Racial disparities in colon cancer survival: A matched cohort study

Annals of Internal Medicine

Volumn 161, Issue 12, 2014, Pages 845-854

  Silber, Jeffrey H ^a   Rosenbaum, Paul R ^b   Ross, Richard N ^a   Niknam, Bijan A ^a   Ludwig, Justin M ^a   Wang, Wei ^a   Clark, Amy S ^c   Fox, Kevin R ^d   Wang, Min ^a   Even Shoshan, Orit ^a   Giantonio, Bruce J ^c  

^a CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PHILADELPHIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^d Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; ARTICLE; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER GRADING; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CLINICAL FEATURE; COHORT ANALYSIS; COLON CANCER; COMORBIDITY; FEMALE; HEALTH DISPARITY; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICARE; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; OVERALL SURVIVAL; RACE DIFFERENCE; AFRICAN AMERICAN; CANCER REGISTRY; CAUCASIAN; COLONIC NEOPLASMS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; ETHNOLOGY; KAPLAN MEIER METHOD; MORTALITY; SOCIOECONOMICS; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; TIME; UNITED STATES; VERY ELDERLY;

AFRICAN AMERICANS; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; COHORT STUDIES; COLONIC NEOPLASMS; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; HUMANS; KAPLAN-MEIER ESTIMATE; MALE; MEDICARE; SEER PROGRAM; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; TIME FACTORS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84919627091     PISSN: 00034819     EISSN: 15393704     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7326/M14-0900     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. National Cancer Institute. SEER Cancer Statistics Review (CSR) 1975-2011. Accessed at http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975-2011 on 20 June 2014.
2. Siegel R, Desantis C, Jemal A. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin. 2014;64:104-17. [PMID: 24639052] doi:10.3322/caac.21220
3. Albano JD, Ward E, Jemal A, Anderson R, Cokkinides VE, Murray T, et al. Cancer mortality in the United States by education level and race. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99:1384-94. [PMID: 17848670]
4. Ward E, Jemal A, Cokkinides V, Singh GK, Cardinez C, Ghafoor A, et al. Cancer disparities by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. CA Cancer J Clin. 2004;54:78-93. [PMID: 15061598]
5. Clegg LX, Li FP, Hankey BF, Chu K, Edwards BK. Cancer survival among U.S. whites and minorities: a SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) Program population-based study. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1985-93. [PMID: 12230422]
6. Hashiguchi Y, Hase K, Ueno H, Shinto E, Naito Y, Kajiwara Y, et al. Impact of race/ethnicity on prognosis in patients who underwent surgery for colon cancer: analysis for white, African, and East Asian Americans. Ann Surg Oncol. 2012;19:1517-28. [PMID: 22012028] doi:10.1245/s10434-011-2113-5
7. Cooper GS, Koroukian SM. Racial disparities in the use of and indications for colorectal procedures in Medicare beneficiaries. Cancer. 2004;100:418-24. [PMID: 14716780]
8. Schenck AP, Klabunde CN, Davis WW. Racial differences in colorectal cancer test use by Medicare consumers. Am J Prev Med. 2006;30:320-6. [PMID: 16530619]
9. White A, Vernon SW, Franzini L, Du XL. Racial disparities in colorectal cancer survival: to what extent are racial disparities explained by differences in treatment, tumor characteristics, or hospital characteristics? Cancer. 2010;116:4622-31. [PMID: 20626015] doi:10.1002/cncr.25395
10. Cheng X, Chen VW, Steele B, Ruiz B, Fulton J, Liu L, et al. Subsite-specific incidence rate and stage of disease in colorectal cancer by race, gender, and age group in the United States, 1992-1997. Cancer. 2001;92:2547-54. [PMID: 11745188]
11. Doubeni CA, Field TS, Buist DS, Korner EJ, Bigelow C, Lamerato L, et al. Racial differences in tumor stage and survival for colorectal cancer in an insured population. Cancer. 2007;109:612-20. [PMID: 17186529]
12. Chien C, Morimoto LM, Tom J, Li CI. Differences in colorectal carcinoma stage and survival by race and ethnicity. Cancer. 2005;104:629-39. [PMID: 15983985]
13. Gross CP, Smith BD, Wolf E, Andersen M. Racial disparities in cancer therapy: did the gap narrow between 1992 and 2002? Cancer. 2008;112:900-8. [PMID: 18181101] doi:10.1002/cncr.23228
14. Baldwin LM, Dobie SA, Billingsley K, Cai Y, Wright GE, Dominitz JA, et al. Explaining black-white differences in receipt of recommended colon cancer treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:1211-20. [PMID: 16106026]
15. Govindarajan R, Shah RV, Erkman LG, Hutchins LF. Racial differences in the outcome of patients with colorectal carcinoma. Cancer. 2003;97:493-8. [PMID: 12518374]
16. Haas JS, Earle CC, Orav JE, Brawarsky P, Neville BA, Williams DR. Racial segregation and disparities in cancer stage for seniors. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23:699-705. [PMID: 18338215] doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0545-9
17. Arias E. United States life tables, 2008. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2012;61:1-63. [PMID: 24974590]
18. Warren JL, Klabunde CN, Schrag D, Bach PB, Riley GF. Overview of the SEER-Medicare data: content, research applications, and generalizability to the United States elderly population. Med Care. 2002;40:IV-3-18. [PMID: 12187163]
19. National Cancer Institute. SEER-Medicare Linked Database. Accessed at http://healthservices.cancer.gov/seermedicare on 8 August 2012.
20. Bach PB, Guadagnoli E, Schrag D, Schussler N, Warren JL. Patient demographic and socioeconomic characteristics in the SEER-Medicare database applications and limitations. Med Care. 2002;40:IV-19-25. [PMID: 12187164]
21. Silber JH, Rosenbaum PR, Kelz RR, Reinke CE, Neuman MD, Ross RN, et al. Medical and financial risks associated with surgery in the elderly obese. Ann Surg. 2012;256:79-86. [PMID: 22566017] doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e31825375ef
22. Silber JH, Rosenbaum PR, Trudeau ME, Even-Shoshan O, Chen W, Zhang X, et al. Multivariate matching and bias reduction in the surgical outcomes study. Med Care. 2001;39:1048-64. [PMID: 11567168]
23. Volpp KG, Rosen AK, Rosenbaum PR, Romano PS, Even-Shoshan O, Wang Y, et al. Mortality among hospitalized Medicare beneficiaries in the first 2 years following ACGME resident duty hour reform. JAMA. 2007;298:975-83. [PMID: 17785642]
24. Volpp KG, Rosen AK, Rosenbaum PR, Romano PS, Even-Shoshan O, Canamucio A, et al. Mortality among patients in VA hospitals in the first 2 years following ACGME resident duty hour reform. JAMA. 2007;298:984-92. [PMID: 17785643]
25. Benson AB 3rd, Schrag D, Somerfield MR, Cohen AM, Figueredo AT, Flynn PJ, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology recommendations on adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II colon cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:3408-19. [PMID: 15199089]
26. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines): Colon Cancer. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Version 3. 2014. Accessed at www.nccn.org/professionals/physician-gls/f-guidelines.asp on 28 June 2014.
27. Quah HM, Chou JF, Gonen M, Shia J, Schrag D, Landmann RG, et al. Identification of patients with high-risk stage II colon cancer for adjuvant therapy. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51:503-7. [PMID: 18322753] doi:10.1007/s10350-008-9246-z
28. Silber JH, Rosenbaum PR, Clark AS, Giantonio BJ, Ross RN, Teng Y, et al. Characteristics associated with differences in survival among black and white women with breast cancer. JAMA. 2013;310:389-97. [PMID: 23917289] doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.8272
29. Daniel SR, Armstrong K, Silber JH, Rosenbaum PR. An algorithm for optimal tapered matching, with application to disparities in survival. J Comput Graph Stat. 2008;17:914-24.
30. Rosenbaum PR, Silber JH. Using the exterior match to compare two entwined matched control groups. Am Stat. 2013;67:67-75.
31. Rubin DB. Using multivariate matched sampling and regression adjustment to control bias in observational studies. J Am Stat Assoc. 1979;74:318-28.
32. Hansen BB. Full matching in an observational study of coaching for the SAT. J Am Stat Assoc. 2004;99:609-18.
33. Stuart EA. Matching methods for causal inference: A review and a look forward. Stat Sci. 2010;25:1-21. [PMID: 20871802]
34. Lu B, Greevy R, Xu X, Beck C. Optimal nonbipartite matching and its statistical applications. Am Stat. 2011;65:21-30. [PMID: 23175567]
35. Rubin DB. For objective causal inference, design trumps analysis. Ann Appl Stat. 2008;2:808-40.
36. Rubin DB. The design versus the analysis of observational studies for causal effects: parallels with the design of randomized trials. Stat Med. 2007;26:20-36. [PMID: 17072897]
37. Rosenbaum PR. Design of Observational Studies. New York: Springer; 2010.
38. SAS Institute. Chapter 2: The ASSIGN Procedure. In: SAS Institute. SAS/OR User's Guide: Mathematical Programming, Version 8. Cary, NC: SAS Institute; 1999:39-54.
39. Rosenbaum PR, Ross RN, Silber JH. Minimum distance matched sampling with fine balance in an observational study of treatment of ovarian cancer. J Am Stat Assoc. 2007;102:75-83.
40. Yang D, Small DS, Silber JH, Rosenbaum PR. Optimal matching with minimal deviation from fine balance in a study of obesity and surgical outcomes. Biometrics. 2012;68:628-36. [PMID: 22008180] doi:10.1111/j.1541-0420.2011.01691.x
41. Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40:373-83. [PMID: 3558716]
42. Deyo RA, Cherkin DC, Ciol MA. Adapting a clinical comorbidity index for use with ICD-9-CM administrative databases. J Clin Epidemiol. 1992;45:613-9. [PMID: 1607900]
43. Klabunde CN, Legler JM, Warren JL, Baldwin LM, Schrag D. A refined comorbidity measurement algorithm for claims-based studies of breast, prostate, colorectal, and lung cancer patients. Ann Epidemiol. 2007;17:584-90. [PMID: 17531502]
44. Hansen BB. The prognostic analogue of the propensity score. Biometrika. 2008;95:481-8.
45. Rosenbaum P, Rubin D. The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika. 1983;70:41-55.
46. Rosenbaum PR, Rubin DB. Reducing bias in observational studies using subclassification on the propensity score. J Am Stat Assoc. 1984;79:516-24.
47. Joffe MM, Rosenbaum PR. Invited commentary: propensity scores. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150:327-33. [PMID: 10453808]
48. Rosenbaum PR, Rubin DB. Constructing a control group using multivariate matched sampling methods that incorporate the propensity score. Am Stat. 1985; 39:33-8.
49. Cochran WG, Rubin DB. Controlling bias in observational studies: a review. Sankhya: The Indian Journal of Statistics, Series A. 1973;35:417-66.
50. Rosenbaum PR. An exact distribution-free test comparing two multivariate distributions based on adjacency. J R Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol. 2005;67:515-30.
51. Heller R, Rosenbaum PR, Small D. Using the cross-match test to appraise covariate balance in matched pairs. Am Stat. 2010;64:299-309.
52. Heller R. The Cross-match Test (R Package). Version 1.3-1. R Development Core Team. 16 June 2012. Accessed at http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/crossmatch/crossmatch.pdf on 16 October 2013.
53. R Development Core Team. The R Project for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2013. Accessed at www .R-project.org on 15 April 2014.
54. Hollander M, Wolfe DA. Nonparametric Statistical Methods. 2nd ed. New York: J Wiley; 1999:36-49, 51-5, 72-4, 190-9.
55. Bishop YMM, Fienberg SE, Holland PW. Chapter 8: Analysis of square tables: symmetry and marginal homogeneity. In: Bishop YMM, Fienberg SE, Holland PW. Discrete Multivariate Analysis: Theory and Practice. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Pr; 1975:281-6.
56. Holt JD, Prentice RL. Survival analysis in twin studies and matched pair experiments. Biometrika. 1974;61:17-30.
57. O'Brien PC, Fleming TR. A paired Prentice-Wilcoxon test for censored paired data. Biometrics. 1987;43:169-80.
58. Efron B, Tibshirani R. Bootstrap methods for standard errors, confidence intervals, and other measures of statistical accuracy. Stat Sci. 1986;1:54-75.
59. Meyerhardt JA, Mayer RJ. Systemic therapy for colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:476-87. [PMID: 15689586]
60. Breslin TM, Morris AM, Gu N, Wong SL, Finlayson EV, Banerjee M, et al. Hospital factors and racial disparities in mortality after surgery for breast and colon cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:3945-50. [PMID: 19470926] doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.20.8546
61. Robbins AS, Siegel RL, Jemal A. Racial disparities in stage-specific colorectal cancer mortality rates from 1985 to 2008. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:401-5. [PMID: 22184373] doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.37.5527
62. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 2011 National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Reports. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2011. Accessed at www.ahrq.gov/qual/qrdr11.htm on 12 November 2012.