Impact of water hardness on consumers' perception of laundry washing result in five European countries

International Journal of Consumer Studies

Volumn 39, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 60-66

  Abeliotis, Konstadinos ^a   Candan, Cevza ^b   Amberg, Caroline ^c   Ferri, Ada ^d   Osset, Miguel ^e   Owens, Jeremy ^f   Stamminger, Rainer ^g  

^a HAROKOPIO UNIVERSITY   (Greece)

^b ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^c Swissatest Testmaterialien AG   (Switzerland)

^d POLITECNICO DI TORINO   (Italy)

^e Bonn University ^*  (Spain)

^f International Society of the Built Environment (ISBE)   (United Kingdom)

^g UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Consume; Household; Sustainable; Technology; Textiles

Indexed keywords

EID: 84920165654     PISSN: 14706423     EISSN: 14706431     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/ijcs.12149     Document Type: Article

References (22)

1. Arai, H. (1966) Study of detergency: I. Effect of the concentration and the kind of detergent in hard water. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 43, 312-314.
2. Board for Washing Excellence (2014) Our Mission. [WWW document]. URL http://www.washing-excellence.org/bwe/our-mission.aspx (accessed on 20 May 2014).
3. Brown, D.M., Cameron, B.A., Meyer, S.S. & Umber, J.J. (1991) The effects of water hardness level on washing quality using commercial laundry detergents. Journal of Consumer Studies & Home Economics, 15, 215-222.
4. Cameron, B.A. (2007) Laundering in cold water: detergent considerations for consumers. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 36, 151-162.
5. Cameron, B.A. (2011) Detergent considerations for consumers: laundering in hard water - How much extra detergent is required? Journal of Extension, 49, 1-11. Article Number 4RIB6. [WWW document]. URL: http://www.joe.org/joe/2011august/pdf/JOE_v49_4rb6.pdf (accessed on 20 May 2014).
6. Cameron, B.A. & Brown, D.M. (1995) A survey of commercial laundry detergents - how effective are they? Part III: powders, liquids and hard water. Journal of Consumer Studies and Home Economics, 19, 85-97.
7. Godskesen, B., Hauschild, M., Rygaard, M., Zambrano, K. & Albrechtsen, H.-J. (2012) Life cycle assessment of central softening of very hard drinking water. Journal of Environmental Management, 105, 83-89.
8. Hustvedt, G. (2011) Review of laundry energy efficiency studies conducted by the US Department of Energy. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 35, 228-236.
9. International Association for Soaps, Detergents and Maintenance Products (AISE) (2013) The case for the 'A.I.S.E. Low Temperature Washing' Initiative, Substantiation Dossier/June 2013. [WWW document]. URL http://www.iprefer30.eu/component/attachments/attachments?task=download&id=244 (accessed on 20 May 2014).
10. Jack, T. (2013) Laundry routine and resource consumption in Australia. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 37, 666-674.
11. Kruschwitz, A., Karle, A., Schmitz, A. & Stamminger, R. (2014) Consumer laundry practices in Germany. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 38, 265-277.
12. Laitala, K., Boks, C. & Klepp, I.G. (2011) Potential for environmental improvements in laundering. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 35, 254-264.
13. Laitala, K., Klepp, I.G. & Boks, C. (2012) Changing laundry habits in Norway. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 36, 228-237.
14. Nagarajan, M.K. & Paine, H.L. (1984) Water hardness control by detergent builders. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 61, 1475-1478.
15. Pakula, C. & Stamminger, R. (2010) Electricity and water consumption for laundry washing by washing machine worldwide. Energy Efficiency, 3, 365-382.
16. Rowe, H.D. (2006) Detergents, clothing and the consumer with sensitive skin. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 30, 369-377.
17. Sinner, H. (1960) Ueber das Waschen mit Haushaltwaschmaschinen: in welchem Umfange erleichtern Haushaltwaschmachinen und-geraete das Waeschewaschen im Haushalt? Haus und Heim-Verlag, Hamburg.
18. Stamminger, R. (2010) Reinigen. In Lebensmittelverarbeitung im Haushalt, aid-Verlag (ed. by U. Gomm ), pp. 307-334. aid-Infodienst, Bonn. (978-3-830°8-0851-0).
19. Stamminger, R. (2011) Modelling resource consumption for laundry and dish treatment in individual households for various consumer segments. Energy Efficiency, 4, 559-569.
20. Umber, J.J., Brown, D.M., Cameron, B.A., Meyer, S.S., Powell, J.A. & Sisco, B.R. (1992) The effect of water hardness on washing performance of built and unbuilt surfactants. Journal of Consumer Studies & Home Economics, 16, 151-159.
21. Van der Bruggen, B., Goossens, H., Everard, P.A., Stemgée, K. & Rogge, W. (2009) Cost-benefit analysis of central softening for production of drinking water. Journal of Environmental Management, 91, 541-549.
22. Yamaguchi, Y., Seii, E., Itagaki, M. & Nagayama, M. (2011) Evaluation of domestic washing in Japan using life cycle assessment (LCA). International Journal of Consumer Studies, 35, 243-253.