The network collective: Rise and fall of a scientific paradigm

The Network Collective: Rise and Fall of a Scientific Paradigm

Volumn 9783764383732, Issue , 2008, Pages 1-274

  Eichmann, Klaus ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE OF IMMUNOBIOLOGY AND EPIGENETICS   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84920150948     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8373-2     Document Type: Book

References (609)

1. Eichmann K (2005) Köhler's Invention. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel.
2. Burnet FM (1959) The clonal selection theory of aquired immunity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
3. Brait M, Vansanten G, Van Acker A, De Trez C, Luko CM, Wuilmart C, Leo O, Miller R, Riblet R, Urbain J (2002) Positive selection of B cell repertoire, idiotypic networks and immunological memory. In: Zanetti M, Capra JD (eds) The Antibodies, Vol 7.Taylor and Francis, 1-27.
4. Marshall E (1996) Disputed results now just a footnote. Science 273: 174.
5. Cohn M (1994) The wisdom of insight. Ann Rev Immunol 12: 1.
6. Jerne NK (1974) Towards a network theory of the immune system. Ann Immunol (Inst. Pasteur) 125C: 373.
7. Jerne NK (1976) The immune system: A web of V-domains. Harvey Lectures 70: 93.
8. Popper KR (1959) The Logic of Scientific Discovery. Hutchinson, London.
9. Kuhn TS (1962) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago/London.
10. Fleck L (1979) Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact. Trenn TJ, Merton RK (eds) The University of Chicago Press, Chicago/London.
11. Fleck L (1935) Entstehung und Entwicklung einer wissensachaftlichen Tatsache; Einführung in die Lehre vom Denkstil und Denkkollektiv. Benno Schwabe und Co.Velagsbuchhandlung, Basel).
12. Laertius D (1970) Lives of Eminent Philosophers. Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, Mass.
13. Wagner G (2001) Auguste Compte zur Einführung. Junius, Hamburg.
14. Fuchs-Heinritz W (1998) Auguste Compte. Einführung in Leben und Werk. Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen/Wiesbaden.
15. Kolakowski L (1972) Positivist Philosophy - From Hume to the Vienna Circle. Penguin Books, London, UK.
16. Kant I (1781) Die Kritik der reinen Vernunft. Prolegomena. Drittes Hauptstück. Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Mechanik. Available at: Www.ikp.unibonn.de/kant/aa04/.
17. Reichenbach H (1935) Wahrscheinlichkeitslehre. Leiden, Holland.
18. Kraft V (1953) The Vienna Circle: The Origin of Neo-positivism, a Chapter in the History of Recent Philosophy. Greenwood Press, New York.
19. Schlick M (1925) Allgemeine Erkenntnislehre. Verlag von Julius Springer, Berlin.
20. Stove DC (1973) Probability and Hume's Inductive Scepticism. Oxford University Press.
21. Miller DS (1949) Hume's Deathblow to Deductivism. The Journal of Philosophy Vol. XLVI, No. 23.
22. Hume D (1893) An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, 1748, ed. Selby-Bigge, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
23. Hume D (1739) A Treatise of Human Nature. ed. Selby-Bigge, Oxford University Press, 1888, Oxford.
24. Pickering A (ed) (1992) Science as Culture and Practice. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London; Articles by: Pickering A and Stephanides A, Knorr Cetina K, Hacking I, Fujimura J, Woolgar S.
25. Quine WV (1953) From a Logical Point of View. Harper Torch books, New York.
26. Duhem PM (1954) The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory. Princeton University Press.
27. Gardner M (1983) The whys of a philosophical scrivener. Quill, New York.
28. Feyerabend PK (1975) Against Method. NLB, London.
29. Bonk T (2008) Under determination. An essay on evidence and the limits of knowledge. Springer, Netherland.
30. Hesse M (1980) Revolutions and Reconstructions in the Philosophy of Science. Indiana University Press.
31. Bloor D (1991) Knowledge and Social Imagery. Routledge, Chicago University Press.
32. Feyerabend PK (1970) Consolations for the Specialist. In: Lakatos, Musgrave (eds): Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. Cambridge University Press.
33. Feyerabend PK (1978) Science in a Free Society. NLB, London.
34. Hübner K (1993) Kritik der Wissenschaftlichen Vernunft. Verlag Karl Alber, Freiburg.
35. Hübner K (1985) Die Wahrheit des Mythos. Beck, München.
36. Avery OT, MacLeod C, McCarty M (1944) Studies on the chemical nature of the substance inducing transformation of pneumococcal types. J Exp Med 79: 137-158.
37. Griffith F (1928) The significance of pneumococcal types. J Hyg 27: 113.
38. Hershey AD, Chase M (1952) Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage. J Gen Physiol 36(1): 39-56.
39. Watson JD, Crick FH (1953) Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature 171 (4356): 737-738.
40. Meselson M, Stahl FW (1958) The replication of DNA in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 44: 671-682.
41. Nirenberg MW, Matthaei JH (1961) The dependence of cell-free protein synthesis in E. coli upon naturally occurring or synthetic polyribonucleotides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 47: 1588-1602.
42. Crick FH, Barnett L, Brenner S, Watts-Tobin RJ (1961) General nature of the genetic code for proteins. Nature 192: 1227-1232.
43. Miescher JF (1871) Ueber die chemische Zusammensetzung der Eiterzellen. Medisch-chemische Untersuchungen 4: 441-460.
44. McCarty M (1985) The transforming principle - discovery that genes are made of DNA.W.W. Norton Comp, New York.
45. Descarte R (1966) Philosophical Writings, ed. Anscombe GEM and Geach P, Nelson, London.
46. Bloor D (1998) The Strengths of the Strong Programme. Philosophy of the Social Sciences 11: 173.
47. Carnap R (1950) Logical Foundations of Probability. University of Chicago Press.
48. Hume D (1882) Essays, Moral, Political and Literary, 1742, in David Hume, The Philosophical Works, ed. Green H, Grose HH, google.books, London.
49. MacIntyre A (1969) Hume on 'Is' and 'Ought'. In: Hudson (ed): The Is-Ought Question. MacMillan, London.
50. Stove DC (1965) Hume, Probability, and Induction. The Philosophical Review Vol. LXXIV, No. 2.
51. Stove DC (1975) Hume, the Causal Principle, and Kemp Smith. Hume Studies Vol. I, No. 1.
52. Bronowski J (1974) Humanism and the Growth of Knowledge. In: Schilpp (ed): The Philosophy of Karl Popper. Open Court, La Salle.
53. Schilpp PA (ed) (1974) The Philosophy of Karl Popper. LaSalle, Illinois, USA.
54. Popper KR (1959) The Logic of Scientific Discovery. Hutchinson, London.
55. Einstein A (1905) Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper. Annalen der Physik 17: 891-921.
56. Einstein A (1916) Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie. Annalen der Physik 49: 769-822.
57. Crick FHC (1958) On Protein Synthesis. Symp Soc Exp Biol XII: 139-163.
58. Crick FHC (1958) Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. Nature 227: 561-563.
59. Baltimore D (1971) Reversal of information flow in the growth of RNA tumor viruses. N Engl J Med 284(5): 273-275.
60. Coffin JM, Temin HM (1971) Rib onuclease-sensitive deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity in uninfected rat cells and rat cells infected with Rous sarcoma virus. J Virol 8(5): 630-642.
61. Prusiner SB (1982) Novel proteinaceous infectious particles cause scrapie. Science 216: 136-144.
62. Crick F (1990) What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery. Basic Books reprint edition, New York.
63. Silverstein AM (1989) A history of immunology. Academic Press, Inc. San Diego, New York.
64. Kindt TJ, Capra JD (1984) The antibody enigma. Plenum Press, New York.
65. Foote J, Milstein C (1994) Conformational isomerism and the diversity of antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 10370-10374.
66. Söderquist T (2003) Science as autobiography, the troubled life of Niels Jerne. Yale University Press, New Haven, London.
67. Lakatos I (1970) Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes. In: Lakatos, Musgrave (eds): Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. Cambridge University Press.
68. Lakatos I (1976) Proofs and Refutations. Cambridge University Press.
69. Kuhn TS (1970) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. University of Chicago Press.
70. Kuhn TS (1970) Logic of Discovery or Psychology of Research. In: Lakatos, Musgrave (eds): Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. Cambridge University Press.
71. Barber B (1961) Resistance by Scientists to Scientific Discovery. Science 134: 569.
72. Bruner JS, Postman L (1949) On the Perception of Incongruity: A Paradigm. Journal of Personality 18: 206.
73. Hacking I (1992) The Self-Vindication of Labotatory Sciences. In: Pickering A (ed): Science as Culture and Practice. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
74. Laudan L (1996) Beyond Positivism and Relativism. Theory, Method, and Evidence. Westview Press, Oxford, UK.
75. Popper KR (1963) Conjectures and Refutations. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.
76. Popper KR (1968) Theories, Experience, and Probabilistic Intuitions. In: Lakatos (ed): The Problem of Inductive Logic. North-Holland, Amsterdam.
77. Popper KR (1970) Normal Science and its Dangers. In: Lakatos, Musgrave (eds): Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. Cambridge University Press.
78. Popper KR (1972) Objective Knowledge. Oxford University Press.
79. Popper KR (1974) Autobiography. In: Schilpp (ed): The Philosophy of Karl Popper. Open Court, La Salle.
80. Stove DC (1978) Popper on Scientific Statements. Philosophy Vol. 53: 81-88.
81. Popper KR (1957) Philosophy of Science: A Personal Report. In: Mac (ed): British Philosophy in the Mid-Century. Allen and Unwin, London.
82. Kuhn TS (1977) The Essential Tension. University of Chicago Press.
83. Kuhn TS (1957) The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in The Development of Western Thought. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
84. Kuhn TS (1959) Conservation of Energy as an Example of Simultaneous Discovery. In: Clagett M (ed): Critical Problems in the History of Science. Madison, Wis.
85. Kuhn TS (1961) The Function of Measurement in Modern Physical Science. Isis 52: 162-193.
86. Fleck L (1935) Entstehung und Entwicklung einer wissensachaftlichen Tatsache; Einführung in die Lehre vom Denkstil und Denkkollektiv. Benno Schwabe und Co.Verlagsbuchhandlung, Basel.
87. Trenn TJ, Merton RK (eds) (1979) Ludwik Fleck - Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact. University of Chicago Press, Chicago/London.
88. Reichenbach H (1938) Experience and Prediction. An Analysis of the Foundations and the Structure of Knowledge. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
89. Kuhn T (1996) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
90. Cohen RS, Schnelle T, Reidel D (1986) Cognition and fact - Materials on Ludwik Fleck. Publishing Co. Dordrecht.
91. Szaniawski K (ed) (1988) The Vienna Circle and the Lvov-Warsaw School. Kluwer, Dordrecht/Boston/London.
92. Some specific properties of the medical style of thinking (orig. in Polish), Archivum Historji i Filosofji oraz Historji Nauk Pozyronigczych 6, 1927;.
93. Zur Krise der Wirklichkeit. Naturwiss 17, 1929, 425;.
94. Specific observation and perception in general (orig. in Polish), Przegladf Filozoficzny 38, 1935;.
95. The problem of epistemology (orig. in Polish), Przegladf Filozoficzny, 39, 1936. English translations in ref. 5.
96. Kogon E (1946) Der SS Staat, Das System der Deutschen Konzentrationslager. Verlag der Frankfurter Hefte, Munich.
97. Fleck L (1946) Problems of the science of science. Zykie Nauki 1 (orig. in Polish, English translation in ref. 5).
98. Fleck L (1947) To look, to see, to know. Problemy (orig. in Polish, translation in ref. 5).
99. Knorr Cetina K (1992) The couch, the cathedral, and the laboratory. On the relationship between experiment and laboratory in science. In: Pickering A (ed): Science in practice and culture. University of Chicago Press.
100. Knorr Cetina K (1981) The Manufacture of Knowledge, An Essay on the Constructivist and Contextual Nature of Science. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
101. Latour B, Woolgar S (1986) Laboratory life: The construction of scientific facts. 2nd ed. Princeton University Press.
102. Latour B (2005) Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network- Theory. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
103. Latour B (1988) The Pasteurization of France. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
104. Hacking I (1992) The Self-Vindication of Labotatory Sciences. In: Pickering A (ed): Science as Culture and Practice. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
105. Knorr Cetina K, Mulkay M (eds) (1983) Science Observed: Perspectives on the Social Study of Science. Sage, London.
106. Latour B (1996) On Actor Network Theory. A Few Clarifications. Soziale Welt 47: 369-381.
107. Snow CP (1993) The Two Cultures. Cambridge University Press.
108. Gross P, Levitt P (1994) Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and its Quarrels with Science. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
109. Flower MJ (1995) Review of Higher Superstition. Contemporary Sociology Vol. 24, No. 1: 113-114;.
110. Isis Vol. 87, No. 2 (1996);.
111. American Anthropologist Vol. 98, No. 2 (1996);.
112. Social Studies of Science Vol. 26, No. 1 (1996);.
113. The Journal of Higher Education Vol. 66, No. 5 (1995).
114. Gross PR, Levitt N, Lewis MW (1997) The Flight from Science and Reason. New York Academy of Science, New York.
115. Patai D, Koertge N (1994) Professing Feminism: Cautionary Tales from the Strange World of Women's Studies. Basic Books, New York.
116. Lefkowitz M (1996) Not Out of Africa: How Afrocentrism Became an Excuse to Teach Myth As History. HarperCollins, New York.
117. Grant M (1995) Greek and Roman Historians: Information and Misinformation. Routledge, Florence, Kentucky, USA.
118. Sokal A (1996) Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity. Social Text 46/47, Vol. 14, Nos. 1 & 2: 217-252.
119. Sokal A (1996) A Physicist Experiments with Cultural Studies. Lingua Franca May/June: 62-64.
120. Ashman KM, Barringer PS (eds) (2001) After the science wars. Routledge, London, UK.
121. Fujimura J (1998) Authorizing Knowledge in Science & Anthropology: Comparison with 19th Century Debate on Euclid. American Anthropologist 100, No. 2: 347-360.
122. Monastersky R (2002) French TV Stars Rock the World of Theoretical Physics. The Chronicles of Higher Education, Nov. 2.
123. Overbye D (2002) Are They a) Geniuses or b) Jokers? French Physicists Cosmic Theory Creates Big Bang on Its Own. The New York Times, Nov. 9.
124. Butler D (2002) Theses spark twin dilemma. Nature 420 (6911): 5.
125. Sokal A, Bricmont J (2003) Intellectual Impostures. Profile Books, London.
126. Bogdanov G, Bogdanov I (2001) Topological field theory of the initial singularity of space time. Classical and Quantum Gravity 18 (21): 4341-4372.
127. Bogdanov I (2001) Topological origin of inertia. Chechoslovak Journal of Physics 51: 1153-1176.
128. Bogdanoff G, Bogdanoff I (2003) Thermal equilibrium and KMS condition at the Planck scale. Chinese Annals of Mathematics Series B 24: 267-274.
129. Bogdanoff G, Bogdanoff I (2002) KMS space-time at the Planck scale. Nuove Cimenta della Societa italiana di Fisica B 117: 417-424.
130. Bogdanoff G, Bogdanoff I (2002) Spacetime metric and the KMS condition at the Planck scale. Annals of Physics 296: 90-97.
131. see usenet google groups: Sci.physics.research.
132. Woit P (2006) Not Even Wrong: The Failure of String Theory and the Search for Unity in Physical Law. Basic Books, New York.
133. Collins H, Pinch T (1993) The Golem: What every one should know about science. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
134. Nelkin D (1996) The Science Wars: Responses to a Marriage Failed. Social Text 46/47, Vol. 14, Nos. 1 & 2: 93-100.
135. Parsons K (ed) (2003) The Science Wars: Debating Scientific Knowledge and Technology. Prometheus Books, Amherst.
136. Baringer PS (2001) Introduction: 'the science wars'. In: Ashman KM, Baringer PS (eds): After the Science Wars. Routlege, New York.
137. Krause RM (1981) The restless tide; the persistent challenge of the microbial world. The National Foundation for Infectious Diseases, Washington.
138. Silverstein AM (1989) A history of immunology. Academic Press, Inc. San Diego, New York.
139. Fleck L (1979) Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact, Ed. by. T.J. Trenn and R.K. Merton.The University of Chicago Press, Chicago/London.
140. Kindt T, Capra D (1984) The antibody enigma. Plenum Press, New York, London.
141. Von Behring EA, Kitasato S (1890) Über das Zustandekommen der Diphterieimmunität bei Thieren. Dtsch Med Wochenschrift 16: 1113.
142. Ehrlich P (1900) On immunity with special reference to cell life. Proc R Soc London (Biol) 66: 424.
143. Bäumler E (1984) Paul Ehrlich, scientist for life. Holmes and Meier Publ., New York, London.
144. Ehrlich P (1897) Zur Kenntnis der Antitoxinwirkung. Fortschr D Med 15: 41.
145. Tiselius A, Kabat EA (1939) An electro phoretic study of immune sera and purified antibody preparations. J Exp Med 69: 119-131.
146. Landsteiner K (1922) On the formation of heterogenetic antigen by combination of hapten and protein. Proc of the Koninklijke Akademie van Weetenschappen te Amsterdam 24 (1/7): 237.
147. Pauling L (1940) A theory of the structure and process of the formation of antibody. J Am Chem Soc 62: 2643.
148. Breinl F, Haurowitz F, (1930) Chemische Untersuchung das Präzipitates aus Hämoglobin und Anti-hämoglobin-serum und Bemerkungen über die Natur der Antikörper. Z Phys Chem 192: 45.
149. Avery OT, MacLeod C, McCarty M, (1944) Studies on the chemical nature of the substance inducing transformation of pneumococcal types. J Exp Med 79: 137-158.
150. Watson JD, Crick FH (1953) Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyri bose nucleic acid. Nature 171: 737-738.
151. Edelman GM, Gally JA, (1964) A model for the 7S antibody molecule. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 51: 846.
152. Porter RR (1967) The structure of antibodies. Sci American 217: 81-87.
153. Jerne NK (1955) The natural selection theory of antibody formation. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 41: 849.
154. Söderquist T (2003) Science as autobiography, the troubled life of Niels Jerne. Yale University Press, New Haven, London.
155. Jerne N (1951) A study of avidity based on rabbit skin responses to diphteria toxin-antitoxin mixtures. Munksgaard, Copenhagen.
156. Jerne N (1956) The presence in normal serum of specific antibody against bacteriophage T4 and its increase during the earliest stages of immunization. J Immunol 76: 209.
157. Burnet FM (1957) A modification of Jerne's theory of antibody production using the concept of clonal selection. Aust J Sci 20: 67.
158. Burnet FM (1959) The clonal selection theory of aquired immunity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
159. Lederberg J (1959) Genes and antibodies. Do antigens bear instructions for antibody specificity or do they select cell lines that arise by mutation? Science 129: 1649-1653.
160. Talmage DW (1959) Immunological specificity, unique combinations of selected natural globulins provide an alternative to the classical concept. Science 129: 1643-1648.
161. Chase M (1945) The cellular transfer of cutaneous hypersensitivity to tuberculin. Proc Soc Exp Biol 59: 134.
162. Mitchison NA (1953) Passive transfer of transplantation immunity. Nature 171: 267.
163. Gowans JL, McGregor DD, Cowen DM (1962) Initiation of Immune Responses by Small Lymphocytes. Nature 196: 651.
164. Fragreus A (1948) Acta Med Scand Suppl 204.
165. Coons AH, Leduc EH, Connally JM (1955) Studies on antibody production. I. A method for the histochemical demonstration of specific antibody J Exp Med 102: 49.
166. Nossal GJV (1958) Antibody production by single cells. Brit J Exp Physiol 39: 544.
167. Ehrlich P, Morgenroth J (1901) Über Hämolysine. V. Mitteilung. Berl Klin Wochenschr 10: 251.
168. Donath J, Landsteiner K, (1904) Ueber paroxysmale Hämoglobinurie. Münch Med Wochenschr 51: 1590.
169. Burnet FM, Fenner F (1949) The production of antibodies. 2nd ed. MacMillan, New York.
170. Billingham RE, Brent L, Medawar PB (1953) Actively acquired tolerance of foreign cells. Nature 172: 603-606.
171. Weigle WO (1961) The immune response of rabbits tolerant to bovine serum albumin to the injection of other heterologous serum albumins. J Exp Med 114: 111.
172. Wilson WE, Talmage DW (1965) Erythrocyte chimerism and acquired immunological tolerance. J Immunol 94: 150-156.
173. Kunkel HG (1965) Myeloma proteins and antibodies. Harvey Lect 59: 219.
174. Natvig JG, Kunkel HG (1973) Human immunoglobulins: Classes, subclasses, genetic variants, and idiotypes. Adv Immunol 16: 1.
175. Hilschmann N, Craig LC (1965) Amino acid sequence studies with Bence- Jones proteins. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 53: 1403.
176. Claman HN (1963) Tolerance to a protein antigen in adult mice and the effect of non-specific factors. J Immunol 91: 833.
177. Ohno S (1970) Evolution by gene duplication. Springer Verlag, New York.
178. Landsteiner K (1947) The specificity of serological reactions. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
179. Jerne HK, Nordin AA (1963) Plaque formation in agar by single antibody-producing cells. Science 140: 405.
180. Potter M (1972) Immunoglobulin-producing tumors and myeloma proteins in mice. Physiol Rev 52: 631.
181. Chase M (1945) The cellular transfer of cutaneous hypersensitivity to tuberculin. Proc Soc Exp Biol 59: 134.
182. Mitchison NA (1953) Passive transfer of transplantation immunity. Nature 171: 267.
183. Miller JFA (2003) Biological curiosities, what can we learn from them? In: Eichmann K (ed): The biology of complex organisms. Creation and protection of integrity. Birkhäuser, Basel.
184. Miller JFA (1961) Immunological function of the thymus. Lancet 2: 748-749.
185. Claman HN, Chaperon EA, Triplett RF (1966) Immuno competence of transferred thymus-marrow cell combinations. J Immunol 97: 828-832.
186. Claman HN, Chaperon EA, Triplett RF (1966) Thymus-marrow cell combinations. Synergism in antibody production. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 122: 1167-1171.
187. Miller JFA, Mitchell GF (1967) Thymus and precursors of antigen reactive cells. Nature 216: 659.
188. Miller JFA, Mitchell GF (1968) Cell to cell interaction in immune response.1. Hemolysis-forming cells in neonatally thymectomized mice reconstituted with thymus or thoracic duct lymphocytes. J Exp Med 128: 801.
189. Mitchell GF, Miller JFA (1968) Cell to cell interaction in immune response. 2. Source of hemolysin-forming cells in irradiated mice given bone marrow and thymus or thoracic duct lymphocytes. J Exp Med 128: 821.
190. Raff MC (1969) Theta isoantigen as a marker of thymus-derived lymphocytes in mice. Nature 224: 378-379.
191. Moller G (1961) Demonstration of mouse isoantigens at cellular level by fluorescent antibody technique. J Exp Med 114: 415.
192. Raff MC (1970) Two distinct populations of peripheral lymphocytes in mice distinguishable by immune fluorescence. Immunology 19: 637-650.
193. Raff MC, Sternberg M, Taylor RB (1970) Immunoglobulin determinants on the surface of mouse lymphoid cells. Nature 225: 553-554.
194. Ford WL, Gowans J (1969) The traffic of lymphocytes. Semin Hematol 6: 67-83.
195. Cantor H, Boyse EA (1975) Development and function of subclasses of T cells. J Reticuloendothel Soc 17: 115-118.
196. Weissman IL, Masuda T, Olive C, Friedberg SH (1975) Differentiation of migration of T lymphocytes. Isr J Med Sci 11: 1267-1277.
197. Schlesinger M (1970) Anti-theta antibodies for detecting thymus-dependent lymphocytes in the immune response of mice to SRBC. Nature 226: 1254-1256.
198. Playfair JH, Purves EC (1971) Antibody formation by bone marrow cells in irradiated mice. I. Thymus-dependent and thymus-independent responses to sheep erythrocytes. Immunology 21: 113-121.
199. Rajewsky K, Schirrmacher V, Nase S, Jerne NK (1969) The requirement of more than one antigenic determinant for immunogenicity. J Exp Med 129: 1131-1143.
200. Mitchison NA (1971) The carrier effect in the secondary response to haptenprotein conjugates. II. Cellular cooperation. Eur J Immunol 1: 18-27.
201. Ilya Ilyich Metchnikov: Intra-Cellular Digestion (1882), The Comparative Pathology of Inflammation (1892), and Immunity in Infectious Diseases (1905).
202. Zarafonetis C, Harmon DR, Clark PF (1947) The influence of temperature upon opsonization and phagocytosis. J Bacteriol 53: 343-349.
203. Mishell RI, Dutton RW (1967) Immunization of dissociated spleen cell cultures from normal mice. J Exp Med 126: 423-442.
204. Askonas BA, Auzins I, Unanue ER (1968) Role of macrophages in the immune response. Bull Soc Chim Biol (Paris) 50: 1113-1128.
205. Unanue ER, Cerottini JC (1970) The function of macrophages in the immune response. Semin Hematol 7: 225-248.
206. Bach FH, Voynow NK (1966) One-way stimulation in mixed leukocyte cultures. Science 153: 545-547.
207. Wilson DB (1967) Quantitative studies on the mixed lymphocyte interaction in rats. I. Conditions and parameters of response. J Exp Med 126: 625-54.
208. Simonsen M (1965) Recent experiments on the graft-versus-host reaction in the chick embryo. Br Med Bull 21: 129-32.
209. Nisbet NW, Simonsen M, Zaleski M (1969) The frequency of antigen-sensitive cells in tissue transplantation. A commentary on clonal selection. J Exp Med 129: 459-467.
210. Klein J (1966) Strength of some H-2 antigens in mice. Folia Biol (Praha) 12: 168-175.
211. Bach FH (1968) Transplantation: Problems of histo compatibility testing. Science 159: 1196-1198.
212. Bach FH, Amos DB (1967) Hu-1: Major histocompatibility locus in man. Science 156: 1506-1508.
213. Davies DA, Manstone AJ, Viza DC, Colombani J, Dausset J (1968) Human transplantation antigens: The HL-A (Hu-1) system and its homology with the mouse H-2 system. Transplantation 6: 571-586.
214. Ceppelini R (1971) Old and new facts and speculations about transplantation antigens of man. Progr Immunol I, Amos B. Ed. Academic Press, p. 973.
215. Hayry P, Defendi V (1970) Mixed lymphocyte cultures produce effector cells: model in vitro for allograft rejection. Science 168: 133-135.
216. Hayry P, Andersson LC (1973) T cells in mixed-lymphocyte-culture-induced cytolysis (MLC-CML). Transplant Proc 5: 1697-703.
217. Cerottini JC, Engers HD, Macdonald HR, Brunner T (1974) Generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro. I. Response of normal and immune mouse spleen cells in mixed leukocyte cultures. J Exp Med 140: 703-717.
218. Andersson LC, Hayry P (1973) Specific priming of mouse thymus-dependent lymphocytes to allogeneic cells in vitro. Eur J Immunol 3: 595-599.
219. Andersson LC, Nordling S, Hayry P (1973) Allograft immunity in vitro. VI. Autonomy of T lymphocytes in target cell destruction. Scand J Immunol 2: 107-113.
220. Gardner I, Bowern NA, Blanden RV (1974) Cell-mediated cytotoxicity against ectromelia virus-infected target cells. I. Specificity and kinetics. Eur J Immunol 4: 63-67.
221. McDevitt HO, Sela M (1965) Genetic control of the antibody response. I. Demonstration of determinant-specific differences in response to synthetic polypeptide antigens in two strains of inbred mice. J Exp Med 122: 517-531.
222. McDevitt HO, Sela M (1967) Genetic control of the antibody response. II. Further analysis of the specificity of determinant-specific control, and genetic analysis of the response to (H, G)-A-L in CBA and C57 mice. J Exp Med 126: 969-978.
223. Ellman L, Green I, Martin WJ, Benacerraf B (1970) Linkage between the poly- L-lysine gene and the locus controlling the major histo compatibility antigens in strain 2 guinea pigs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 66: 322-328.
224. Zinkernagel RM, Doherty PC (1974) Restriction of in vitro T cell-mediated cytotoxicity in lymphocytic choriomeningitis within a syngeneic or semiallogeneic system. Nature 248: 701-702.
225. Zinkernagel RM (1974) Restriction by H-2 gene complex of transfer of cellmediated immunity to Listeria monocytogenes. Nature 251: 230-233.
226. Kindred B (1975) The failure of allogeneic cells to maintain an immune response in nude mice. Scand J Immunol 4: 653-656.
227. Katz DH, Graves M, Dorf ME, Dimuzio H, Benacerraf B (1975) Cell interactions between histoincompatible T and B lymphocytes. VII. Cooperative responses between lymphocytes are controlled by genes in the I region of the H-2 complex. J Exp Med 141: 263-268.
228. Claman HN, McDonald W (1964) Thymus and X-irradiation in the termination of aquired immunological tolerance in the adult mouse. Nature 202: 713.
229. Claman HN, Talmage DW (1963) Thymectomy: Prolongation of the immunological tolerance in the adult mouse. Science 141: 1193.
230. Droege W (1971) Amplifying and suppressive effect of thymus cells. Nature 234: 549-551.
231. Gershon RK, Kondo K (1971) Infectious immunological tolerance. Immunology 21: 903-914.
232. Gershon RK, Cohen P, Hencin R, Liebhaber SA. 1972. Suppressor T cells. J Immunol 108: 586-590.
233. Gershon RK (1975) A disquisition on suppressor T cells. Transplant Rev 26: 170-185.
234. Green DR, Flood PM, Gershon RK (1983) Immunoregulatory T cell pathways. Ann Rev Immunol 1: 439.
235. Jerne NK, (1971) The somatic generation of immune recognition. Eur J Immunol 1: 1.
236. Bretscher P, Cohn M (1970) A theory of self-non self discrimination. Science 169: 1042.
237. Langman RE, Cohn M (1993) Two signal models of lymphocyte activation? Immunol Today 14: 235-237.
238. Good RA, Finstad J (1968) The development and involution of the lymphoid system and immunologic capacity. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 79: 69-107.
239. Cohn M (1970) Selection under a somatic model. Cell Immunol 1: 461-467.
240. Cohn M (1972) Immunology: What are the rules of the game? Cell Immunol 5: 1-20.
241. Van Rood JJ, Van Leeuwen A, Freudenberg J, Rubinstein P (1971) Prospects in host-donor matching. Transplant Proc 3: 1042-50.
242. Herzenberg LA, Chan EL, Ravitch MM, Riblet RJ, Herzenberg LA. (1973) Active suppression of immunoglobulin allotype synthesis. 3. Identification of T cells as responsible for suppression by cells from spleen, thymus, lymph node, and bone marrow. J Exp Med 137: 1311-1324.
243. Gershon RK, Mokyr MB, Mitchell MS (1974).Activation of suppressor T cells by tumour cells and specific antibody. Nature 250: 594-596.
244. Kirkwood JM, Gershon RK (1974) A role for suppressor T cells in immunological enhancement of tumor growth. Prog Exp Tumor Res 19: 157-164.
245. Fleck L (1979) Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact, ed. by Trenn TJ, Merton RK.The University of Chicago Press, Chicago/London.
246. Krause RM (1981) Would the Wassermann reaction survive peer review? Conference on Bacterial Virulence and Pathogenesis. Rocky Mountain Laboratory, NIAID, Mamilton MO. Unpublished manuscript.
247. Uhr JW, Baumann JB (1961) Antibody formation. I. The suppression of antibody formation by passively administered antibody. J Exp Med 113: 935-957.
248. Franklin EC, Kunkel HG (1957) Immunologic differences between the 19 S and 7 S components of normal human gamma-globulin. J Immunol 78: 11-18.
249. Finkelstein MS, Uhr JW (1964) Specific inhibition of antibody formation by passively administered 19S and 7S antibody. Science 146: 67-69.
250. Henry C, Jerne NK (1968) Competition of 19S and 7S antigen receptors in the regulation of the primary immune response. J Exp Med 128: 133-152.
251. Moller G, Wigzell H (1965) Antibody sysnthesis at the cellular level: Antibody induced suppression of 19S and 7S antibody response. J Exp Med 121: 969-989.
252. Jerne NK (1955) The natural selection theory of antibody formation. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 41: 849.
253. Burnet FM (1957) A modification of Jerne's theory of antibody production using the concept of clonal selection. Aust J Sci 20: 67.
254. Burnet FM (1959) The clonal selection theory of aquired immunity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
255. Kunkel HG (1968) The "abnormality" of myeloma proteins. Cancer Res 28: 1351-1353.
256. Kunkel HG (1965) Myeloma proteins and antibodies. Harvey Lect 59: 219.
257. Slater RJ, Ward SM, Kunkel HG (1955) Immunological relationships among the myeloma proteins. J Exp Med 101: 85-108.
258. Grey HM, Mannik M, Kunkel HG (1965) Individual antigenic specificity of myeloma proteins. Characteristics and localization to subunits. J Exp Med 121: 561-575.
259. Oudin J (1960) Allotypy of rabbit serum proteins. II. Relationships between various allotypes: Their common antigenic specificity, their distribution in a sample population; genetic implications. J Exp Med 112: 125-142.
260. Grubb R (1965) Human gamma-globulin polymorphism. Bibl Haemato 23: 375-382.
261. Herzenberg LA, McDevitt H, Herzenberg LA (1968) Genetics of antibodies. Ann Rev Genet 2: 209.
262. Todd CW (1972) Genetic control of H chain biosynthesis in the rabbit. Fed Proc 31: 188-192.
263. Oudin J, Michel M (1969) Idiotypy of rabbit antibodies. I. Comparison of idiotypy of antibodies against Salmonella typhi with that of antibodies against other bacteria in the same rabbits, or of antibodies against Salmonella typhi in various rabbits. J Exp Med 130: 595-617.
264. Oudin J, Michel M (1969) Idiotypy of rabbit antibodies. II. Comparison of idiotypy of various kinds of antibodies formed in the same rabbits against Salmonella typhi. J Exp Med 130: 619-642.
265. Kunkel HG, Mannik M, Williams RC (1963) The individual antigenic specificity of isolated antibodies. Science 140: 1218.
266. Eichmann K (1975) Genetic control of antibody specificity in the mouse. Immuno genetics 2: 491-506.
267. Capra JD, Kehoe JM (1975) Hypervariable regions, idiotypy, and the antibody combining site. Adv Immunol 20: 951.
268. Oudin J, Cazenave PA (1971) Similar idiotypic specificities in immunoglobulin fractions with different antibody functions or even without detectable antibody function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 68: 2616-2620.
269. Brient BW, Nisonoff A (1970) Quantitative investigations of idiotypic antibodies, IV. Inhibition by specific haptens of the reaction of antihapten antibody with its anti-idiotypic antibody. J Exp Med 132: 951.
270. Nisonoff A, Lamoyi E. (1981) Implications of the presence of an internal image of the antigen in anti-idiotypic antibodies: Possible application to vaccine production. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 21: 397-406.
271. Jerne NK (1974) Towards a network theory of the immune system. Ann Immunol (Inst Pasteur) 125C. 373.
272. Uhr JW, Baumann JB (1961) Antibody formation. II. The specific anamnestic antibody response. J Exp Med 113: 959-70.
273. Singer W (1999) Hirnforschung an der Schwelle zum nächsten Jahrhundert. In: Sitte P (ed): Jahrhunderstwissenschaft Biologie. C.H.Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, München.
274. Wiener N (1948/1961) Cybernetics, or control of communication in the animal and the machine. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
275. Rosenbluth A, Wiener N, Bigelow J (1943) Behavior, purpose, and teleology. Philosophy of Science 10: 18.
276. Wiener N (1956) The human use of human beings: Cybernetics and society. Doubleday, Garden City, New York.
277. Von Foerster H (1974) On constructing a reality. In: Von Foerster (ed): Observing systems. Intersystem Publications, Salinas, CA.
278. Van Bertalanffy L (1975) General systems theory, Foundations, Developments, Applications. Braziller, New York.
279. Maturana H, Varela F (1980) Auto poesis and cognition: The realization of the Living. Reidel, Dordrecht, Boston.
280. Geyer F, Van der Zwouten (eds) (1990) Self-referencing in social systems. Intersystem Publications, Salinas, CA.
281. Eichmann K, Kindt TJ (1971) The inheritance of individual antigenic specificities of rabbit antibodies to streptococcal carbohydrates. J Exp Med 134: 532-552.
282. Eichmann K, Tung AS, Nisonoff A (1974) Linkage and rearrangement of genes encoding mouse immunoglobulin heavy chains. Nature 250: 509-511.
283. Penn GM, Kunkel HG, Grey HM (1970) Sharing of individual antigenic determinants between a gamma G and a gamma M protein in the same myeloma serum. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 135: 660-665.
284. Natvig JG, Kunkel HG (1973) Human immunoglobulins: Classes, subclasses, genetic variants, and idiotypes. Adv Immunol 16: 1.
285. Oudin J (1956) The allotype of certain blood protein antigens. C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci 242: 2606-2608 (in French).
286. Oudin J (1960) Allotypes of certain serum protein antigens. Immuno-chemical and genetic relationships between 6 principal allotypes observed in rabbit serum. C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci 250: 770-772 (in French).
287. Oudin J, Michel M (1969) On the idiotypic specificity of rabbit anti-S. typhi antibodies. C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D 268: 230-233 (in French).
288. Eichmann K (1978) Expression and function of idio types of lymphocytes. Adv Immunol 26: 195-254.
289. Jerne NK (1960) Immunological speculations. Ann Rev Microbiol 14: 341.
290. Kunkel HG, Mannik M, Williams RC (1963) The individual antigenic specificity of isolated antibodies. Science 140: 1218.
291. Slater RJ, Ward SM, Kunkel HG (1955) Immunological relationships among the myeloma proteins. J Exp Med 101: 85-108.
292. Oudin J, Michel M (1969) Idiotypy of rabbit antibodies. I. Comparison of idiotypy of antibodies against Salmonella typhi with that of antibodies against other bacteria in the same rabbits, or of antibodies against Salmonella typhi in various rabbits. J Exp Med 130: 595-617.
293. Sirisinha S, Eisen HN (1971) Autoimmune-like antibodies to the ligand-binding sites of myeloma proteins. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 68: 3130.
294. Janeway CA Jr, Paul WE (1973) Hapten-specific augmentation of the antiidiotype antibody response to hapten-myeloma protein conjugates in mice. Eur J Immunol 3: 340.
295. Rodkey LS (1974) Studies of idiotypic antibodies. Production and characterization of autoantiidiotypic antisera. J Exp Med 139: 712.
296. Jerne NK (1974) Towards a network theory of the immune system. Ann Immunol (Inst Pasteur) 125 C: 373.
297. Harrison MR, Mage RG (1973) Allotype suppression in the rabbit. I. The ontogeny of cells bearing immunoglobulin of paternal allotype and the fate of these cells after treatment with antiallotype antisera. J Exp Med 138: 764-774.
298. Cosenza H, Kohler H (1972) Specific suppression of the antibody response by antibodies to receptors. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 69: 1701.
299. Hart DA, Wang AL, Nisonoff A (1972) Suppression of idiotypic specificities in adult mice by administration of antiidiotypic antibody. J Exp Med 135: 1293.
300. Rowley DA, Fitch FW, Stuart FP, Köhler H, Cosenza H (1973) Specific suppression of immune responses. Science 181: 1133.
301. Gershon RK, Cohen P, Hencin R, Liebhaber SA (1972) Suppressor T cells. J Immunol 108: 586-590.
302. Herzenberg LA, Chan EL, Ravitch MM, Riblet RJ, Herzenberg LA (1973) Active suppression of immunoglobulin allotype synthesis. 3. Identification of T cells as responsible for suppression by cells from spleen, thymus, lymph node, and bone marrow. J Exp Med 137: 1311-1324.
303. Jerne NK (1976) The immune system: A web of V-domains. Harvey Lectures 70: 93.
304. Oudin J, Cazenave PA (1971) Similar idiotypic specificities in immunoglobulin fractions with different antibody functions or even without detectable antibody function. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 68: 2616.
305. Cohn M (1985) Diversity in the immune system: "preconceived ideas" or ideas preconceived? Bio chimie 67: 9-27.
306. Cohn M (1986) Is the immune system a functional idiotypic network? Ann Inst Pasteur Immunol 137C: 173-188.
307. Cohn M (1986) The concept of functional idiotype network for immune regulation mocks all and comforts none. Ann Inst Pasteur Immunol 137C: 64-76.
308. Cohn M (1981) Conversations with Niels Kaj Jerne on immune regulation: Associative versus network recognition. Cell Immunol 61: 425-436.
309. Kluskens L, Köhler H (1974) Regulation of immune response by autogenous antibody against receptor. Proc Nat Acad Sci 71: 5083.
310. Cosenza H (1976) Detection of anti-idiotype reactive cells in the response to phosphorylcholine. Eur J Immunol 6: 114-116.
311. McKearn TJ, Stuart FP, Fitch FW (1974) Anti-idiotypic antibody in rat transplantation immunity. I. Production of anti-idiotypic antibody in animals repeatedly immunized with alloantigens. J Immunol 113: 1876-1882.
312. Eichmann K (1975) Genetic control of antibody specificity in the mouse. Immunogenetics 2: 491.
313. Weigert M, Potter M (1977) Antibody varable region genetics: Summary and abstract of the homogeneous antibody workshop VII. Immunogenestics 4: 401.
314. Greene MI, Nisonoff A (eds) (1984) The biology of idiotypes. Plenum Press, New York.
315. Eichmann K (1974) Idiotype suppression. I. Influence of the dose and of the effector function of anti-idiotypic antibody on the production of an idiotype. Eur J Immunol 4: 296.
316. Strayer DS, Cosenza H, Lee WMF, Rowley DA, Köhler H (1974) Neonatal tolerance induced by antibody against antigen-specific receptor. Science 186: 640.
317. Augustin A, Cosenza H (1976) Expression of new idiotypes following neonatal idiotypic suppression of a dominant clone. Eur J Immunol 6: 497-501.
318. Trenkner E, Riblet R (1975) Induction of anti phosphorylcholine antibody formation by anti-idiotypic antibodies. J Exp Med 142: 1121.
319. Nisonoff A, Lamoyi E (1981) Implications of the presence of an internal image of the antigen in anti-idiotypic antibodies: Possible application to vaccine production. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 21: 397-406.
320. Takemori T, Tesch H, Reth M, Rajewsky K (1982) The immune response against anti-idiotope antibodies. I. Induction of idiotope-bearing antibodies and analysis of the idiotope repertoire. Eur J Immunol 12: 1040-1046.
321. Gardner MR, Ashby WR (1970) Connectance of large dynamuic (cybernetic) systems: critical values for stability. Nature 228: 784.
322. May RM (1972) Will a large complex system be stable? Nature 238: 413.
323. Richter PH (1975) A network theory of the immune system. Eur J Immunol 5: 350.
324. Hoffmann GW (1975) A theory of regulation and self-non self discrimination in an immune network. Eur J Immunol 5: 638.
325. Taussig MJ (1974) T cell factor which can replace T cells in vivo. Nature 248: 234.
326. Adam G, Weiler E (1976) Lymphocyte population dynamics during ontogenic generation of diversity. In: Cunningham AJ (ed): The Generation of Antibody Diversity. Academic Press, New York, 1-20.
327. Jerne NK (1985) The generative grammar of the immune system. EMBO J 4: 847-852.
328. Jerne NK (1984) Idiotypic networks and other preconceived ideas. Immunol Rev 79: 5-24.
329. Jerne NK, Roland J, Cazenave PA (1982) Recurrent idiotopes and internal images. EMBO J 1: 243-247.
330. Jerne NK (1977) The common sense of immunology. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 41: 1.
331. Jerne NK (1974) Clonal selection in a lymphocyte network. Soc Gen Physiol Ser 29: 39-48.
332. Rajewsky K, Takemori T (1983) Genetics, expression, and function of idiotypes. Annu Rev Immunol 1: 569-607.
333. Jerne NK (1974-1975) The immune system: A web of V-domains. Harvey Lect 70, Series 93-110.
334. Jerne NK (1974) Towards a network theory of the immune system. Ann Immunol Inst Pasteur 125C: 373.
335. Benacerraf B, McDevitt HO (1972) Histo compatibility-linked immune response genes. Science 175: 273-279.
336. Benacerraf B, Germain RN (1978) The immune response genes of the major histocompatibility complex. Immunol Rev 38: 70-119.
337. Germain RN, Benacerraf B (1980) Helper and suppressor T cell factors. Springer Semin Immunopathol 93-127.
338. Jerne NK (1971) The somatic generation of immune recognition. Eur J Immunol 1: 1.
339. Raff MC (1970) Two distinct populations of peripheral lymphocytes in mice distinguishable by immune fluorescence. Immunology 19: 637-650.
340. Roelants GE, Forni L, Pernis B (1973) Blocking and redistribution (capping) of antigen receptors on T and B lymphocytes by anti-immunoglobulin antibody. J Exp Med 137: 1060.
341. McKearn TJ (1974) Antireceptor antiserum causes specific inhibition of reactivity to rat histocomparibility antigens. Science 183: 94.
342. Marchalonis JJ, Decker JM, DeLuca D, Moseley J M, Smith P, Warr G W (1977) Lymphocyte surface immunoglobulins, evolutionary origin and involvement in activation. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 41: 261.
343. Du Pasquier L, Weiss N, Loor F (1972) Direct evidence for immunoglobulins on the surface of thymus lymphocytes of amphibian larvae. Eur J Immunol 2: 366-370.
344. Ruben LN, Van der Hoven A, Dutton RW (1973) Cellular cooperation in hapten- carrier responses in the newt, Triturus viridescens. Cell Immunol 6: 300-314.
345. Emmrich F, Richter RF, Ambrosius H (1975) Immunoglobulin determinants on the surface of lymphoid cells of carps. Eur J Immunol 5: 76-78.
346. Yocum D, Cuchens M, Clem LW (1975) The hapten-carrier effect in teleost fish. J Immunol 114: 925-927.
347. Eichmann K, Rajewsky K (1975) Induction of T and B cell immunity by antiidiotypic antibody. Eur J Immunol 5: 661-666.
348. Krawinkel U, Cramer M, Berek C, Hämmerling G, Black SJ, Rajewsky K, Eichmann K (1977) On the structure of the T cell receptor for antigen. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 41: 285.
349. Eichmann K (1978) Expression and function of idiotypes on lymphocytes. Adv Immunol 26: 195.
350. Krawinkel U, Rajewsky K (1976) Specific enrichment of antigen-binding receptors from sensitized murine lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 6: 529-536.
351. Krawinkel U, Cramer M, Mage RG, Kelus AS, Rajewsky K (1977) Isolated hapten-binding receptors of sensitized lymphocytes. II. Receptors from nylon wool-enriched rabbit T lymphocytes lack serological determinants of immunoglobulin constant domains but carry the A locus allotypic markers. J Exp Med 146: 792-801.
352. Krawinkel U, Cramer M, Imanishi-Kari T, Jack RS, Rajewsky K, Makela O (1977) Isolated hapten-binding receptors of sensitized lymphocytes. I. Receptors from nylon wool-enriched mouse T lymphocytes lack serological markers of immunoglobulin constant domains but express heavy chain variable portions. Eur J Immunol 7: 566-573.
353. Binz H, Wigzell H, Bazin H (1976) T-cell idiotypes are linked to immunoglobulin heavy chain genes. Nature 264: 639-642.
354. Binz H, Wigzell H (1977) Antigen-binding, idiotypic receptors from T lymphocytes: An analysis of their biochemistry, genetics, and use as immunogens to produce specific immune tolerance. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 41: 275-284.
355. Edelman GM (1977) Summary: understanding selective molecular recognition. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 41: 891-902.
356. Hedrick SM, Cohen DI, Nielsen EA, Davis MM (1984) Isolation of cDNA clones encoding T cell-specific membrane-associated proteins. Nature 308: 149-153.
357. Yanagi Y, Yoshikai Y, Leggett K, Clark SP, Aleksander I, Mak TW (1984) A human T cell-specific cDNA clone encodes a protein having extensive homology to immunoglobulin chains. Nature 308: 145-149.
358. Adam G, Weiler E (1976) Lymphocyte population dynamics during ontogenic generation of diversity. In: Cunningham AJ (ed): The Generation of Antibody Diversity. Academic Press, New York, 1-20.
359. Rajewsky K (1984) Mechanisms of idiotypic control of the antibody repertoire. In: Greene MI, Nisonoff A (eds): The Biology of Idiotypes. Plenum Press, New York, 477.
360. João C (2007) Immunoglobulin is a highly diverse self-molecule that improves cellular diversity and function during immune reconstitution. Med Hypotheses 68: 158-161.
361. Zinkernagel RM, Doherty PC (1974) Restriction of in vitro T cell-mediated cytotoxicity in lymphocytic choriomeningitis within a syngeneic or semiallogeneic system. Nature 248: 701-702.
362. Zinkernagel RM (1974) Restriction by H-2 gene complex of transfer of cellmediated immunity to Listeria monocytogenes. Nature 251: 230-233.
363. Kindred B (1975) The failure of allogeneic cells to maintain an immune response in nude mice. Scand J Immunol 4: 653-656.
364. Katz DH, Graves M, Dorf ME, Dimuzio H, Benacerraf B (1975) Cell interactions between histoincompatible T and B lymphocytes. VII. Cooperative responses between lymphocytes are controlled by genes in the I region of the H-2 complex. J Exp Med 141: 263-268.
365. Krammer PH, Eichmann K (1977) T cell receptor idiotypes are controlled by genes in the heavy chain linkage group and the major histocompatibility complex. Nature 270: 733-735.
366. Zinkernagel RM, Althage A, Cooper S, Callahan G, Klein J (1978) In irradiation chimeras, K or D regions of the chimeric host, not of the donor lymphocytes, determine immune responsiveness of antiviral cytotoxic T cells. J Exp Med 148: 805-810.
367. Fremont DH, Matsumura M, Stura EA, Peterson PA, Wilson IA (1992) Crystal structures of two viral peptides in complex with murine MHC class I H-2Kb. Science 257: 919-927.
368. Rothbard JB (1990) The ternary complex: T cell receptor, MHC protein, and immunogenic peptide. Semin Immunol 5: 283-295.
369. Köhler G, Milstein C (1975) Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature 256: 495-497.
370. Haskins K, Kubo R, White J, Pigeon M, Kappler J, Marrack P (1983) The major histocompatibility complex-restricted antigen receptor on T cells. I. Isolation with a monoclonal antibody. J Exp Med 157: 1149-1169.
371. Staerz UD, Pasternack MS, Klein JR, Benedetto JD, Bevan MJ (1984) Monoclonal antibodies specific for a murine cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 1799-1803.
372. Meuer SC, Fitzgerald KA, Hussey RE, Hodgdon JC, Schlossman SF, Reinherz EL (1983) Clonotypic structures involved in antigen-specific human T cell function. Relationship to the T3 molecular complex. J Exp Med 157: 705-719.
373. Kronenberg M, Kraig E, Siu G, Kapp JA, Kappler J, Marrack P, Pierce CW, Hood L (1983) Three T cell hybridomas do not contain detectable heavy chain variable gene transcripts. J Exp Med 158: 210-227.
374. Doherty PC, Zinkernagel RM (1975) H-2 compatibility is required for T-cell-mediated lysis of target cells infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J Exp Med 141: 502-507.
375. Zinkernagel RM, Doherty PC (1977) The concept that surveillance of self is mediated via the same set of genes that determines recognition of allogenic cells. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 41: 505-510.
376. Roehm N, Herron L, Cambier J, DiGuisto D, Haskins K, Kappler J, Marrack P (1984) The major histocompatibility complex-restricted antigen receptor on T cells: distribution on thymus and peripheral T cells. Cell 38: 577-584.
377. Marrack P, Hannum C, Harris M, Haskins K, Kubo R, Pigeon M, Shimonkevitz R, White J, Kappler J (1983) Antigen-specific, major histocompatibility complexrestricted T cell receptors. Immunol Rev 76: 131-145.
378. Kronenberg M, Kraig E, Hood L (1983) Finding the T-cell antigen receptor: Past attempts and future promise. Cell 34: 327-329.
379. Hedrick SM, Nielsen EA, Kavaler J, Cohen DI, Davis MM (1984) Sequence relationships between putative T-cell receptor polypeptides and immunoglobulins. Nature 308: 153-158.
380. McDevitt HO (2000) Discovering the role of the major histocompatibility complex in the immune response. Annu Rev Immunol 18: 1-17.
381. Benacerraf B (1978) A hypothesis to relate the specificity of T lymphocytes and the activity of I region-specific Ir genes in macrophages and B lymphocytes. J Immunol 120: 1809-1812.
382. Droege W (1971) Amplifying and suppressive effect of thymus cells. Nature 234: 549-551.
383. Gershon RK, Kondo K (1971) Infectious immunological tolerance. Immunology 21: 903-914.
384. Gershon RK, Cohen P, Hencin R, Liebhaber SA (1972) Suppressor T cells. J Immunol 108: 586-590.
385. Herzenberg LA, Chan EL, Ravitch MM, Riblet RJ, Herzenberg LA (1973) Active suppression of immunoglobulin allotype synthesis. 3. Identification of T cells as responsible for suppression by cells from spleen, thymus, lymph node, and bone marrow. J Exp Med 137: 1311-1324.
386. Jerne NK (1974) Towards a network theory of the immune system. Ann Immunol (Inst Pasteur) 125C: 373.
387. Raff MC (1970) Two distinct populations of peripheral lymphocytes in mice distinguishable by immune fluorescence. Immunology 19: 637-650.
388. Cantor H, Boyse EA (1975) Functional subclasses of T lymphocytes bearing different Ly antigens. II. Cooperation between subclasses of Ly+ cells in the generation of killer activity. J Exp Med 141: 1390-1399.
389. Cantor H, Boyse EA (1975) Functional subclasses of T-lymphocytes bearing different Ly antigens. I. The generation of functionally distinct T-cell subclasses is a differentiative process independent of antigen. J Exp Med 141: 1376-1389.
390. Ledbetter JA, Herzenberg LA (1979) Xenogeneic monoclonal antibodies to mouse lymphoid differentiation antigens. Immunol Rev 47: 63-90.
391. Ledbetter JA, Rouse RV, Micklem HS, Herzenberg LA (1980) T cell subsets defined by expression of Lyt-1, 2, 3 and Thy-1 antigens. Two-parameter immune fluorescence and cytotoxicity analysis with monoclonal antibodies modifies current views. J Exp Med 152: 280-295.
392. Huber B, Devinsky O, Gershon RK, Cantor H (1976) Cell-mediated immunity: delayed-type hypersensitivity and cytotoxic responses are mediated by different T-cell subclasses. J Exp Med 143: 1534-1539.
393. Cantor H, Simpson E (1975) Regulation of the immune response by subclasses of T lymphocytes. I. Interactions between pre-killer T cells and regulatory T cells obtained from peripheral lymphoid tissues of mice. Eur J Immunol 5: 330-336.
394. Cantor H, Boyse EA (1975) Development and function of subclasses of T cells. J Reticuloendothel Soc 17: 115-118.
395. Jandinski J, Cantor H, Tadakuma T, Peavy DL, Pierce CW (1976) Separation of helper T cells from suppressor T cells expressing different Ly components. I. Polyclonal activation: Suppressor and helper activities are inherent properties of distinct T-cell subclasses. J Exp Med 143: 1382-1390.
396. Cantor H, Gershon RK (1979) Immunological circuits: cellular composition. Fed Proc 38: 2058-2064.
397. Green DR, Flood PM, Gershon RK (1983) Immunoregulatory T-cell pathways. Annu Rev Immunol 1: 439-463.
398. Tada T, Taniguchi M, David CS (1976) Properties of the antigen-specific suppressive T-cell factor in the regulation of antibody response of the mouse. IV. Special sub region assignment of the gene(s) that codes for the suppressive Tcell factor in the H-2 histocompatibility complex. J Exp Med 144: 713-725.
399. Murphy DB, Herzenberg LA, Okumura K, Herzenberg LA, McDevitt HO (1976) A new I sub region (I-J) marked by a locus (Ia-4) controlling surface determinants on suppressor T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 144: 699-712.
400. Tada T, Okumura K (1979) The role of antigen-specific T cell factors in the immune response. Adv Immunol 28: 1-87.
401. Munro AJ, Taussig MJ, Campbell R, Williams H, Lawson Y (1974) Antigen-specific T-cell factor in cell cooperation: Physical properties and mapping in the left-hand (K) half of H-2. J Exp Med 140: 1579-1587.
402. Taussig MJ (1974) T cell factor which can replace T cells in vivo. Nature 248: 234-236.
403. Tada T, Okumura K, Taniguchi M (1973) Regulation of homocytotropic antibody formation in the rat. 8. An antigen-specific T cell factor that regulates anti-hapten homocytotropic antibody response. J Immunol 111: 952-961;.
404. Takemori T, Tada T (1975) Properties of antigen-specific suppressive T-cell factor in the regulation of antibody response of the mouse. I. In vivo activity and immunochemical characterization. J Exp Med 142: 1241-1253;.
405. Treves AJ, Cohen IR, Feldman M (1976) Suppressor factor secreted by T-lymphocytes from tumor-bearing mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 57: 409-414;.
406. Thomas DW, Roberts WK, Talmage DW (1975) Regulation of the immune response: Production of a soluble suppressor by immune spleen cells in vitro. J Immunol 114: 1616-1622;.
407. Rich SS, Rich RR (1976) Regulatory mechanisms in cell-mediated immune responses. IV. Expression of a receptor for mixed lymphocyte reaction suppressor factor on activated T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 144: 1214-1226;.
408. Harwell L, Marrack P, Kappler JW (1977) Suppressor T-cell inactivation of a helper T-cell factor. Nature 265: 57-59;.
409. Theze J, Kapp JA, Benacerraf B (1977) Immunosuppressive factor(s) extracted from lymphoid cells of nonresponder mice primed with L-glutamic acid60- L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT) III Immunochemical properties of the GAT specific suppressive factor. J Exp Med 145: 839-856;.
410. Germain RN, Theze J, Waltenbaugh C, Dorf ME, Benacerraf B (1978) Antigenspecific T cell-mediated suppression. II. In vitro induction by I-J-coded L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT)-specific T cell suppressor factor (GT-T8F) of suppressor T cells (T82) bearing distinct I-J determinants. J Immunol 121: 602-607;.
411. Kontiainen S, Simpson E, Bohrer E, Beverley PC, Herzenberg LA, Fitzpatrick WC, Vogt P, Torano A, McKenzie IF, Feldmann M (1978) T-cell lines producing antigen-specific suppressor factor. Nature 274: 477-480;.
412. Perry LL, Benacerraf B, Greene MI (1978) Regulation of the immune response to tumor antigen. IV. Tumor antigen-specific suppressor factor(s) bear I-J determinants and induce suppressor T cells in vivo. J Immunol 121: 2144-2147.
413. Germain RN, Benacerraf B (1980) Helper and suppressor T cell factors. Springer Semin Immunopathol 3: 93-127.
414. Eichmann K, Rajewsky K (1975) Induction of T and B cell immunity by antiidiotypic antibody. Eur J Immunol 5: 661-666.
415. Sy MS, Bach BA, Dohi Y, Nisonoff A, Benacerraf B, Greene MI (1979) Antigen- And receptor-driven regulatory mechanisms. I. Induction of suppressor T cells with anti-idiotypic antibodies. J Exp Med 150: 1216-1228.
416. Sy MS, Bach BA, Brown A, Nisonoff A, Benacerraf B, Greene MI (1979) Antigen- And receptor-driven regulatory mechanisms. II. Induction of suppressor T cells with idiotype-coupled syngeneic spleen cells. J Exp Med 150: 1229-1240.
417. Eichmann K (1975) Idiotype suppression. II. Amplification of a suppressor T cell with anti-idiotypic activity. Eur J Immunol 5: 511-517.
418. Woodland R, Cantor H (1978) Idiotype-specific T helper cells are required to induce idiotype-positive B memory cells to secrete antibody. Eur J Immunol 8: 600-606.
419. Hetzelberger D, Eichmann K (1978) Recognition of idiotypes in lymphocyte interactions. I. Idiotypic selectivity in the cooperation between T and B lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 8: 846-852.
420. Eichmann K, Falk I, Rajewsky K (1978) Recognition of idiotypes in lymphocyte interactions. II. Antigen-independent cooperation between T and B lymphocytes that possess similar and complementary idiotypes. Eur J Immunol 8: 853-857.
421. Dietz MH, Sy MS, Benacerraf B, Nisonoff A, Greene MI, Germain RN (1981) Antigen- And receptor-driven regulatory mechanisms. VII. H-2-restricted antiidiotypic suppressor factor from efferent suppressor T cells. J Exp Med 153: 450-463.
422. Sy MS, Nisonoff A, Germain RN, Benacerraf B, Greene MI (1981) Antigenand receptor-driven regulatory mechanisms.VIII. Suppression of idiotype-negative, p-azobenzenearsonate-specific T cells results from the interaction of an anti-idiotypic second-order T suppressor cell with a cross-reactive-idiotypepositive, p-azobenzenearsonate-primed T cell target. J Exp Med 153: 1415- 1425.
423. Takaoki M, Sy MS, Whitaker B, Nepom J, Finberg R, Germain RN, Nisonoff A, Benacerraf B, Greene MI (1982) Biologic activity of an idiotype-bearing suppressor T cell factor produced by a long-term T cell hybridoma. J Immunol 128: 49-53.
424. Greene MI, Pierres A, Dorf ME, Benacerraf B (1977) The I-J subregion codes for determinats on suppressor factor(s) which limit the contact sensitivity response to picryl chloride. J Exp Med 146: 293-296.
425. Greene MI, Benacerraf B (1980) Studies on hapten specific T cell immunity and suppression. Immunol Rev 50: 163-186.
426. Minami M, Okuda K, Furusawa S, Benacerraf B, Dorf ME (1981) Analysis of T cell hybridomas. I. Characterization of H-2 and Igh-restricted monoclonal suppressor factors. J Exp Med 154: 1390-1402.
427. Takaoki M, Sy MS, Tominaga A, Lowy A, Tsurufuji M, Finberg R, Benacerraf B, Greene MI (1982) I-J-restricted interactions in the generation of azobenzenearsonate- specific suppressor T cells. J Exp Med 156: 1325-1334.
428. Okuda K, Minami M, Ju ST, Dorf ME (1981) Functional association of idiotypic and I-J determinants on the antigen receptor of suppressor T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78: 4557-4561.
429. Sherr DH, Dorf ME (1984) Characterization of anti-idiotypic suppressor T cells (Tsid) induced after antigen priming. J Immunol 133: 1142-1150.
430. Flood PM, Lowy A, Tominaga A, Chue B, Greene MI, Gershon RK (1983) Igh variable region-restricted T cell interactions. Genetic restriction of an antigen specific suppressor inducer factor is imparted by an I-J+ antigen-nonspecific molecule. J Exp Med 158: 1938-1947.
431. Eardley DD, Shen FW, Cantor H, Gershon RK (1979) Genetic control of immune regulatory circuits. Genes linked to the Ig locus govern communication between regulatory T-cell sets. J Exp Med 150: 44-50.
432. Flood PM, DeLeo AB, Old LJ, Gershon RK (1983) Relation of cell surface antigens on methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcomas to immunoglobulin heavy chain complex variable region-linked T cell interaction molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 1683-1687.
433. Steinmetz M, Minard K, Horvath S, McNicholas J, Srelinger J, Wake C, Long E, Mach B, Hood L (1982) A molecular map of the immune response region from the major histo compatibility complex of the mouse. Nature 300: 35-42.
434. Kronenberg M, Steinmetz M, Kobori J, Kraig E, Kapp JA, Pierce CW, Sorensen CM, Suzuki G, Tada T, Hood L (1983) RNA transcripts for I-J polypeptides are apparently not encoded between the I-A and I-E sub regions of the murine major histocompatibility complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 5704-5708.
435. Waltenbaugh C (1981) Regulation of immune responses by I-J gene products. I. Production and characterization of anti-I-J monoclonal antibodies. J Exp Med 154: 1570-1583.
436. Kanno M, Kobayashi S, Tokuhisa T, Takei I, Shinohara N, Taniguchi M (1981) Monoclonal antibodies that recognize the product controlled by a gene in the I-J subregion of the mouse H-2 complex. J Exp Med 154: 1290-1304.
437. Klein J, Ikezawa Z, Nagy ZA (1985) From LDH-B to J: An involuntary trip. Immunol Rev 83: 61-77.
438. See also other articles in this issue: Dorf ME, Benacerraf B (1985) I-J as a restriction element in the suppressor T cell system. Immunol Rev 83: 23-40.
439. Murphy DB, Horowitz MC, Homer RJ, Flood PM (1985) Genetic, serological and functional analysis of I-J molecules. Immunol Rev 83: 79-103.
440. Moller G (1988) Do suppressor T cells exist? Scand J Immunol 27: 247-250.
441. Kronenberg M, Goverman J, Haars R, Malissen M, Kraig E, Phillips L, Delovitch T, Suciu-Foca N, Hood L (1985) Rearrangement and transcription of the beta-chain genes of the T-cell antigen receptor in different types of murine lymphocytes. Nature 313: 647-653.
442. Eichmann K (1988) Suppression needs a new hypothesis, an answer to Göran Möller. Scand J Immunol 28: 273.
443. Bloom BR, Salgame P, Diamond B (1992) Revisiting and revising suppressor T cells. Immunol Today 13: 13113-13116.
444. Shevach EM (2000) Suppressor T cells: Rebirth, function and homeostasis. Curr Biol 10: R572-R575.
445. Nishizuka Y, Sakakura T (1969) Thymus and reproduction: Sex-linked dysgenesia of the gonad after neonatal thymectomy in mice. Science 166: 753-755.
446. Sakaguchi S (2000) Regulatory T cells: key controllers of immunologic self-tolerance. Cell 101: 455-458.
447. Taams LS, Akbar AN, Wauben MHM (eds) (2005) Regulatory T cells in inflammation. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, Boston, Berlin.
448. Keating P, Cambrosio A (1997) Helpers and suppressors: on fictional characters in immunology. J Hist Biol 30: 381-396.
449. Sercarz E, Oki A, Gammon G (1989) Central versus peripheral tolerance: clonal inactivation versus suppressor T cells, the second half of the 'Thirty Years War'. Immunol Suppl 2: 9-14.
450. Ward K, Cantor H, Nisonoff A (1978) Analysis of the cellular basis of idio type-specific suppression. J Immunol 120: 2016-2019.
451. Weinberger JZ, Germain RN, Benacerraf B, Dorf ME (1980) Hapten-specific T cell responses to 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl acetyl. V. Role of idiotypes in the suppressor pathway. J Exp Med 152: 161-169.
452. Benacerraf B, Germain RN (1981) A single major pathway of T-lymphocyte interactions in antigen-specific immune suppression. Scand J Immunol 13: 1-10.
453. Dorf ME, Benacerraf B (1984) Suppressor cells and immune regulation. Annu Rev Immunol 127-157.
454. Kontiainen S, Feldmann M (1979) Structural characteristics of antigen-specific suppressor factors: definition of 'constant' region and 'variable' region determinants. Thymus 1: 59-79.
455. Jerne NK (1985) The generative grammar of the immune system. EMBO J 4: 847-852.
456. Chomsky N (1965) Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
457. Jerne NK (1984) Idiotypic networks and other preconceived ideas. Immunol Rev 79: 5-24.
458. Schöffer N (1981) La Théorie des Miroirs. Ed. Belfond, Paris.
459. Coutinho A (1980) The self-nonself discrimination and the nature and acquisition of the antibody repertoire. Ann Immunol (Paris) 131D: 235-253.
460. Coutinho A, Forni L, Holmberg D, Ivars F, Vaz N (1984) From an antigen-centered, clonal perspective of immune responses to an organism-centered, network perspective of autonomous activity in a self-referential immune system. Immunol Rev 79: 151-168.
461. Bretscher P, Cohn M (1970) A theory of self-nonself discrimination. Science 169: 1042.
462. Langman RE, Cohn M (1984) The 'complete' idiotypic network is an absurd immune system. Immunol Today 7: 100.
463. Ehrlich P (1901) Die Schutzstoffe des Blutes. 73.Vers. Deutsch. Naturforsch. u. Ärzte. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 50/52.
464. Ramos GR, Vaz NM, Saalfeld K (2006) Wings for flying, lymphocytes for defense, exaptation and specific immunity. Complexus 3: 211.
465. Gould SJ, Lewontin RC (1979) The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist programme. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 205: 581-598.
466. Vaz NM, Varela FJ (1978) Self and non-sense: An organism-centered approach to immunology. Med Hypotheses 4: 231-267.
467. Varela FJ (1995) The Emergent Self. In: Brockman J (ed): The third culture: Beyond the scientific revolution. Simon & Schuster, New York.
468. Maturana H, Varela F (1980) Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living. D. Reidel, Boston.
469. Calenbuhr V, Bersini H, Stewart J, Varela FJ (1995) Natural tolerance in a simple immune network. J Theor Biol 177: 199-213.
470. Stewart J, Varela FJ (1991) Morphogenesis in shape-space. Elementary metadynamics in a model of the immune network. J Theor Biol 153: 477-498.
471. Varela FJ, Coutinho A (1991) Second generation immune networks. Immunol Today 12: 159-166.
472. Varela FJ, Coutinho A (1989) Immune networks: getting on to the real thing. Res Immunol 140: 837-845.
473. Eco U (1976) A Theory of Semiotics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
474. Eco U (1984) Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language. McMillan Press, Houndsmill.
475. Peirce CS, Hartshorne C, Weiss P (1960) Collected Papers of CS Peirce. Belknap Press.
476. Sassure DF (1967) Cours de Linguistique general. Harrassourtz, Wiesbaden;.
477. Sebeok TA (2001) Global Semiotics. Indiana University Press.
478. Von Uexküll T (1999) The relationship between semiotics and mechanical models of explanation in the life sciences. Bio semiotica 127: 647-655.
479. Celada F, Mitchison A, Sercarz EE, Tada T (eds) (1988) The Semiotics of Cellular Communication in the Immune System. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg.
480. See articles by Eco U, Von Uexküll T, Violi P, Golub ES, Bona CA, Ohno S, Varela FJ, Jaquemart F and Coutinho A, Vaz NM, Hoffmann GW, Sercarz EE.
481. Hauser A (1984) Der Manierismus. Die Krise der Renaissance und der Ursprung der modernen Kunst. C.H. Beck, München.
482. Maturana HR, Varela FJ (1987) The tree of knowledge: The biological roots of human understanding. Shambhala, Boston.
483. Hozumi N, Tonegawa S (1976) Evidence for somatic rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes coding for variable and constant regions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 73: 3628-3632.
484. Tonegawa S, Maxam AM, Tizard R, Bernard O, Gilbert W (1978) Sequence of a mouse germ-line gene for a variable region of an immunoglobulin light chain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75: 1485-1489.
485. Schlissel MS (2003) Regulating antigen-receptor gene assembly. Nat Rev Immunol 3: 890-899.
486. Rusconi S, Kohler G (1985) Transmission and expression of a specific pair of rearranged immunoglobulin mu and kappa genes in a transgenic mouse line. Nature 314: 330-334.
487. Ritchie KA, Brinster RL, Storb U (1984) Allelic exclusion and control of endogenous immunoglobulin gene rearrangement in kappa transgenic mice. Nature 312: 517-520.
488. Baltimore D, Grosschedl R, Weaver D, Costantini F, Imanishi-Kari T (1985) Studies of immune differentiation using transgenic mice. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 50: 417-420.
489. Zijlstra M, Bix M, Simister NE, Loring JM, Raulet DH, Jaenisch R (1990) Beta 2-microglobulin deficient mice lack CD4-8+ cytolytic T cells. Nature 344: 742-746.
490. Goodnow CC (1989) Cellular mechanisms of self-tolerance. Curr Opin Immunol 2: 226-236.
491. Kisielow P, Bluthmann H, Staerz UD, Steinmetz M, von Boehmer H (1988) Tolerance in T-cell-receptor transgenic mice involves deletion of nonmature CD4+8+ thymocytes. Nature 333: 742-746.
492. Schimpl A, Wecker E (1972) Replacement of T-cell function by a T-cell product. Nat New Biol 237: 15-17.
493. Taniguchi T, Matsui H, Fujita T, Takaoka C, Kashima N, Yoshimoto R, Hamuro J (1983) Structure and expression of a cloned cDNA for human interleukin-2. Nature 302: 305-310.
494. Mosmann TR, Cherwinski H, Bond MW, Giedlin MA, Coffman RL (1986) Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. J Immunol 136: 2348-2357.
495. Bjorkman PJ, Saper MA, Samraoui B, Bennett WS, Strominger JL, Wiley DC (1987) Structure of the human class I histo compatibility antigen, HLA-A2. Nature 329: 506-512.
496. Babbitt BP, Allen PM, Matsueda G, Haber E, Unanue ER (1985) Binding of immunogenic peptides to Ia histocompatibility molecules. Nature 317: 359-361.
497. Falk K, Rotzschke O, Rammensee HG (1990) Cellular peptide composition governed by major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. Nature 348: 248-251.
498. Rotzschke O, Falk K, Deres K, Schild H, Norda M, Metzger J, Jung G, Rammensee HG (1990) Isolation and analysis of naturally processed viral peptides as recognized by cytotoxic T cells. Nature 348: 252-254.
499. Kisielow P, Teh HS, Bluthmann H, von Boehmer H (1988) Positive selection of antigen-specific T cells in thymus by restricting MHC molecules. Nature 335: 730-733.
500. Matzinger P (1994) Tolerance, danger, and the extended family. Annu Rev Immunol 12: 991-1045.
501. Janeway CA Jr (1993) How the immune system recognizes invaders. Sci Am 269: 72-79.
502. Janeway CA Jr (1992) The immune system evolved to discriminate infectious non self from noninfectious self. Immunol Today 13: 11-6.
503. Gay NJ, Keith FJ (1991) Drosophila Toll and IL-1 receptor. Nature 351: 355-356.
504. Kopp EB, Medzhitov R (1999) The Toll-receptor family and control of innate immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 11: 13-18.
505. Joao C (2007) Immunoglobulin is a highly diverse self-molecule that improves cellular diversity and function during immune reconstitution. Med Hypotheses 68: 158-161.
506. Martinez-A C, Pereira P, de la Hera A, Bandeira A, Marquez C, Coutinho A (1986) The basis for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and immunoglobulin gene control of helper T cell idiotopes. Eur J Immunol 16: 417-422.
507. Eichmann K, Rajewsky K (1975) Induction of T and B cell immunity by antiidiotypic antibody. Eur J Immunol 5: 661-666.
508. Caton M, Diamond B (2003) Using peptide mimetopes to elucidate anti-polysaccharide and anti-nucleic acid humoral responses. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-legrand) 49: 255-262.
509. Harris SL, Park MK, Nahm MH, Diamond B (2000) Peptide mimic of phosphorylcholine, a dominant epitope found on Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect Immun 68: 5778-5784.
510. Pride MW, Shi H, Anchin JM, Linthicum DS, LoVerde PT, Thakur A, Thanavala Y (1992) Molecular mimicry of hepatitis B surface antigen by an anti-idiotype-derived synthetic peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 11900-11904.
511. Sutor GC, Dreikhausen U, Vahning U, Jurkiewicz E, Hunsmann G, Lundin K, Schedel I (1992) Neutralization of HIV-1 by anti-idiotypes to monoclonal anti- CD4. Potential for idiotype immunization against HIV. J Immunol 149: 1452-1461.
512. Dalgleish AG (1991) An anti-idiotype vaccine for AIDS based on the HIV receptor. Ann Ist Super Sanita 27: 27-31.
513. Melnick JL (1989) Virus vaccines: Principles and prospects. Bull World Health Organ 67: 105-112.
514. Hiernaux JR (1988) Idiotypic vaccines and infectious diseases. Infect Immun 56: 1407-1413.
515. Eichmann K, Emmrich F, Kaufmann SH (1987) Idiotypic vaccinations: consideration towards a practical application. Crit Rev Immunol 7: 193-227.
516. Finberg RW, Ertl H (1987) The use of antiidiotypic antibodies as vaccines against infectious agents. Crit Rev Immunol 7: 269-284.
517. Kennedy RC, Chanh TC (1988) Perspectives on developing anti-idiotype based vaccines for controlling HIV infection. AIDS 2 Suppl 1: 119-127.
518. Attanasio R, Kennedy RC (1990) Idiotypic cascades associated with the CD4- HIV gp120 interaction: Principles for idiotype-based vaccines. Int Rev Immunol 7: 109-119.
519. Lynch RG, Graff RJ, Sirisinha S, Simms ES, Eisen HN (1972) Myeloma proteins as tumor-specific transplantation antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 69: 1540-1544.
520. Miller RA, Maloney DG, Warnke R, Levy R (1982) Treatment of B-cell lymphoma with monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody. N Engl J Med 306: 517-522.
521. Inogès S, Rodríguez-Calvillo M, Zabalegui N, López-Díaz de Cerio A, Villanueva H, Soria E et al (2006) Clinical benefit associated with idiotypic vaccination in patients with follicular lymphoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 98: 1292-1301.
522. de Cerio AL, Zabalegui N, Rodriguez-Calvillo M, Inoges S, Bendandi M (2007) Anti-idiotype antibodies in cancer treatment. Oncogene 26: 3594-3602.
523. Longo DL (2006) Idio type vaccination in follicular lymphoma: knocking on the doorway to cure. J Natl Cancer Inst 98: 1263-1265.
524. Hurvitz SA, Timmerman JM (2005) Current status of therapeutic vaccines for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Curr Opin Oncol 17: 432-440.
525. Timmerman JM (2004) Therapeutic idiotype vaccines for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Adv Pharmacol 51: 271-293.
526. Coscia M, Kwak LW (2004) Therapeutic idiotype vaccines in B lymphoproliferative diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther 4: 959-963.
527. Lee ST, Jiang YF, Park KU, Woo AF, Neelapu SS (2007) BiovaxID: A personalized therapeutic cancer vaccine for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 7: 113-122.
528. Stevenson FK, Zhu D, Rice J (2001) New strategies for vaccination and imunomodulation in NHL. Ann Hematol 80 Suppl 3: B132-B134.
529. Bogen B, Ruffini PA, Corthay A, Fredriksen AB, Froyland M, Lundin K, Rosjo E, Thompson K, Massaia M (2006) Idiotype-specific immunotherapy in multiple myeloma: Suggestions for future directions of research. Haematologica 91: 941-948.
530. Houet L, Veelken H (2006) Active immunotherapy of multiple myeloma. Eur J Cancer 42: 1653-1660.
531. Chong G, Bhatnagar A, Cunningham D, Cosgriff TM, Harper PG, Steward W, Bridgewater J, Moore M, Cassidy J, Coleman R et al. (2006) Phase III trial of 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin plus either 3H1 anti-idiotype monoclonal antibody or placebo in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 17: 437-442.
532. Manjili MH (2007) Come forth 1E10 anti-idiotype vaccine: delivering the promise to immunotherapy of small cell lung cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 6: 151-152.
533. Rhee F (2007) Idiotype vaccination strategies in myeloma: how to overcome a dysfunctional immune system. Clin Cancer Res 13: 1353-1355.
534. Shoenfeld Y, Amital H, Ferrone S, Kennedy RC (1994) Anti-idiotypes and their application under autoimmune, neoplastic, and infectious conditions. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 105: 211-223.
535. Shoenfeld Y (1994) Idiotypic induction of autoimmunity: A new aspect of the idiotypic network. FASEB J 8: 1296-1301.
536. Schwartz RS (1992) Therapeutic clonotypic vaccines. N Engl J Med 327: 1236-1237.
537. Lohse AW, Cohen IR (1991) Mechanisms of resistance to autoimmune disease induced by T-cell vaccination. Autoimmunity 9: 119-121.
538. Weathington NM, Blalock JE (2003) Rational design of peptide vaccines for autoimmune disease: harnessing molecular recognition to fix a broken network. Expert Rev Vaccines 2: 61-73.
539. Payne AS, Siegel DL, Stanley JR (2007) Targeting pemphigus auto antibodies through their heavy-chain variable region genes. J Invest Dermatol 127: 1681-1691.
540. Taams LS, Akbar AN, Wauben MHW (eds) (2005) Regulatory T cells in Inflammation. Birkhäuser, Basel.
541. Imbach P, Barandun S, d'Apuzzo V, Baumgartner C, Hirt A, Morell A, Rossi E, Schoni M, Vest M, Wagner HP (1981) High-dose intravenous gammaglobulin for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in childhood. Lancet 1: 1228-1231.
542. Fehr J, Hofmann V, Kappeler U (1982) Transient reversal of thrombocytopenia in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura by high-dose intravenous gamma globulin. N Engl J Med 306: 1254-1258.
543. Bussel JB, Kimberly RP, Inman RD, Schulman I, Cunningham-Rundles C, Cheung N, Smithwick EM, O'Malley J, Barandun S, Hilgartner MW (1983) Intravenous gamma globulin treatment of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 62: 480-486.
544. Negi VS, Elluru S, Siberil S, Graff-Dubois S, Mouthon L, Kazatchkine MD, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Bayry J, Kaveri SV (2007) Intravenous immunoglobulin: An update on the clinical use and mechanisms of action. J Clin Immunol 27: 233-245.
545. Bayary J, Dasgupta S, Misra N, Ephrem A, Van Huyen JP, Delignat S, Hassan G, Caligiuri G, Nicoletti A, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Kazatchkine MD, Kaveri S (2006) Intravenous immunoglobulin in autoimmune disorders: An insight into the immuno regulatory mechanisms. Int Immunopharmacol 6: 528-534.
546. Dietrich G, Kaveri SV, Kazatchkine MD (1992) A V region-connected autoreactive subfraction of normal human serum immunoglobulin G. Eur J Immunol 22: 1701-1706.
547. Dietrich G, Algiman M, Sultan Y, Nydegger UE, Kazatchkine MD (1992) Origin of anti-idiotypic activity against anti-factor VIII auto antibodies in pools of normal human immunoglobulin G (IVIg). Blood 79: 2946-2951.
548. Dietrich G, Varela FJ, Hurez V, Bouanani M, Kazatchkine MD (1993) Selection of the expressed B cell repertoire by infusion of normal immunoglobulin G in a patient with autoimmune thyroiditis. Eur J Immunol 23: 2945-2950.
549. Nimmerjahn F, Ravetch JV (2007) The antiinflammatory activity of IgG: The intravenous IgG paradox. J Exp Med 204: 11-15.
550. Kohler H, Bhattacharya-Chatterjee M, Muller S, Foon KA (1995) Idiotype manipulation in disease management. Adv Exp Med Biol 383: 117-122.
551. Su S, Ward MM, Apicella MA, Ward RE (1992) A nontoxic, idiotope vaccine against gram-negative bacterial infections. J Immunol 148: 234-238.
552. Bhattacharya-Chatterjee M, Foon KA (1998) Anti-idiotype antibody vaccine therapies of cancer. Cancer Treat Res 94: 51-68.
553. Bendandi M (2000) Anti-idiotype vaccines for human follicular lymphoma. Leukemia 14: 1333-1339.
554. Kofler DM, Mayr C, Wendtner CM (2006) Current status of immunotherapy in B cell malignancies. Curr Drug Targets 7: 1371-1374.
555. Lopez-Requena A, Mateo De Acosta C, Vazquez AM, Perez R (2007) Immunogenicity of autologous immuno globulins: Principles and practices. Mol Immunol 44: 3076-3082.
556. Lacroix-Desmazes S, Mouthon L, Spalter SH, Kaveri S, Kazatchkine MD (1996) Immunoglobulins and the regulation of autoimmunity through the immune network. Clin Exp Rheumatol 14 Suppl 15: 9-15.
557. Bona CA, Goldberg B, Rubinstein LJ (1984) Regulatory idiotopes, parallel sets and internal image of the antigen within the polyfructosan-A48 idiotypic network. Ann Immunol (Paris) 135C: 107-115.
558. Hiernaux J, Bona C, Baker PJ (1981) Neonatal treatment with low doses of anti-idiotypic antibody leads to the expression of a silent clone. J Exp Med 153: 1004-1008.
559. Fields BA, Goldbaum FA, Ysern X, Poljak RJ, Mariuzza RA (1995) Molecular basis of antigen mimicry by an anti-idiotope. Nature 374: 739-742.
560. Oudin J, Cazenave PA (1971) Similar idiotypic specificities in immunoglobulin fractions with different antibody functions or even without detectable antibody function. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 68: 2616.
561. Jerne NK, Roland J, Cazenave PA (1982) Recurrent idiotopes and internal images. EMBO J 1: 243-247.
562. Herzenberg LA, Chan EL, Ravitch MM, Riblet RJ, Herzenberg LA (1973) Active suppression of immunoglobulin allotype synthesis. 3. Identification of T cells as responsible for suppression by cells from spleen, thymus, lymph node, and bone marrow. J Exp Med 137: 1311-1324.
563. Eichmann K, Coutinho A, Melchers F (1977) Absolute frequencies of lipopolysaccharide-reactive B cells producing A5A idiotype in unprimed, streptococcal A carbohydrate-primed, anti-A5A idiotype-sensitized and anti- A5A idiotype-suppressed A/J mice. J Exp Med 146: 1436-1449.
564. Forni L, Coutinho A, Köhler G, Jerne NK (1980) IgM antibodies induce the production of antibodies of the same specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77: 1125-1128.
565. Coutinho A, Forni L, Holmberg D, Ivars F, Vaz N (1984) From an antigen-centered, clonal perspective of immune responses to an organism-centered, network perspective of autonomous activity in a self-referential immune system. Immunol Rev 79: 151-168.
566. Varela FJ, Coutinho A (1991) Second generation immune networks. Immunol Today 12: 159-166.
567. Germain RN, Benacerraf B (1980) Helper and suppressor T cell factors. Springer Semin Immunopathol 3: 93-127.
568. Dietz MH, Sy MS, Benacerraf B, Nisonoff A, Greene MI, Germain RN (1981) Antigen- And receptor-driven regulatory mechanisms. VII. H-2-restricted antiidiotypic suppressor factor from efferent suppressor T cells. J Exp Med 153: 450-463.
569. Germain RN (2008) Special regulatory T-cell review: A rose by any other name: from suppressor T cells to Tregs, approbation to unbridled enthusiasm. Immunology 123: 20-27.
570. Cosenza H, Kohler H (1972) Specific suppression of the antibody response by antibodies to receptors. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 69: 1701.
571. Kluskens L, Köhler H (1974) Regulation of immune response by auto genous antibody against receptor. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 71: 5083.
572. Cosenza H (1976) Detection of anti-idiotype reactive cells in the response to phosphorylcholine. Eur J Immunol 6: 114-116.
573. Bona C, Paul WE (1979) Cellular basis of regulation of expression of idiotype. I.T-suppressor cells specific for MOPC 460 idiotype regulate the expression of cells secreting anti-TNP antibodies bearing 460 idiotype. J Exp Med 149: 592-600.
574. Gershon RK, Kondo K (1971) Infectious immunological tolerance. Immunology 21: 903-914.
575. Hämmerling GJ, Black SJ, Berek C, Eichmann K, Rajewsky K (1976) Idiotypic analysis of lymphocytes in vitro. II. Genetic control of T-helper cell responsiveness to anti-idiotypic antibody. J Exp Med 143: 861-869.
576. Joao C (2007) Immunoglobulin is a highly diverse self-molecule that improves cellular diversity and function during immune reconstitution. Med Hypotheses 68: 158-161.
577. Eichmann K, Rajewsky K (1975) Induction of T and B cell immunity by antiidiotypic antibody. Eur J Immunol 5: 661-666.
578. Krawinkel U, Cramer M, Imanishi-Kari T, Jack RS, Rajewsky K, Makela O (1977) Isolated hapten-binding receptors of sensitized lymphocytes. I. Receptors from nylon wool-enriched mouse T lymphocytes lack serological markers of immunoglobulin constant domains but express heavy chain variable portions. Eur J Immunol 7: 566-573.
579. Eichmann K (1975) Idiotype suppression. II. Amplification of a suppressor T cell with anti-idiotypic activity. Eur J Immunol 5: 511-517.
580. Sachs DH (1988) Anti-idiotype to MHC receptors - A possible route to specific transplantation tolerance? Int Rev Immunol 3: 313-321.
581. Pisetsky DS, Sachs DH (1977) The genetic control of the immune response to staphylococcal nuclease VI. Recombination between genes determining the A/J anti-nuclease idiotypes and the heavy chain allotype locus. J Exp Med 146: 1603-1612.
582. Binz H, Wigzell H, Bazin H (1976) T-cell idiotypes are linked to immunoglobulin heavy chain genes. Nature 264: 639-642.
583. Green DR, Webb DR (1993) Saying the 'S' word in public. Immunology Today 14: 523.
584. Harvey MA, Adorini L, Miller A, Sercarz EE (1979) Lysozyme-induced T-suppressor cells and antibodies have a predominant idiotype. Nature 281: 594-596.
585. Krzych U, Nanda N, Sercarz E (1989) Specificity and interactions of CD8+ T suppressor cells. Res Immunol 140: 302-307; discussion 339-345.
586. Kumar V, Sercarz E (1993) T cell regulatory circuitry: Antigen-specific and TCR-idiopeptide-specific T cell interactions in EAE. Int Rev Immunol 9: 287-297.
587. Urbain J (1974) Cellular recognition and evolution. Arch Biol (Liege) 85: 139-150.
588. Brait M, Vansanten G, Van Acker A, De Trez C, Luko CM, Wuilmart C, Leo O, Miller R, Riblet R, Urbain J (2002) In: M Zanetti and JD Capra (eds): Positive selection of B cell repertoire, idiotypic networks and immunological memory. The Antibodies Vol 7, Taylor and Francis. p1-27.
589. João C, Ogle BM, Gay-Rabinstein C, Platt JL, Cascalho M. (2004) B celldependent TCR diversification. J Immunol 172: 4709-16.
590. Goldner JA (1998) The unending saga of legal controls over scientific misconduct: A clash of cultures needing resolution. Am J Law Med 24: 293-343.
591. Ismaili J, Brait M, Leo O, Urbain J (1995) Assessment of a functional role of auto-anti-idiotypes in idiotype dominance. Eur J Immunol 25: 830-837.
592. Binz H, Wigzell H (1977) Antigen-binding, idiotypic receptors from T lymphocytes: An analysis of their biochemistry, genetics, and use as immunogens to produce specific immune tolerance. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 41: 275-284.
593. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002) Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th ed). Garland Publishing, New York.
594. Codon Usage Database. Available at: Www.kazusa.or.jp/codon/.
595. Dobzhansky T (1973) Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution. The American Biology Teacher 35: 125-129.
596. Dreyer WJ, Bennett JC (1965) The molecular basis of antibody formation: A paradox. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 54: 864-869.
597. Tonegawa S, Maxam AM, Tizard R, Bernard O, Gilbert W (1978) Sequence of a mouse germ-line gene for a variable region of an immunoglobulin light chain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75: 1485-1489.
598. Heisenberg W (1927) Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik. Zeitschr f Physik 43: 197.
599. Weizsäcker CF (1958) Zum Weltbild der Physik. Hirzel, Stuttgart.
600. Rescher N (1979) Leibniz. An Introduction to his Philosophy. Basil Blackwell, Oxford.
601. Eigen M (1993) The origin of genetic information: Viruses as models. Gene 135: 37-47.
602. Eigen M (1993) Virus strains as models of molecular evolution. (The fifth Paul Ehrlich Lecture.) Med Res Rev 13: 385-398.
603. Callaghan A (2006) Emergent Properties of the Human Immune Response to HIV Infection: Results from Multi-Agent Computer Simulations. Available at: http://www.ercim.org/publication/Ercim-News/enw64/callaghan.html.
604. Lazar C, Kluczyk A, Kiyota T, Konishi Y (2004) Drug Evolution Concept in Drug Design: 1. Hybridization Method. J Med Chem 47: 6973-6982.
605. McCord, Adams M (1987) William Ockham. 2 vols., Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 2nd rev. ed., 1989.
606. Popper KR (1963) Conjectures and Refutations. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.
607. Dawkins R (1976) The Selfish Gene. Oxford University Press.
608. Darwin C (1859) On the origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. Available at: http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The-Origin-of-Species.
609. Dobzhansky Th (1937, 1941, 1951) Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press, New York.