Racial conceptions in the global south

ISIS

Volumn 105, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 782-792

  Anderson, Warwick ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AFRICA; ANCESTRY GROUP; AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND; BIOMEDICINE; EVOLUTION; HISTORY; HUMAN; PHILOSOPHY; SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA;

AFRICA; AUSTRALASIA; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES; CONTINENTAL POPULATION GROUPS; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; LATIN AMERICA; PHILOSOPHY;

EID: 84920875265     PISSN: 00211753     EISSN: 15456994     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/679425     Document Type: Article

References (129)

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14. The 1929 study was Charles B. Davenport and Morris Steggerda, Race Crossing in Jamaica (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution, 1929).
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20. An early model for this comparative project is Donald Denoon, Settler Capitalism: The Dynamics of Dependent Development in the Southern Hemisphere (Oxford: Clarendon, 1983).
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24. On social anthropology see Gillian Cowlishaw, Black, White, or Brindle: Race in This content downloaded from 125.17.16.94 on Sat, 10 Jan 2015 21:45:39 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Rural Australia (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1988)
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30. Anderson, Cultivation of Whiteness (cit. n. 6)
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34. Anderson, Cultivation of Whiteness
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40. Gwenda Tavan, The Long, Slow Death of White Australia (Melbourne: Scribe, 2005)
41. Marilyn Lake and Henry Reynolds, Drawing the Global Colour Line: White Men’s Countries and the International Challenge of Racial Equality (Melbourne: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2008).
42. Anderson, Cultivation of Whiteness (cit. n. 6).
43. On the lack of integration of aspects of racial thought in Australia see Ann Curthoys, “An Uneasy Conversation: The Indigenous and the Multicultural,” in Race, Colour, and Identity in Australia and New Zealand, ed. John Docker and Gerhard Fischer (Sydney: Univ. New South Wales Press, 2000), pp. 21-36.
44. Ross L. Jones, Humanity’s Mirror: 150 Years of Anatomy in Melbourne (Melbourne: Haddington, 2007).
45. Warwick Anderson, “Ambiguities of Race: Science on the Reproductive Frontiers of Australia and the Pacific between the Wars,” Austral. Hist. Stud., 2009, 40:143-160.
46. Katherine Ellinghaus, “Into the White Man’s Kingdom: Whiteness and Indigenous Assimilation Policies in the United States and Australia, 1880s-1960s,” in Reorienting Whiteness, ed. Leigh Boucher, Ellinghaus, and Jane Carey (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), pp. 234-249
47. Patrick Wolfe, “Land, Labor, and Difference: Elementary Structures of Race,” American Historical Review, 2001, 106:866-905.
48. Nicholas Brown, “Australian Intellectuals and the Image of Asia, 1920-1960,” Australian Cultural Studies, 1990, 9:80-92
49. David Walker, Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850-1939 (St. Lucia: Univ. Queensland Press, 1999)
50. Lake and Reynolds, Drawing the Global Colour Line (cit. n. 12).
51. Donald Denoon, Philippa Mein-Smith, Marivic Wyndham, Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific Islands: The Creation of Identities (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2000)
52. Patricia Grimshaw, “Interracial Marriages and Colonial Regimes in Victoria and Aotearoa/New Zealand,” Frontiers, 2002, 23:12-28
53. Mein-Smith, P. Heppenstall, and S. Goldfinch, Remaking the Tasman World (Christchurch: Canterbury Univ. Press, 2008).
54. Tony Ballantyne, Orientalism and Race: Aryanism in the British Empire (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002)
55. Alan Ward, A Show of Justice: Racial “Amalgamation” in Nineteenth-Century New Zealand (Toronto: Univ. Toronto Press, 1973)
56. James Belich, Paradise Reforged: A History of the New Zealanders from the 1880s to the Year 2000 (Auckland: Lane, 2001). But Ballantyne also is a leader in advocating the transnational study of racial theories
57. Ballantyne, Webs of Empire: Locating New Zealand’s Colonial Past (Wellington: Williams, 2012).
58. Te Rangi Hiroa, P. H. Buck, “Maori Somatology: Racial Averages,” Journal of the Polynesian Society, 1922-1923, 31:36-199
59. On Elkin’s friendship with Te Rangi Hiroa see Anderson, “Ambiguities of Race” (cit. n. 15). This content downloaded from 125.17.16.94 on Sat, 10 Jan 2015 21:45:39 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
60. Bronwen Douglas and Chris Ballard, eds., Foreign Bodies: Oceania and the Science of Race, 1750-1940 (Canberra: Australian National Univ. Press, 2008).
61. The model for all such studies is Bernard Smith, European Vision and the South Pacific, 1768-1850 Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1960
62. Kate Fullagar, ed., The Atlantic World in the Antipodes: Effects and Transformations since the Eighteenth Century (Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars, 2012).
63. Edwin R. Embree, “Human Biology,” Scientific Monthly, 1930, 31:176-177.
64. Anderson, “Racial Anthropology and Human Biology in the Island Laboratories of the United States” (cit. n. 6)
65. Christine Manganaro, “Assimilating Hawaii: Racial Science in a Colonial ‘Laboratory,’ 1919-1939” (Ph.D. diss., Univ. Minnesota, 2012).
66. For the influence of the Pacific on German racial thought see Christine Winter, “Changing Frames: Identity and Citizenship of New Guineans of German Heritage during the Inter-war Years,” Journal of Pacific History, 2012, 47:347-367
67. Winter, “National Socialism and the German (Mixed-Race) Diasporas in Oceania,” in Jenseits der Grenze: Europa in der Welt in den Zeiten der Globalisierung, ed. Michael Mann and Jurgen G. Nagel (Heidelberg: Draupadi-Verlag, forthcoming).
68. Anderson, “Ambiguities of Race” (cit. n. 15)
69. Toeolesulusulu Damon Salesa, “Half-Castes between the Wars: Colonial Categories in New Zealand and Samoa,” New Zealand Journal of History, 2009, 34:98-116
70. Vicki Luker, “The Half-Caste in Australia, New Zealand, and Western Samoa between the Wars: Different Problem, Different Places?” in Foreign Bodies, ed. Douglas and Ballard (cit. n. 21), pp. 307-337.
71. Eugen Fischer, Die Rehobother Bastards und das Bastardierungsproblem beim Menschen: Anthropologis- che und ethnographische Studien am Rehobother Bastardvolk in Deutsch-Sudwest-Afrika (Jena, 1913). Fischer regarded the mixed people as improvements on the pure African type but inferior to their European parents. Like those of many other German race theorists, his prejudices became much fiercer back home between the wars.
72. Saul Dubow, “Race, Civilization, and Culture: The Elaboration of Segregationist Discourse in the Inter-war Years,” in The Politics of Race, Class, and Nationalism in South Africa, ed. Shula Marks and Stanley Trapido (London: Longman, 1987), pp. 71-94
73. Dubow, Scientific Racism in Modern South Africa (Cambridge: Cam- bridge Univ. Press, 1995)
74. Dubow, A Commonwealth of Knowledge: Science, Sensibility, and White South Africa, 1820-2000 (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2006)
75. Paul Rich, “Race, Science, and the Legitimization of White Supremacy in Modern South Africa, 1902-1940,” International Journal of African Historical Studies, 1990, 23:665-686
76. Alexander Butchart, The Anatomy of Power: European Constructions of the African Body (London: Zed, 1998).
77. H. B. Fantham and Annie Porter, “Notes on Some Cases of Racial Admixture in South Africa,” South African Medical Journal, 1927, 24:476-485.
78. George M. Fredrickson, White Supremacy: A Comparative Study of American and South African History (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1982)
79. Raymond A. Dart, “The Present Position of Anthropology in South Africa,” South African Journal of Science, 1925, 22:73-80
80. Saul Dubow, “Human Origins, Race Typology, and the Other Raymond Dart,” African Studies, 1996, 55:1-30.
81. Kirsten McKenzie, Scandal in the Colonies: Sydney and Cape Town, 1800-1850 (Melbourne: Melbourne Univ. Press, 2004)
82. Kate Darian-Smith, Liz Gunner, and Sarah Nuttall, eds., Text, Theory, Space: Land, Literature, and History in South Africa and Australia (London: Routledge, 1996).
83. Alan Lester, Imperial Networks: Creating Identities in Nineteenth-Century South Africa and Britain (London: Routledge, 2001)
84. Lester, “British Settler Discourse and the Circuits of Empire,” History Workshop Journal, 2002, 54:24-48
85. Tracey Banivanua-Mar and Penelope Edmonds, eds., Making Settler Colonial Space: Perspectives on Race, Place, and Identity (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010)
86. Julie Evans, Patricia Grimshaw, David Phillips, and Shurlee Swain, Equal Subjects, Unequal Rights: Indigenous People in British Settler Colonies, 1830-1910 (Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press, 2003)
87. Zoë Laidlaw, Colonial Connections, 1815-45: Patronage, the Information Revolution, and Colonial Government (Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press, 2005)
88. David Lambert and Lester, eds., Colonial Lives across the British Empire: Imperial Careering in the Long Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2006)
89. Bill Schwarz, Memories of Empire, Vol. 1: The White Man’s World (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2011).
90. For the Indian Ocean see Sugata Bose, A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 2006)
91. Isabel Hofmeyr, “Universalizing the Indian Ocean,” PMLA, 2010, 125:721-729
92. Hofmeyr and Michelle Williams, eds., South Africa and India: Shaping the Global South (Johannesburg: Wits Univ. Press, 2011)
93. Sunil Amrith, Crossing the Bay of Bengal: The Furies of Nature and the Fortunes of Migrants (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 2013).
94. For the Pacific see Penelope Edmonds, “‘I Followed England Round the World’: The Rise of Trans-imperial Anglo-Saxon Exceptionalism and the Spatial Narratives of Nineteenth-Century British Settler Colonies of the Pacific Rim,” in Reorienting Whiteness, ed. Boucher et al. (cit. n. 16), pp. 99-117
95. Banivanua-Mar and Edmonds, eds., Making Settler Colonial Space (cit. n. 29).
96. For some suggestive economic and political comparisons see John Kirby, “On the Viability of Small Countries: Uruguay and New Zealand Compared,” Journal of Inter-American Studies, 1975, 17:259-280
97. J. P. Fogarty, E. Gallo, and H. Dieguez, eds., Argentina y Australia (Buenos Aires: Instituto Torcuato di Tella, 1979)
98. Tim Duncan and Fogarty, Australia and Argentina: On Parallel Paths (Melbourne: Melbourne Univ. Press, 1984).
99. M. D. Biddiss, “The Universal Races Congress of 1911,” Race, 1971, 13:37-46. This content downloaded from 125.17.16.94 on Sat, 10 Jan 2015 21:45:39 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
100. Thomas E. Skidmore, Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1974)
101. Richard Graham, ed., The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870-1940 (Austin: Univ. Texas Press, 1990)
102. Dain Borges, “Puffy, Ugly, Slothful, and Inert: Degeneration in Brazilian Social Thought, 1880 -1940,” Journal of Latin American Studies, 1995, 25:235-256
103. Marcos Chor Maio and Ricardo Ventura Santos, eds., Raça, ciência e sociedade (Rio de Janeiro: Fiocruz, 1996)
104. Lilian K. Moritz Schwarcz, The Spectacles of Races: Scientists, Institutions, and the Race Question in Brazil (New York: Hill & Wang, 1999)
105. Ventura Santos and Chor Maio, “Race, Genomics, Identities, and Politics in Contemporary Brazil,” Critique of Anthropology, 2004, 24:347-378
106. Chor Maio and Ventura Santos, “Anthropology, Race, and the Dilemmas of Identity in the Age of Genomics,” História, Ciências, Saúde—Manguinhos, 2005, 12:1-22.
107. For a rare comparison of racial policies see Anthony W. Marx, Making Race and Nation: A Comparison of South Africa, the United States, and Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998).
108. For the Brazilian case see Gilberto Hochman, Nisia Trindade Lima, and Marcos Chor Maio, “The Paths of Eugenics in Brazil: Dilemmas of Miscegenation,” in Oxford Handbook of the History of Eugenics, ed. Bashford and Levine (cit. n. 3), pp. 493-510.
109. Regarding Argentina see Nancy Stepan, The Hour of Eugenics: Race, Gender, and Nation in Latin America (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Press, 1991)
110. Maria Silvia DiLiscia, “Los bordes y limites de la eugenesia, donde caen las razas superiores: Argentina, primeira mitad del Siglo XX,” in Políticas del cuerpo: Estrategias modernas de normalización del individuo e da sociedad, ed. Gustavo Vallejo and Marisa Miranda (Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI, 2007), pp. 377-409. On Mexico see Stepan, Hour of Eugenics.
111. Graham A, ed., Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870-1940 (cit. n. 33)
112. Peter Wade, Blackness and Race Mixture: The Dynamics of Racial Identity in Colombia (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1993)
113. Winthrop R. Wright, Café con Leche: Race, Class, and National Image in Venezuela (Austin: Univ. Texas Press, 1993).
114. Interestingly, we know most about Lusophone racial networks. See Cristiana Bastos, Miguel Vale de Almeida, and Bela Feldman-Bianco, eds., Trânsitos coloniais: Diálogos críticos Luso-Brasileiros (Lisboa: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais, 2002)
115. Ricardo Roque, “Equivocal Connections: Fonseca Cardoso and the Origins of Portuguese Colonial Anthropology,” Portuguese Studies, 2003, 19:80-109
116. Roque, Headhunting and Colonialism: Anthropology and the Circulation of Human Skulls in the Portuguese Empire, 1870-1930 (Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010)
117. Francisco Bethencourt and A. J. Pearce, eds., Racism and Ethnic Relations in the Portuguese-Speaking World (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2012)
118. Patricia Ferraz de Matos, The Colours of Empire: Racialized Representations during Portuguese Colonialism, trans. Mark Ayton (New York: Berghahn, 2013).
119. I am grateful to Miranda Johnson for pointing out that the comparative study of racialized ideas and practices in the Global South might be reframed as the study of indigenous racial modernities.
120. Lake and Reynolds, Drawing the Global Colour Line (cit. n. 12)
121. Warwick Anderson, “Traveling White,” in Reorienting Whiteness, ed. Boucher et al. (cit. n. 16), pp. 65-72
122. Anderson, “Racial Anthropology and Human Biology in the Island Laboratories of the United States” (cit. n. 6)
123. Bashford and Levine, eds., Oxford Handbook of the History of Eugenics (cit. n. 3).
124. Raewyn Connell, Southern Theory: The Global Dynamics of Knowledge in Social Science (Cambridge: Polity, 2007).
125. Margaret Jolly, “The South in Southern Theory: Antipodean Reflections on the Pacific,” Australian Humanities Review, 2008, 44:75-100.
126. Ashley Montagu, Man’s Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1942)
127. Elazar Barkan, “The Politics of the Science of Race: Ashley Montagu and UNESCO’s Anti-racist Declarations,” in Race and Other Misadventures: Essays in Honor of Ashley Montagu in His Ninetieth Year, ed. Larry T. Reynolds and Leonard Lieberman (Dix Hills, N.Y.: General Hall, 1996), pp. 96-105
128. Michelle Brattain, “Race, Racism, and Antiracism: UNESCO and the Politics of Presenting Science to the Postwar Public,” Amer. Hist. Rev., 2007, 112:1386-1413.
129. On the deficiencies of the “decline” of race in science see Marek Kohn, The Race Gallery: The Return of Racial Science (London: Cape, 1995). This content downloaded from 125.17.16.94 on Sat, 10 Jan 2015 21:45:39 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions