The association between childhood maltreatment and emotion regulation: Two different mechanisms contributing to depression?

Journal of Affective Disorders

Volumn 174, Issue , 2015, Pages 287-295

  O'Mahen, Heather A ^a   Karl, Anke ^a   Moberly, Nick ^a   Fedock, Gina ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

^b MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Avoidance; Behavioural activation; Child abuse; Depression; Emotion regulation; Rumination

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR; CHILD ABUSE; CHILD NEGLECT; COMMUNITY SAMPLE; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EMOTIONAL ABUSE; EMOTIONALITY; FEMALE; HUMAN; LOWEST INCOME GROUP; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; PHYSICAL ABUSE; PREGNANT WOMAN; SEXUAL ABUSE; ADOLESCENT; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CHILD; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; EMOTION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; PREGNANCY; PSYCHOLOGY; QUESTIONNAIRE; RISK FACTOR; SOCIOECONOMICS; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; UNITED STATES; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; EMOTIONS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MICHIGAN; PREGNANCY; QUESTIONNAIRES; RISK FACTORS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84919740755     PISSN: 01650327     EISSN: 15732517     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.11.028     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Agid, O., Shapira, B., Zislin, J., Ritsner, M., Hanin, B., Murad, H., 1999. Environment and vulnerability to psychiatric illness: a case-control study of early parental loss in major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 4, 163-172.
2. Adouard, F., Glangeaud-Freudenthal, N.M.C., Golse, B., 2005. Validation of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS) in a sample of women with high-risk pregnancies in France. Arch. Women's Ment. Health 8, 89-95.
3. Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Schweizer, S., 2010. Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: a meta-analytic review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 30, 217-237.
4. Arbuckle, J.L. (2007). Amos 6.0 User's Guide. Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc.
5. Bargh, J.A., Williams, L.E., 2007. The case for nonconscious emotion regulation. In: Gross, J. J (Ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation. Guilford Press, New York, pp. 429-445.
6. Barnhofer, T., Kuehn, E., De Jong-Meyer, R., Williams, J.M.G., 2007. Beliefs about benefits of rumination in depressed men and women with without a history of assault. Behav. Cogn. Psychother. 35, 317-324.
7. Barnhofer, T., Brennan, K., Crane, C., Duggan, D., Williams, M.G., 2014. A comparison of vulnerability factors in patients with persistent and remitting life time symptoms course of depression. J. Affect. Disord. 152-154, 155-161.
8. Baron, R.M., Kenny, D.A., 1986. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 51, 1173-1182.
9. Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., Brown, G.K., 1996. Manual for the BDI-II. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.
10. Belsky, J., 1997. Attachment, mating, and parenting: an evolutionary interpretation. Hum. Nat. 8, 361-381.
11. Bernstein, D.P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., 1994. Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. Am. J. Psychiatry 151 (8), 1132-1136.
12. Borkovec, T.D., 1994. The nature, functions, and origins of worry. In: Davey, G.C.L., Tallis, F (Eds.), Worrying: Perspectives in Theory, Assessment and Treatment. Wiley & Sons, Sussex, pp. 5-33.
13. Briere, J., Elliott, D.M., 2003. Prevalence and psychological sequelae of self-reported childhood physical and sexual abuse in a general population sample of men and women. Child Abuse Negl. 27, 1205-1222.
14. Briere, J., Jordan, C.E., 2009. Childhood maltreatment, intervening variables, and adult psychological difficulties in women: an overview. Trauma, Violence, Abuse 10, 375-388.
15. Brown, J., Cohen, P., Johnson, J.G., Salzinger, S., 1998. A longitudinal analysis of risk factors for child maltreatment: findings of a 17-year prospective study of officially recorded and self-reported child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse Negl. 22, 1065-1078.
16. Brown, G.W., Craig, T.K.G., Harris, T.O., 2008. Parental maltreatment and proximal risk factors using the Childhood Experience of Care & Abuse (CECA) instrument: A life-course study of adult chronic depression - 5. Journal of Affective Disorders 110, 222-233.
17. Chen, F., Curan, P.J., Bollen, K.A., Kirby, J., Paxton, P., 2008. An empirical evaluation of the use of fixed cutoff points in RMSEA test statistic in structural equation models. Sociol. Methods Res. 36, 462-494.
18. Conway, M., Mendelson, M., Giannopoulos, C., Csank, P.A.R., Holm, S.L., 2004. Childhood and adult sexual abuse, rumination on sadness, and dysphoria. Child Abuse Negl. 28, 393-410.
19. Cox, J.L., Holden, J.M., Sagovsky, R., 1987. Detection of postnatal depression: development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br. J. Psychiatry 150, 782-786.
20. Cuijpers, P., Smit, F., Bohlmeijer, E., Hollon, S.D., Andersson, G., 2010. Efficacy of cognitive-behavioural therapy and other psychological treatments for adult depression: meta-analytic study of publication bias. Br. J. Psychiatry 196, 173-178.
21. Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T.L., Eggum, N.D., 2010. Emotion-related self-regulation and its relation to children's maladjustment. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 6, 495-525.
22. Eisma, M.C., Stroebe, M.S., Schut, H.A., Stroebe, W., Boelen, P.A., van den Bout, J., 2013. Avoidance processes mediate the relationship between rumination and symptoms of complicated grief and depression following loss. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 122, 961-970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0034051.
23. Erickson, M., Egeland, B., Pianta, R., 1989. The effects of maltreatment on the development of young children.
24. Fan, X., Thompson, B., Wang, L., 1999. Effects of sample size, estimation methods, and model specification on structural equation modeling fit indexes. Struct. Equ. Model.: A Multidiscip. J. 6, 56-83.
25. First, M.B., Spitzer, R.L., Williams, J.B.W., Gibbon, M, 1995. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC.
26. George, C., Main, M., 1979. Social interactions of young abused children: approach, avoidance, and aggression. Child Dev. 50 (2), 306-318 [serial online].
27. Gibb, B.E., Wheeler, R., Alloy, L.B., Abramson, L.Y., 2001. Emotional, physical, and sexual maltreatment in childhood versus adolescence and personality dysfunction in young adulthood. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 15, 505-511.
28. Gibb, BE, Alloy, LB., 2006. A prospective test of the hopelessness theory of depression in children. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 35, 264-274.
29. Gibb, B.E., Chelminski, I., Zimmerman, M., 2007. Childhood emotional, physical and sexual abuse, and diagnoses of depressive and anxiety disorders in adult psychiatric outpatients. Depress. Anxiety 24, 256-263.
30. Glaser, D., 2002. Emotional abuse and neglect (psychological maltreatment): a conceptual framework. Child Abuse Negl. 26, 697-714.
31. Gratz, K.L., Bornovalova, M.A., Delany-Brumsey, A., Nick, B., Lejuez, C.W., 2007. A laboratory-based study of the relationship between childhood abuse and experiential avoidance among inner-city substance users: the role of emotional nonacceptance. Behav. Ther. 38, 256-268.
32. Gross, A.B., Keller, H.R., 1992. Long-term consequences of childhood physical and psychological maltreatment. Aggress. Behav. 18, 171-185.
33. Gross, J.J., Muñoz, R.F., 1995. Emotion regulation and mental health. Clin. Psychol.: Sci. Pract. 2, 151-164.
34. Hewitt, C.E., Gilbody, S.M., Brealey, S., Paulden, M., Palmer, S., Mann, R., Green, J., Morrell, J., Barkham, M., Light, K., Richards, D., 2009. Methods to identify postnatal depression in primary care: an integrated evidence synthesis and value of information analysis. Health Technol. Assess., 13.
35. Hu, L., Bentler, P.M., 1999. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct. Equ. Model.: A Multidiscip. J. 6, 1-55.
36. Hussey, J.M., Chang, J.J., Kotch, J.B., 2006. Child maltreatment in the United States: prevalence, risk factors, and adolescent health consequences. Pediatrics 118, 933-942.
37. Kanter, J.W., Mulick, P.S., Busch, A.M., Kristoffer, S.B., Martell, C.R., 2007. The Behavioural Activation for Depression Scale (BADS): psychometric properties and factor structure. J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess. 29, 191-202.
38. Kanter, J.W., Rusch, L.C., Busch, A.M., Sedivy, S.K., 2009. Validation of the Behavioural Activation for Depression Scale (BADS) in a community sample with elevated depressive symptoms. J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess. 31, 36-42.
39. Kessler, R.C., Avenevoli, S., Merikangas, K.R., 2001. Mood disorders in children and adolescents: an epidemiologic perspective. Biol. Psychiatry 49, 1002-1014.
40. Kessler, R.C., Berglund, P., Demier, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K.R., Rush, AlJ., Walters, E.E., Wang, P.S., 2003. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 289, 3095-3105.
41. Kingston, R.E.F., Watkins, E.R., O'Mahen, H.A., 2013. An integrated examination of risk factors for repetitive negative thought. J. Exp. Psychol. 4, 161-181.
42. Lyubormirsky, S., Tucker, K.L., Caldwell, N.D., Berg, K., 1999. Why ruminators are poor problem solvers: clues from the phenomenology of dysphhoric rumination. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 77, 1041-1060.
43. Manos, R.C., Kanter, J.W., Busch, A.M., 2010. A critical review of assessment strategies to measure the behavioural activation model of depression. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 30, 547-561.
44. Martell, C.R., Addis, M.E., Jacobson, N.S., 2001. Depression in Context: Strategies for Guided Action. W. W. Norton, New York (Company, Inc.).
45. Merrill, L.L, Thomsen, C.J., Sinclair, B.B., Gold, S.R., Milner, J.S., 2001. Predicting the impact of child sexual abuse on women: the role of abuse severity, parental support, and coping strategies. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 69, 992-1006.
46. Moulds, M.L., Kandris, E., Starr, S., Wong, A.C., 2007. The relationship between rumination, avoidance and depression in a non-clinical sample. Behav. Res. Ther. 45, 251-261.
47. Nanni, V., Uher, R., Danese, A., 2012. Childhood maltreatment predicts unfavorable course of illness and treatment outcome in depression: a meta-analysis. Am. J. Psychiatry 169, 141-151.
48. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B.E., Lyubomirsky, S., 2008. Rethinking rumination. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 3, 400-424.
49. O'Hara, M.W., Neunaber, D.J., Zekoski, E.M., 1984. Prospective study of postpartum depression: prevalence, course, and predictive factors. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 93, 158-171.
50. O'Mahen, H., Himle, J.A., Fedock, G., Henshaw, E., Flynn, H., 2013. A pilot randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy for perinatal depression adapted for women with low incomes. Depress. Anxiety 30 (7), 679-687.
51. Pauli-Pott, U., Mertesacker, B., 2009. Affect expression in mother-infant interaction and subsequent attachment development. Infant Behav. Development 32, 208-215.
52. Pearson, K., Watkins, E., Mullan, E., 2011. Rejection sensitivity prospectively predicts increased rumination. Behav. Res.Ther. 49 (10), 597-605.
53. Raes, F., Hermans, D., 2008. On the mediating role of subtypes of rumination in the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and depressed mood: brooding versus reflection. Depress. Anxiety 25, 1067-1070.
54. Rottenberg, J., Gross, J., 2003. When emotion goes wrong: realizing the promise of affective science. Clin. Psychol.: Sci. Pract. 10, 227-232.
55. Runtz, M.G., Schallow, J.R., 1997. Social support and coping strategies as mediators of adult adjustment following childhood maltreatment. Child Abuse Negl. 21, 211-226.
56. Shields, A., Cicchetti, D., 2001. Parental maltreatment and emotion dysregulation as risk factors for bullying and victimization in middle childhood. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 30, 349-363.
57. Shrout, P.E., Bolger, N., 2002. Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: new procedures and recommendations. Psychol. Methods 7, 422-445.
58. Solomon, D.A., Keller, M.B., Leon, A.C., Mueller, TI, Lovri, P.W., Shea, M.T., Coryell, W., Warshaw, M., Turvey, C., Maser, J.D., Endicott, J, 2000. Multiple recurrences of major depressive disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 157, 229-233.
59. Spasojević, J., Alloy, L.B., 2002. Who becomes a depressive ruminator? Developmental antecedents of ruminative response style. J. Cogn. Psychother. 16, 405-419.
60. Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., 2003. Rumination reconsidered: a psychometric analysis. Cogn. Ther. Res. 27, 247-259.
61. Tyler, K.A., 2002. Social and emotional outcomes of childhood sexual abuse: a review of recent research. Aggress. Viol. Behav. 7, 567-589.
62. Watkins, E., 2009. Depressive rumination and co-morbidity: evidence for brooding as a transdiagnostic process. J. Rational-Emotive Cognit.-Behav. Ther 27 (3), 160-175.