's law" and bone functional adaptation
    • Ruff C, Holt B, Trinkaus E (2006) Who's afraid of the big bad Wolff: "Wolff's law" and bone functional adaptation. Am J Phys Anthropol 129(4):484-498.
    • (2006) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.129 , Issue.4 , pp. 484-498
    • Ruff, C.1    Holt, B.2    Trinkaus, E.3
  • 9
    • 34247614883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional variation in the postcranial robusticity of late Upper Paleolithic humans
    • Shackelford LL (2007) Regional variation in the postcranial robusticity of late Upper Paleolithic humans. Am J Phys Anthropol 133(1):655-668.
    • (2007) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.133 , Issue.1 , pp. 655-668
    • Shackelford, L.L.1
  • 10
    • 0026446492 scopus 로고
    • Hip fractures in the elderly: A world-wide projection
    • Cooper C, Campion G, Melton LJ, 3rd (1992) Hip fractures in the elderly: A world-wide projection. Osteoporos Int 2(6):285-289.
    • (1992) Osteoporos Int , vol.2 , Issue.6 , pp. 285-289
    • Cooper, C.1    Campion, G.2    Melton, L.J.3
  • 13
    • 17044364274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The perils of being bipedal
    • Latimer B (2005) The perils of being bipedal. Ann Biomed Eng 33(1):3-6.
    • (2005) Ann Biomed Eng , vol.33 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-6
    • Latimer, B.1
  • 14
    • 67349242271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomechanical allometry in hominoid thoracic vertebrae
    • Hernandez CJ, et al. (2009) Biomechanical allometry in hominoid thoracic vertebrae. J Hum Evol 56(5):462-470.
    • (2009) J Hum Evol , vol.56 , Issue.5 , pp. 462-470
    • Hernandez, C.J.1
  • 15
    • 55749086559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Osteoporosis: An evolutionary perspective
    • Karasik D (2008) Osteoporosis: An evolutionary perspective. Hum Genet 124(4): 349-356.
    • (2008) Hum Genet , vol.124 , Issue.4 , pp. 349-356
    • Karasik, D.1
  • 16
    • 77955842086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative forefoot trabecular bone architecture in extant hominids
    • Griffin NL, et al. (2010) Comparative forefoot trabecular bone architecture in extant hominids. J Hum Evol 59(2):202-213.
    • (2010) J Hum Evol , vol.59 , Issue.2 , pp. 202-213
    • Griffin, N.L.1
  • 17
    • 33144489182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary observations on the calcaneal trabecular microarchitecture of extant large-bodied hominoids
    • Maga M, Kappelman J, Ryan TM, Ketcham RA (2006) Preliminary observations on the calcaneal trabecular microarchitecture of extant large-bodied hominoids. Am J Phys Anthropol 129(3):410-417.
    • (2006) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.129 , Issue.3 , pp. 410-417
    • Maga, M.1    Kappelman, J.2    Ryan, T.M.3    Ketcham, R.A.4
  • 18
    • 84855802964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does skeletal anatomy reflect adaptation to locomotor patterns Cortical and trabecular architecture in human and nonhuman anthropoids
    • Shaw CN, Ryan TM (2012) Does skeletal anatomy reflect adaptation to locomotor patterns Cortical and trabecular architecture in human and nonhuman anthropoids. Am J Phys Anthropol 147(2):187-200.
    • (2012) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.147 , Issue.2 , pp. 187-200
    • Shaw, C.N.1    Ryan, T.M.2
  • 20
    • 33750209491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures
    • Johnell O, Kanis JA (2006) An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int 17(12):1726-1733.
    • (2006) Osteoporos Int , vol.17 , Issue.12 , pp. 1726-1733
    • Johnell, O.1    Kanis, J.A.2
  • 21
    • 53549125789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age-and region-dependent changes in three-dimensional microstructural properties of proximal femoral trabeculae
    • Cui WQ, et al. (2008) Age-and region-dependent changes in three-dimensional microstructural properties of proximal femoral trabeculae. Osteoporos Int 19(11): 1579-1587.
    • (2008) Osteoporos Int , vol.19 , Issue.11 , pp. 1579-1587
    • Cui, W.Q.1
  • 22
    • 0033047422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct threedimensional morphometric analysis of human cancellous bone: Microstructural data from spine, femur, iliac crest, and calcaneus
    • Hildebrand T, Laib A, Müller R, Dequeker J, Rüegsegger P (1999) Direct threedimensional morphometric analysis of human cancellous bone: Microstructural data from spine, femur, iliac crest, and calcaneus. J Bone Miner Res 14(7):1167-1174.
    • (1999) J Bone Miner Res , vol.14 , Issue.7 , pp. 1167-1174
    • Hildebrand, T.1    Laib, A.2    Müller, R.3    Dequeker, J.4    Rüegsegger, P.5
  • 23
    • 0033985865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variations in threedimensional cancellous bone architecture of the proximal femur in female hip fractures and in controls
    • Ciarelli TE, Fyhrie DP, Schaffler MB, Goldstein SA (2000) Variations in threedimensional cancellous bone architecture of the proximal femur in female hip fractures and in controls. J Bone Miner Res 15(1):32-40.
    • (2000) J Bone Miner Res , vol.15 , Issue.1 , pp. 32-40
    • Ciarelli, T.E.1    Fyhrie, D.P.2    Schaffler, M.B.3    Goldstein, S.A.4
  • 24
    • 38349057314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dependence of mechanical compressive strength on local variations in microarchitecture in cancellous bone of proximal human femur
    • Perilli E, et al. (2008) Dependence of mechanical compressive strength on local variations in microarchitecture in cancellous bone of proximal human femur. J Biomech 41(2):438-446.
    • (2008) J Biomech , vol.41 , Issue.2 , pp. 438-446
    • Perilli, E.1
  • 25
    • 0028452031 scopus 로고
    • Ground reaction force profiles from force platform gait analyses of clinically normal mesomorphic dogs at the trot
    • Rumph PF, et al. (1994) Ground reaction force profiles from force platform gait analyses of clinically normal mesomorphic dogs at the trot. Am J Vet Res 55(6): 756-761.
    • (1994) Am J Vet Res , vol.55 , Issue.6 , pp. 756-761
    • Rumph, P.F.1
  • 26
    • 0024311557 scopus 로고
    • Ground reaction forces at different speeds of human walking and running
    • Nilsson J, Thorstensson A (1989) Ground reaction forces at different speeds of human walking and running. Acta Physiol Scand 136(2):217-227.
    • (1989) Acta Physiol Scand , vol.136 , Issue.2 , pp. 217-227
    • Nilsson, J.1    Thorstensson, A.2
  • 27
    • 0018876539 scopus 로고
    • Ground reaction forces in distance running
    • Cavanagh PR, Lafortune MA (1980) Ground reaction forces in distance running. J Biomech 13(5):397-406.
    • (1980) J Biomech , vol.13 , Issue.5 , pp. 397-406
    • Cavanagh, P.R.1    Lafortune, M.A.2
  • 28
    • 0024986129 scopus 로고
    • Effects of structural variation on Young's modulus of non-human cancellous bone
    • Hodgskinson R, Currey JD (1990) Effects of structural variation on Young's modulus of non-human cancellous bone. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 204(1):43-52.
    • (1990) Proc Inst Mech Eng H , vol.204 , Issue.1 , pp. 43-52
    • Hodgskinson, R.1    Currey, J.D.2
  • 29
    • 0025619762 scopus 로고
    • The effect of variation in structure on the Young's modulus of cancellous bone: A comparison of human and non-human material
    • Hodgskinson R, Currey JD (1990) The effect of variation in structure on the Young's modulus of cancellous bone: A comparison of human and non-human material. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 204(2):115-121.
    • (1990) Proc Inst Mech Eng H , vol.204 , Issue.2 , pp. 115-121
    • Hodgskinson, R.1    Currey, J.D.2
  • 30
    • 18044375988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interrelationship of trabecular mechanical and microstructural properties in sheep trabecular bone
    • Mittra E, Rubin C, Qin Y-X (2005) Interrelationship of trabecular mechanical and microstructural properties in sheep trabecular bone. J Biomech 38(6):1229-1237.
    • (2005) J Biomech , vol.38 , Issue.6 , pp. 1229-1237
    • Mittra, E.1    Rubin, C.2    Qin, Y.-X.3
  • 31
    • 0032850933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constitutive relationships of fabric, density, and elastic properties in cancellous bone architecture
    • Kabel J, van Rietbergen B, Odgaard A, Huiskes R (1999) Constitutive relationships of fabric, density, and elastic properties in cancellous bone architecture. Bone 25(4): 481-486.
    • (1999) Bone , vol.25 , Issue.4 , pp. 481-486
    • Kabel, J.1    Van Rietbergen, B.2    Odgaard, A.3    Huiskes, R.4
  • 32
    • 0032995520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ability of threedimensional structural indices to reflect mechanical aspects of trabecular bone
    • Ulrich D, van Rietbergen B, Laib A, Rüegsegger P (1999) The ability of threedimensional structural indices to reflect mechanical aspects of trabecular bone. Bone 25(1):55-60.
    • (1999) Bone , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 55-60
    • Ulrich, D.1    Van Rietbergen, B.2    Laib, A.3    Rüegsegger, P.4
  • 34
    • 84930065113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canalization, developmental stability, and morphological integration in primate limbs
    • Hallgrímsson B, Willmore K, Hall BK (2002) Canalization, developmental stability, and morphological integration in primate limbs. Am J Phys Anthropol 45(Suppl 35): 131-158.
    • (2002) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.45 , pp. 131-158
    • Hallgrímsson, B.1    Willmore, K.2    Hall, B.K.3
  • 37
  • 38
    • 84864304634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microarchitecture, the key to bone quality
    • Brandi ML (2009) Microarchitecture, the key to bone quality. Rheumatology (Oxford) 48(Suppl 4):iv3-iv8.
    • (2009) Rheumatology (Oxford) , vol.48 , pp. iv3-iv8
    • Brandi, M.L.1
  • 39
    • 33646889773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bone quality-The material and structural basis of bone strength and fragility
    • Seeman E, Delmas PD (2006) Bone quality-The material and structural basis of bone strength and fragility. N Engl J Med 354(21):2250-2261.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.354 , Issue.21 , pp. 2250-2261
    • Seeman, E.1    Delmas, P.D.2
  • 40
    • 33645231999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age-related changes in trabecular bone microstructures: Global and local morphometry
    • Stauber M, Müller R (2006) Age-related changes in trabecular bone microstructures: Global and local morphometry. Osteoporos Int 17(4):616-626.
    • (2006) Osteoporos Int , vol.17 , Issue.4 , pp. 616-626
    • Stauber, M.1    Müller, R.2
  • 42
    • 33646732452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical bone remodeling rates in a sample of African American and European American descent groups from the American Midwest: Comparisons of age and sex in ribs
    • Cho H, Stout SD, Bishop TA (2006) Cortical bone remodeling rates in a sample of African American and European American descent groups from the American Midwest: Comparisons of age and sex in ribs. Am J Phys Anthropol 130(2):214-226.
    • (2006) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.130 , Issue.2 , pp. 214-226
    • Cho, H.1    Stout, S.D.2    Bishop, T.A.3
  • 43
    • 0025775865 scopus 로고
    • Calcium in evolutionary perspective
    • Eaton SB, Nelson DA (1991) Calcium in evolutionary perspective. Am J Clin Nutr 54(1, Suppl):281S-287S.
    • (1991) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.54 , Issue.1 , pp. 281S-287S
    • Eaton, S.B.1    Nelson, D.A.2
  • 44
    • 0141527583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the paradigm shifting
    • Heaney RP (2003) Is the paradigm shifting? Bone 33(4):457-465.
    • (2003) Bone , vol.33 , Issue.4 , pp. 457-465
    • Heaney, R.P.1
  • 45
    • 0025995786 scopus 로고
    • Isotopic and archaeological interpretations of diet in the Central Mississippi Valley
    • Buikstra JE, Milner GR (1991) Isotopic and archaeological interpretations of diet in the Central Mississippi Valley. J Archaeol Sci 18(3):319-329.
    • (1991) J Archaeol Sci , vol.18 , Issue.3 , pp. 319-329
    • Buikstra, J.E.1    Milner, G.R.2
  • 46
    • 0042643214 scopus 로고
    • Dimensions of Middle Archaic cultural adaptation at the Black Earth Site, Saline County, Illinois
    • eds Phillips JL, Brown JA (Academic, New York)
    • Jefferies RW, Lynch BM (1983) Dimensions of Middle Archaic cultural adaptation at the Black Earth Site, Saline County, Illinois. Archaic Hunters and Gatherers in the American Midwest, eds Phillips JL, Brown JA (Academic, New York), pp 299-322.
    • (1983) Archaic Hunters and Gatherers in the American Midwest , pp. 299-322
    • Jefferies, R.W.1    Lynch, B.M.2
  • 48
    • 84995217213 scopus 로고
    • Bone cortical area in the evaluation of nutrition and activity levels
    • Bridges PS (1989) Bone cortical area in the evaluation of nutrition and activity levels. Am J Hum Biol 1(6):785-792.
    • (1989) Am J Hum Biol , vol.1 , Issue.6 , pp. 785-792
    • Bridges, P.S.1
  • 49
    • 0021149639 scopus 로고
    • Structural changes in the femur with the transition to agriculture on the Georgia coast
    • Ruff CB, Larsen CS, Hayes WC (1984) Structural changes in the femur with the transition to agriculture on the Georgia coast. Am J Phys Anthropol 64(2):125-136.
    • (1984) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.64 , Issue.2 , pp. 125-136
    • Ruff, C.B.1    Larsen, C.S.2    Hayes, W.C.3
  • 50
    • 0242413914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ontogenetic adaptation to bipedalism: Age changes in femoral to humeral length and strength proportions in humans, with a comparison to baboons
    • Ruff C (2003) Ontogenetic adaptation to bipedalism: Age changes in femoral to humeral length and strength proportions in humans, with a comparison to baboons. J Hum Evol 45(4):317-349.
    • (2003) J Hum Evol , vol.45 , Issue.4 , pp. 317-349
    • Ruff, C.1
  • 51
    • 0030435628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Another look at the australopithecine hip
    • MacLatchy LM (1996) Another look at the australopithecine hip. J Hum Evol 31(5): 455-476.
    • (1996) J Hum Evol , vol.31 , Issue.5 , pp. 455-476
    • Maclatchy, L.M.1
  • 52
    • 84878161937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trabecular bone microstructure scales allometrically in the primate humerus and femur
    • Ryan TM, Shaw CN (2013) Trabecular bone microstructure scales allometrically in the primate humerus and femur. Proc Biol Sci 280(1758):20130172.
    • (2013) Proc Biol Sci , vol.280 , Issue.1758 , pp. 20130172
    • Ryan, T.M.1    Shaw, C.N.2
  • 53
    • 0000452365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Australopithecus to Homo: Transformations in body and mind
    • McHenry HM, Coffing K (2000) Australopithecus to Homo: Transformations in body and mind. Annu Rev Anthropol 29:125-146.
    • (2000) Annu Rev Anthropol , vol.29 , pp. 125-146
    • McHenry, H.M.1    Coffing, K.2
  • 54
    • 34250705840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective limb length and the scaling of locomotor cost in terrestrial animals
    • Pontzer H (2007) Effective limb length and the scaling of locomotor cost in terrestrial animals. J Exp Biol 210(Pt 10):1752-1761.
    • (2007) J Exp Biol , vol.210 , pp. 1752-1761
    • Pontzer, H.1
  • 55
    • 58549103550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oldowan raw material procurement and use: Evidence from the Koobi Fora formation
    • Braun DR, Harris JWK, Maina DN (2009) Oldowan raw material procurement and use: Evidence from the Koobi Fora formation. Archaeometry 51(1):26-42.
    • (2009) Archaeometry , vol.51 , Issue.1 , pp. 26-42
    • Braun, D.R.1    Harris, J.W.K.2    Maina, D.N.3
  • 56
    • 9244222260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endurance running and the evolution of Homo
    • Bramble DM, Lieberman DE (2004) Endurance running and the evolution of Homo. Nature 432(7015):345-352.
    • (2004) Nature , vol.432 , Issue.7015 , pp. 345-352
    • Bramble, D.M.1    Lieberman, D.E.2
  • 57
    • 84860149976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wired to run: Exercise-induced endocannabinoid signaling in humans and cursorial mammals with implications for the 'runner's high'
    • Raichlen DA, Foster AD, Gerdeman GL, Seillier A, Giuffrida A (2012) Wired to run: Exercise-induced endocannabinoid signaling in humans and cursorial mammals with implications for the 'runner's high'. J Exp Biol 215(Pt 8):1331-1336.
    • (2012) J Exp Biol , vol.215 , pp. 1331-1336
    • Raichlen, D.A.1    Foster, A.D.2    Gerdeman, G.L.3    Seillier, A.4    Giuffrida, A.5
  • 62
    • 0024448801 scopus 로고
    • Pattern matching of age-at-death distributions in paleodemographic analysis
    • Milner GR, Humpf DA, Harpending HC (1989) Pattern matching of age-at-death distributions in paleodemographic analysis. Am J Phys Anthropol 80(1):49-58.
    • (1989) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.80 , Issue.1 , pp. 49-58
    • Milner, G.R.1    Humpf, D.A.2    Harpending, H.C.3
  • 63
    • 0021858526 scopus 로고
    • Multifactorial determination of skeletal age at death: A method and blind tests of its accuracy
    • Lovejoy CO, Meindl RS, Mensforth RP, Barton TJ (1985) Multifactorial determination of skeletal age at death: A method and blind tests of its accuracy. Am J Phys Anthropol 68(1):1-14.
    • (1985) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.68 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-14
    • Lovejoy, C.O.1    Meindl, R.S.2    Mensforth, R.P.3    Barton, T.J.4
  • 64
    • 0035983981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The three-dimensional structure of trabecular bone in the femoral head of strepsirrhine primates
    • Ryan TM, Ketcham RA (2002) The three-dimensional structure of trabecular bone in the femoral head of strepsirrhine primates. J Hum Evol 43(1):1-26.
    • (2002) J Hum Evol , vol.43 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-26
    • Ryan, T.M.1    Ketcham, R.A.2
  • 65
    • 26944484088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Angular orientation of trabecular bone in the femoral head and its relationship to hip joint loads in leaping primates
    • Ryan TM, Ketcham RA (2005) Angular orientation of trabecular bone in the femoral head and its relationship to hip joint loads in leaping primates. J Morphol 265(3): 249-263.
    • (2005) J Morphol , vol.265 , Issue.3 , pp. 249-263
    • Ryan, T.M.1    Ketcham, R.A.2
  • 66
    • 84864004551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unique suites of trabecular bone features characterize locomotor behavior in human and non-human anthropoid primates
    • Ryan TM, Shaw CN (2012) Unique suites of trabecular bone features characterize locomotor behavior in human and non-human anthropoid primates. PLoS ONE 7(7): e41037.
    • (2012) PLoS ONE , vol.7 , Issue.7 , pp. e41037
    • Ryan, T.M.1    Shaw, C.N.2
  • 67
    • 77950889372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trabecular bone structure in the humeral and femoral heads of anthropoid primates
    • Ryan TM, Walker A (2010) Trabecular bone structure in the humeral and femoral heads of anthropoid primates. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 293(4):719-729.
    • (2010) Anat Rec (Hoboken) , vol.293 , Issue.4 , pp. 719-729
    • Ryan, T.M.1    Walker, A.2
  • 68
    • 0018004847 scopus 로고
    • Picture thresholding using an iterative selection method
    • Ridler TW, Calvard S (1978) Picture thresholding using an iterative selection method. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern SMC-8(8):630-632.
    • (1978) IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern SMC-8 , Issue.8 , pp. 630-632
    • Ridler, T.W.1    Calvard, S.2
  • 69
    • 84915400743 scopus 로고
    • Comments on "Picture thresholding using an iterative selection method
    • Trussell HJ (1979) Comments on "Picture thresholding using an iterative selection method. " IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern SMC-9(5):311.
    • (1979) IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern , vol.SMC-9 , Issue.5 , pp. 311
    • Trussell, H.J.1
  • 70
    • 0034094978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3D micro-computed tomography of trabecular and cortical bone architecture with application to a rat model of immobilisation osteoporosis
    • Laib A, et al. (2000) 3D micro-computed tomography of trabecular and cortical bone architecture with application to a rat model of immobilisation osteoporosis. Med Biol Eng Comput 38(3):326-332.
    • (2000) Med Biol Eng Comput , vol.38 , Issue.3 , pp. 326-332
    • Laib, A.1
  • 71
    • 0032930621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New body mass estimates for Omomys carteri, a middle Eocene primate from North America
    • Payseur BA, Covert HH, Vinyard CJ, Dagosto M (1999) New body mass estimates for Omomys carteri, a middle Eocene primate from North America. Am J Phys Anthropol 109(1):41-52.
    • (1999) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.109 , Issue.1 , pp. 41-52
    • Payseur, B.A.1    Covert, H.H.2    Vinyard, C.J.3    Dagosto, M.4
  • 72
    • 0037216343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long bone articular and diaphyseal structure in Old World monkeys and apes. II: Estimation of body mass
    • Ruff CB (2003) Long bone articular and diaphyseal structure in Old World monkeys and apes. II: Estimation of body mass. Am J Phys Anthropol 120(1):16-37.
    • (2003) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.120 , Issue.1 , pp. 16-37
    • Ruff, C.B.1
  • 73
    • 0030619670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body mass and encephalization in Pleistocene Homo
    • Ruff CB, Trinkaus E, Holliday TW (1997) Body mass and encephalization in Pleistocene Homo. Nature 387(6629):173-176.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.387 , Issue.6629 , pp. 173-176
    • Ruff, C.B.1    Trinkaus, E.2    Holliday, T.W.3
  • 74
    • 0000425713 scopus 로고
    • Hindlimb articular surface allometry in Hominoidea and Macaca, with comparisons to diaphyseal scaling
    • Ruff C (1988) Hindlimb articular surface allometry in Hominoidea and Macaca, with comparisons to diaphyseal scaling. J Hum Evol 17(7):687-714.
    • (1988) J Hum Evol , vol.17 , Issue.7 , pp. 687-714
    • Ruff, C.1
  • 75
    • 51249176185 scopus 로고
    • Scaling of postcranial joint size in hominoid primates
    • Jungers WL (1991) Scaling of postcranial joint size in hominoid primates. Hum Evol 6(5-6):391-399.
    • (1991) Hum Evol , vol.6 , Issue.5-6 , pp. 391-399
    • Jungers, W.L.1
  • 76
    • 0036891101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long bone articular and diaphyseal structure in old world monkeys and apes. I: Locomotor effects
    • Ruff CB (2002) Long bone articular and diaphyseal structure in old world monkeys and apes. I: Locomotor effects. Am J Phys Anthropol 119(4):305-342.
    • (2002) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.119 , Issue.4 , pp. 305-342
    • Ruff, C.B.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.