Beware of multiple traumas in PTSD assessment: The role of reactivation mechanism in intrusive and hyper-arousal symptoms

Aging and Mental Health

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 258-263

  Fossion, Pierre ^a   Leys, Christophe ^a   Kempenaers, Chantal ^b   Braun, Stephanie ^b   Verbanck, Paul ^a   Linkowski, Paul ^b  

^a UNIVERSITÉ LIBRE DE BRUXELLES   (Belgium)

^b ERASME HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Impact of Event Scale Revised; retraumatization; trauma reactivation

Indexed keywords

AGED; AROUSAL; FEMALE; HUMAN; LIFE EVENT; MALE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; VERY ELDERLY; WAR;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AROUSAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; MALE; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; WORLD WAR II;

EID: 84920541134     PISSN: 13607863     EISSN: 13646915     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2014.924901     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR-. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press
2. Breslau, N., Wilcox, H.C., Storr, C.L., Lucia, V.C., & Anthony, J.C. (2004). Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder: A study of youths in urban America. Journal of Urban Health, 81(4), 530-544. doi:10.1093/jurban/jth138
3. Brunet, A., St-Hilaire, A., Jehel, L., & King, S. (2003). Validation of a French version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48, 56-61
4. Buffum, M.D., & Wolfe, N.S. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder and the World War II veterans. Geriatric Nursing, 16(6), 264-270
5. Cougle, R., Kilpatrick, D.G., & Resnick, H. (2012). Defining traumatic events: Research findings and controversies. In J. G. Beck & D.M. Sloan (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of traumatic stress disorders (p. 23). New York, NY: Oxford University Press
6. Davison, E.H., Pless, A.P., Gugliucci, M.R., King, L.A., Salgado, D.M., Spiro III, A., & Bachrach, P. (2006). Late-life emergence of early-life trauma: The phenomenon of lateonset stress symptomatology among aging combat veterans. Research on Aging, 28(1), 84-114. doi:10.1177/ 0164027505281560
7. Floyd, M., Rice, J., & Black, S.R. (2002). Recurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder in late life: A cognitive aging perspective. Journal of Clinical Geropsychology, 8(4), 303-311. doi:10.1023/A:1019679307628
8. Foa, E.B., Riggs, D.S., & Gershuny, B.S. (1995). Arousal, numbing, and intrusion: Symptom structure of PTSD following assault. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(1), 116-120
9. Fossion, P., Leys, Ch., Kempenaers, C.H., Braun, S., Verbanck, P., & Linkowski, P. (2013). Depression, anxiety and loss of resilience after multiple traumas: An illustration of a mediated moderation model of sensitization in a group of children who survived the Nazi Holocaust. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(3), 973-979 doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.08.018 .
10. Fremont, W.P. (2004). Childhood reactions to terrorism-induced trauma: A review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(4), 381-392
11. Gagnon, M., & Hersen, M. (2000). Unresolved childhood sexual abuse and older adults: Late-life vulnerabilities. Journal of Clinical Geropsychology, 6(3), 187-198. doi:10.1023/ A:1009589115942
12. Green, B.L. (1993). Disasters and posttraumatic stress disorder. In J.R.T. Davidson & E.B. Foa (Eds.), Posttraumatic stress disorder/ DSM-IV and beyond (pp. 23-35). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press
13. Hiskey, S., Luckie, M., Davies, S., & Brewin, C.R. (2008). The phenomenology of reactivated trauma memories in older adults: A preliminary study. Aging and Mental Health, 12 (4), 494-498. doi:10.1080/13607860802224367
14. Horowitz, M., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41(3), 209-218
15. Hunsley, J., & Mash, E. (2008). A guide to assessments that work. New York, NY: Oxford University Press
16. Kendall-Tackett, K.A. (2000). Physiological correlates of childhood abuse: Chronic hyperarousal in PTSD, depression, and irritable bowel syndrome. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24(6), 799-810
17. Kessler, R.C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 1048-1060. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012
18. Killpatrick, D.G., & Resnick, H.S. (1993). Posttraumatic stress disorder associated with exposure to criminal victimization in clinical and community population. In J.R.T. Davidson & E.B. Foa (Eds.), Posttraumatic stress disorder/ DSM-IV and beyond (pp. 23-35). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press
19. Kinzie, J.D., Boehnlein, J.K., Riley, C., & Sparr, L. (2002). The effects of September 11 on traumatized refugees: Reactivation of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190(7), 437-441. doi:10.1097/01NMD.0000022443.69161.0A
20. Krell, R. (1993). Child survivors of the Holocaust. Strategies of adaptation. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 38, 384-389
21. Lindemann, E. (1944). Symptomatology and management of acute grief. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(6 Suppl), 155-160
22. Long, N., Chamberlain, K., & Vincent, C. (1994). Effect of the Gulf War on reactivation of adverse combat-related memories in Vietnam veterans. Journal Clinical Psychology, 50 (2), 138-144. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199403
23. Luthar, S.S (2006). Resilience in development: A synthesis of research across five decades. In D.J. Cohen & D. Cicchetti (Eds.), Development and psychopathology, vol 3, risk, disorder and adaptation (pp. 739-795). New York, NY: Wiley & Sons
24. March, J.S. (2003). Acute stress disorder in youth: A multivariate prediction model. Biological Psychiatry, 53(9), 809-816. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01975-3
25. McMillen, J.C., North, C.S., & Smith, E.M. (2000). What parts of PTSD are normal: Intrusion, avoidance, or arousal?. Data from the Northridge, California, earthquake. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13(1), 57-75. doi:10.1023/A:10077688 30246
26. Norris, F.H. (1992). Epidemiology of trauma: Frequency and impact of different potentially traumatic events on different demographic groups. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(3), 409-418. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.60.3.409
27. Perkonigg, A., Kessler, R.C., Storz, S., & Wittchen, H.U. (2000). Traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: Prevalence, risk factors and comorbidity. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 101(1), 46-59. doi:10.1034/ j.1600-0447.2000.101001046.x
28. Rothbaum, B.O., & Foa, E.B. (1993). Subtypes of posttraumatic stress disorders and duration of symptoms. In J.R.T. Davidson & E.B. Foa (Eds.), Posttraumatic stress disorder/ DSMIV and beyond (pp. 23-35). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press
29. Sadavoy, J. (1997). Survivors: A review of the late-life effects of prior psychological trauma. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 5(4), 287-301. doi:10.1097/00019442-199700540-00004
30. Schoon, I. (2006). Risk and resilience: Adaptations in changing times. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
31. Shalev, A.Y., Schreiber, S., & Galai, T. (1993). Early psychological response to traumatic injury. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6(4), 441-450. doi:10.1007/BF00974315
32. Soldatos, C.R., Paparrigopoulos, T.J., Pappa, D.A., & Christodoulou, G.N. (2006). Early post-traumatic stress disorder in relation to acute stress reaction: An ICD-10 study among help seekers following an earthquake. Psychiatry Research, 143(2-3), 245-253. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005. 05.018
33. Somer, E. (2000). Effects of incest in aging survivors: Psychopathology and treatment issues. Journal of Clinical Geropsychology, 6, 53-61. doi:10.1023/A:1009576223866
34. Stoffels, H. (2013). The Wilkomirski/Dössekker case. In M. Linden & K. Rutkowski (Eds.), Hurting memories and beneficial forgetting (pp. 106-107). London: Elsevier
35. Terr, L.C. (1991). Childhood traumas: An outline and overview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 10-20
36. Todorov, T. (1994). Les Abus de la m-emoire. Paris: Arl-ea.
37. Valent, P. (1988). Resilience in child survivors of the Holocaust: Toward the concept of resilience. Psychoanalytical Review, 85, 517-535
38. Vrana, S., & Lauterbach, D. (1994). Prevalence of traumatic events and post-traumatic psychological symptoms in a nonclinical sample of college students. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7, 289-302. doi:10.1002/jts.2490070209
39. Weiss, D.S., & Marmar, C.R. (1997). The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. In J.P. Wilson & T.M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 399-411). New York, NY: Guilford Press
40. Wilson, J.P. (1997). Introduction. In J.P. Wilson & T.M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (p. 2). New York, NY: Guilford Press
41. Windle, G. (2010). What is resilience?. A review and concept analysis. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 21(2), 151-169. doi:10.1017/S0959259810000420