메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 1, Issue 1-4, 2014, Pages 10-17

Why there are so few trophic levels: Selection against instability explains the pattern

Author keywords

Food chain; Food web; Stability; Trophic level

Indexed keywords


EID: 84920592691     PISSN: None     EISSN: 23522496     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2014.11.002     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (28)

References (41)
  • 1
    • 0034255819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nature of predation: prey dependent, ratio dependent or neither?
    • Abrams P.A., Ginzburg L.R. The nature of predation: prey dependent, ratio dependent or neither?. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2000, 15:337-341.
    • (2000) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.15 , pp. 337-341
    • Abrams, P.A.1    Ginzburg, L.R.2
  • 2
    • 40549142408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Network structure, predator-prey modules, and stability in large food webs
    • Allesina S., Pascual M. Network structure, predator-prey modules, and stability in large food webs. Theor. Ecol. 2008, 1:55-64. 10.1007/s12080-007-0007-8.
    • (2008) Theor. Ecol. , vol.1 , pp. 55-64
    • Allesina, S.1    Pascual, M.2
  • 4
    • 3042786299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intraguild predation: a widespread interaction related to species biology
    • Arim M., Marquet P.a Intraguild predation: a widespread interaction related to species biology. Ecol. Lett. 2004, 7:557-564. 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00613.x.
    • (2004) Ecol. Lett. , vol.7 , pp. 557-564
    • Arim, M.1    Marquet, P.A.2
  • 5
    • 0035040109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A stable carbon and nitrogen isotope study of lake food webs in Canada's Boreal Plain
    • Beaudoin C.P., Prepas E.E., Tonn W.M., Wassenaar L.I., Kotak B.G. A stable carbon and nitrogen isotope study of lake food webs in Canada's Boreal Plain. Freshw. Biol. 2001, 46:465-477. 10.1046/j.1365-2427.2001.00688.x.
    • (2001) Freshw. Biol. , vol.46 , pp. 465-477
    • Beaudoin, C.P.1    Prepas, E.E.2    Tonn, W.M.3    Wassenaar, L.I.4    Kotak, B.G.5
  • 6
    • 34247101837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative analysis of the local structure of food webs
    • Camacho J., Stouffer D.B., Amaral L.A.N. Quantitative analysis of the local structure of food webs. J. Theor. Biol. 2007, 246:260-268. 10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.12.036.
    • (2007) J. Theor. Biol. , vol.246 , pp. 260-268
    • Camacho, J.1    Stouffer, D.B.2    Amaral, L.A.N.3
  • 7
    • 0004229975 scopus 로고
    • Macmillan Co., New York, New York, USA
    • Elton C. Animal Ecology 1927, Macmillan Co., New York, New York, USA.
    • (1927) Animal Ecology
    • Elton, C.1
  • 8
    • 0027098565 scopus 로고
    • Consequences of ratio-dependent predation for steady-state properties of ecosystems
    • Ginzburg L., Akçakaya H. Consequences of ratio-dependent predation for steady-state properties of ecosystems. Ecology 1992, 73:1536-1543.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 1536-1543
    • Ginzburg, L.1    Akçakaya, H.2
  • 9
    • 84884377475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temperature affects food-chain length and macroinvertebrate species richness in spring ecosystems
    • Glazier D.S. Temperature affects food-chain length and macroinvertebrate species richness in spring ecosystems. Freshw. Sci. 2012, 31:575-585. 10.1899/11.058.1.
    • (2012) Freshw. Sci. , vol.31 , pp. 575-585
    • Glazier, D.S.1
  • 10
    • 0003137671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food webs in space: an island biogeographic perspective
    • Holt R. Food webs in space: an island biogeographic perspective. Food Webs 1996.
    • (1996) Food Webs
    • Holt, R.1
  • 11
    • 0038579281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food webs in space: on the interplay of dynamic instability and spatial processes
    • Holt R.D. Food webs in space: on the interplay of dynamic instability and spatial processes. Ecol. Res. 2002, 17:261-273. 10.1046/j.1440-1703.2002.00485.x.
    • (2002) Ecol. Res. , vol.17 , pp. 261-273
    • Holt, R.D.1
  • 12
    • 0032408436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Omnivory and the stability of simple food webs
    • Holyoak M., Sachdev S. Omnivory and the stability of simple food webs. Oecologia 1998, 117:413-419.
    • (1998) Oecologia , vol.117 , pp. 413-419
    • Holyoak, M.1    Sachdev, S.2
  • 13
    • 0001281379 scopus 로고
    • Homage to Santa Rosalia or why are there so many kinds of animals?
    • Hutchinson G.E. Homage to Santa Rosalia or why are there so many kinds of animals?. Am. Nat. 1959, 93:145-159.
    • (1959) Am. Nat. , vol.93 , pp. 145-159
    • Hutchinson, G.E.1
  • 14
    • 0000930018 scopus 로고
    • The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology
    • Lindeman R. The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology. Ecology 1942, 23:399-417.
    • (1942) Ecology , vol.23 , pp. 399-417
    • Lindeman, R.1
  • 15
    • 79953320820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food chain length and omnivory determine the stability of a marine subtidal food web
    • Long Z.T., Bruno J.F., Duffy J.E. Food chain length and omnivory determine the stability of a marine subtidal food web. J. Anim. Ecol. 2011, 80:586-594. 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01800.x.
    • (2011) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.80 , pp. 586-594
    • Long, Z.T.1    Bruno, J.F.2    Duffy, J.E.3
  • 16
    • 0015514970 scopus 로고
    • Will a large complex system be stable?
    • May R.M. Will a large complex system be stable?. Nature 1972, 238:413-414.
    • (1972) Nature , vol.238 , pp. 413-414
    • May, R.M.1
  • 17
    • 0037888145 scopus 로고
    • Qualitative stability in model ecosystems
    • May R.M. Qualitative stability in model ecosystems. Ecology 1973, 54:638-641.
    • (1973) Ecology , vol.54 , pp. 638-641
    • May, R.M.1
  • 18
    • 0001229587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of food chain length and omnivory on population dynamics in experimental food webs
    • Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA, G.A. Polis, K.O. Winemiller (Eds.)
    • Morin P., Lawler S. Effects of food chain length and omnivory on population dynamics in experimental food webs. Food Webs 1996, 218-230. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA. G.A. Polis, K.O. Winemiller (Eds.).
    • (1996) Food Webs , pp. 218-230
    • Morin, P.1    Lawler, S.2
  • 19
    • 0037052507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stability in real food webs: weak links in long loops
    • (80-)
    • Neutel A.M., Heesterbeek J.A.P., de Ruiter P.C. Stability in real food webs: weak links in long loops. Science 2002, 296:1120-1123. (80-). 10.1126/science.106832.
    • (2002) Science , vol.296 , pp. 1120-1123
    • Neutel, A.M.1    Heesterbeek, J.A.P.2    de Ruiter, P.C.3
  • 20
    • 0004290829 scopus 로고
    • University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
    • Pimm S. Food Webs 1982, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
    • (1982) Food Webs
    • Pimm, S.1
  • 21
    • 0017377855 scopus 로고
    • Number of trophic levels in ecological communities
    • Pimm S.L., Lawton J.H. Number of trophic levels in ecological communities. Nature 1977, 268:329-331.
    • (1977) Nature , vol.268 , pp. 329-331
    • Pimm, S.L.1    Lawton, J.H.2
  • 22
    • 0018129208 scopus 로고
    • On feeding on more than one trophic level
    • Pimm S., Lawton J. On feeding on more than one trophic level. Nature 1978, 275:542-544.
    • (1978) Nature , vol.275 , pp. 542-544
    • Pimm, S.1    Lawton, J.2
  • 23
    • 0031438539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward an integration of landscape and food web ecology: the dynamics of spatially subsidized food webs
    • Polis G.A., Anderson W.B., Holt R.D. Toward an integration of landscape and food web ecology: the dynamics of spatially subsidized food webs. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1997, 28:289-316.
    • (1997) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , vol.28 , pp. 289-316
    • Polis, G.A.1    Anderson, W.B.2    Holt, R.D.3
  • 24
    • 0036603629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The long and short of food-chain length
    • Post D.M. The long and short of food-chain length. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2002, 17:269-277. 10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02455-2.
    • (2002) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.17 , pp. 269-277
    • Post, D.M.1
  • 25
    • 34548595211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing the productive-space hypothesis: rational and power
    • Post D.M. Testing the productive-space hypothesis: rational and power. Oecologia 2007, 153:973-984. 10.1007/s00442-007-0798-8.
    • (2007) Oecologia , vol.153 , pp. 973-984
    • Post, D.M.1
  • 26
    • 0034729694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecosystem size determines food-chain length in lakes
    • Post D.M., Pace M.L., Hairston N.G. Ecosystem size determines food-chain length in lakes. Nature 2000, 405:1047-1049. 10.1038/35016565.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.405 , pp. 1047-1049
    • Post, D.M.1    Pace, M.L.2    Hairston, N.G.3
  • 28
    • 0024875977 scopus 로고
    • Food webs from the small to the large: the Robert H. MacArthur award lecture
    • Schoener T.W. Food webs from the small to the large: the Robert H. MacArthur award lecture. Ecology 1989, 70:1559-1589.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 1559-1589
    • Schoener, T.W.1
  • 29
    • 0030303795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of habitat size and productivity on food web structure in small aquatic microcosms
    • Spencer M., Warren P. The effects of habitat size and productivity on food web structure in small aquatic microcosms. Oikos 1996, 75:419-430.
    • (1996) Oikos , vol.75 , pp. 419-430
    • Spencer, M.1    Warren, P.2
  • 30
    • 0031284564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The enigma of food chain length: absence of theoretical evidence for dynamic constraints
    • Sterner R.W., Bajpai A., Adams T. The enigma of food chain length: absence of theoretical evidence for dynamic constraints. Ecology 1997, 78:2258-2262. 10.2307/2265962.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 2258-2262
    • Sterner, R.W.1    Bajpai, A.2    Adams, T.3
  • 31
    • 18444378174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative patterns in the structure of model and empirical food webs
    • Stouffer D.B., Camacho J., Guimera R., Ng C.A., Amaral L.A.N. Quantitative patterns in the structure of model and empirical food webs. Ecology 2005, 86:1301-1311.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 1301-1311
    • Stouffer, D.B.1    Camacho, J.2    Guimera, R.3    Ng, C.A.4    Amaral, L.A.N.5
  • 32
    • 34547215911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for the existence of a robust pattern of prey selection in food webs
    • Stouffer D.B., Camacho J., Jiang W., Amaral L.A.N. Evidence for the existence of a robust pattern of prey selection in food webs. Proc. R. Soc. B 2007, 274:1931-1940. 10.1098/rspb.2007.0571.
    • (2007) Proc. R. Soc. B , vol.274 , pp. 1931-1940
    • Stouffer, D.B.1    Camacho, J.2    Jiang, W.3    Amaral, L.A.N.4
  • 33
    • 63849244605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecosystem size, but not disturbance determines food chain length on islands of the Bahamas
    • Takimoto G., Spiller D., Post D. Ecosystem size, but not disturbance determines food chain length on islands of the Bahamas. Ecology 2008, 89:3001-3007.
    • (2008) Ecology , vol.89 , pp. 3001-3007
    • Takimoto, G.1    Spiller, D.2    Post, D.3
  • 35
    • 34247159203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic levels and trophic tangles: the prevalence of omnivory in real food webs
    • Thompson R.M., Hemberg M., Starzomski B.M., Shurin J.B. Trophic levels and trophic tangles: the prevalence of omnivory in real food webs. Ecology 2007, 88:612-617.
    • (2007) Ecology , vol.88 , pp. 612-617
    • Thompson, R.M.1    Hemberg, M.2    Starzomski, B.M.3    Shurin, J.B.4
  • 36
    • 84891489937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limits on ecosystem trophic complexity: insights from ecological network analysis
    • Ulanowicz R.E., Holt R.D., Barfield M. Limits on ecosystem trophic complexity: insights from ecological network analysis. Ecol. Lett. 2013, 17:127-136. 10.1111/ele.12216.
    • (2013) Ecol. Lett. , vol.17 , pp. 127-136
    • Ulanowicz, R.E.1    Holt, R.D.2    Barfield, M.3
  • 37
    • 0032732657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of food chain length in lakes: a stable isotope study
    • Vander Zanden M., Shuter B., Lester N., Rasmussen J. Patterns of food chain length in lakes: a stable isotope study. Am. Nat. 1999, 154:406-416. 10.1086/303250.
    • (1999) Am. Nat. , vol.154 , pp. 406-416
    • Vander Zanden, M.1    Shuter, B.2    Lester, N.3    Rasmussen, J.4
  • 38
    • 0034624857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simple rules yield complex food webs
    • Williams R.J., Martinez N.D. Simple rules yield complex food webs. Nature 2000, 404:180-183. 10.1038/35004572.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.404 , pp. 180-183
    • Williams, R.J.1    Martinez, N.D.2
  • 39
    • 1842661790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limits to trophic levels and omnivory in complex food webs: theory and data
    • Williams R.J., Martinez N.D. Limits to trophic levels and omnivory in complex food webs: theory and data. Am. Nat. 2004, 163:458-468. 10.1086/381964.
    • (2004) Am. Nat. , vol.163 , pp. 458-468
    • Williams, R.J.1    Martinez, N.D.2
  • 40
    • 0006971829 scopus 로고
    • The structure of assembled communities
    • Yodzis P. The structure of assembled communities. J. Theor. Biol. 1981, 92:103-117.
    • (1981) J. Theor. Biol. , vol.92 , pp. 103-117
    • Yodzis, P.1
  • 41
    • 84876128418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The roles of productivity and ecosystem size in determining food chain length in tropical terrestrial ecosystems
    • Young H.S., McCauley D.J., Dunbar R.B., Hutson M.S., Ter-Kuile A.M., Dirzo R. The roles of productivity and ecosystem size in determining food chain length in tropical terrestrial ecosystems. Ecology 2013, 94:692-701.
    • (2013) Ecology , vol.94 , pp. 692-701
    • Young, H.S.1    McCauley, D.J.2    Dunbar, R.B.3    Hutson, M.S.4    Ter-Kuile, A.M.5    Dirzo, R.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.