Selective-logging and oil palm: Multitaxon impacts, biodiversity indicators, and trade-offs for conservation planning

Ecological Applications

Volumn 24, Issue 8, 2014, Pages 2029-2049

  Edwards, David P ^a,b   Magrach, Ainhoa ^b,c   Woodcock, Paul ^d   Ji, Yinqiu ^e   Lim, Norman T L ^f,g   Edwards, Felicity A ^d   Larsen, Trond H ^h   Hsu, Wayne W ⁱ   Benedick, Suzan ^j   Khen, Chey Vun ^k   Chung, Arthur Y C ^k   Reynolds, Glen ^l   Fisher, Brendan ^m   Laurance, William F ^b   Wilcove, David S ⁿ   Hamer, Keith C ^d   Yu, Douglas W ^e,o  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

^b JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^d UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^e KUNMING INSTITUTE OF ZOOLOGY   (China)

^f UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^g NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY   (Singapore)

^h Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science and Oceans   (United States)

ⁱ Columbia University ^*  (United States)

^j UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH   (Malaysia)

^k FOREST RESEARCH CENTRE   (Malaysia)

^l Danum Valley Field Centre   (Malaysia)

^m World Wildlife Fund US ^*  (United States)

ⁿ PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^o UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

more..

Author keywords

Cost effective conservation; Indicator taxa; Oil palm plantation agriculture; Sabah, Malaysian Borneo; Selective logging; Southeast Asia; Timber concessions; Tropical rain forest

Indexed keywords

CONSERVATION PLANNING; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; ESSENTIAL OIL; LOGGING (TIMBER); SPECIES RICHNESS; SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY; TAXONOMY;

AVES; COLEOPTERA; ELAEIS; FORMICIDAE; HETEROPTERA; HYMENOPTERA; INVERTEBRATA; VERTEBRATA;

AGRICULTURE; ANIMAL; ARECACEAE; BIODIVERSITY; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; FORESTRY; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; RAIN FOREST;

AGRICULTURE; ANIMALS; ARECACEAE; BIODIVERSITY; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FORESTRY; RAINFOREST;

EID: 84919385879     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19395582     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/14-0010.1     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Adum, G. B., M. P. Eichhorn, W. Oduro, C. Ofori-Boateng, and M. O. Rodel. 2013. Two-stage recovery of Amphibian assemblages following selective logging of tropical forests. Conservation Biology 27:354-363.
2. Aleixo, A. 1999. Effects of selective logging on a bird community in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Condor 101:537-548.
3. Anderson, D. L. 2009. Ground versus canopy methods for the study of birds in tropical forest canopies: implications for ecology and conservation. Condor 111:226-237.
4. Arponen, A., R. K. Heikkinen, C. D. Thomas, and A. Moilanen. 2005. The value of biodiversity in reserve selection: representation, species weighting, and benefit functions. Conservation Biology 19:2009-2014.
5. Asner, G. P., E. N. Broadbent, P. J. C. Oliveira, M. Keller, D. E. Knapp, and J. N. M. Silva. 2006. Condition and fate of logged forests in the Brazilian Amazon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 103:12947-12950.
6. Asner, G. P., T. K. Rudel, T. M. Aide, R. S. DeFries, and R. Emerson. 2009. A contemporary assessment of change in humid tropical forests. Conservation Biology 23:1386-1395.
7. Baird, D. J., and M. Hajibabaei. 2012. Biomonitoring 2.0: a new paradigm in ecosystem assessment made possible by next-generation DNA sequencing. Molecular Ecology 21:2039-2044.
8. Barlow, J., et al. 2007. Quantifying the biodiversity value of tropical primary, secondary, and plantation forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104:18555-18560.
9. Barlow, J., T. A. Gardner, J. Louzada, and C. A. Peres. 2010. Measuring the conservation value of tropical forests: the effect of occasional species on estimates of biodiversity uniqueness. PLoS ONE 5:9609.
10. Basset, Y., et al. 2012. Arthropod diversity in a tropical forest. Science 338:1481-1484.
11. Benedick, S., J. K. Hill, N. Mustaffa, V. K. Chey, M. Maryati, J. B. Searle, M. Schilthuizen, and K. C. Hamer. 2006. Impacts of rain forest fragmentation on butterflies in northern Borneo: species richness, turnover and the value of small fragments. Journal of Applied Ecology 43:967-977.
12. Berry, N. J., O. L. Phillips, R. C. Ong, and K. C. Hamer. 2008. Impacts of selective logging on tree diversity across a rainforest landscape: the importance of spatial scale. Landscape Ecology 23:915-929.
13. Blaser, J., A. Sarre, D. Poore, and S. Johnson. 2011. Status of tropical forest management. ITTO Technical Series 38. International Tropical Timber Organization, Yokohama, Japan.
14. Burghouts, T., G. Ernsting, G. Korthals, and T. de Vries. 1992. Litterfall, leaf litter decomposition and litter invertebrates in primary and selectively logged dipterocarp forest in Sabah, Malaysia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 335:407-416.
15. Cannon, C. H., D. R. Peart, and M. Leighton. 1998. Tree species diversity in commercially logged Bornean rainforest. Science 281:1366-1368.
16. Cardoso, P., T. L. Erwin, P. A. V. Borges, and T. R. New. 2011. The seven impediments in invertebrate conservation and how to overcome them. Biological Conservation 144:2647-2655.
17. Castro-Arellano, I., S. J. Presleya, L. N. Saldanha, M. R. Willig, and J. M. Wunderle. 2007. Effects of reduced impact logging on bat biodiversity in terra firme forest of lowland Amazonia. Biological Conservation 138:269-285.
18. Clarke, K. R., and R. M. Warwick. 2001. Change in marine communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation. Second edition. Primer-E, Plymouth, UK.
19. Colwell, R. K. 2006. EstimateS: statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. Version 8.2. University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.
20. Colwell, R. K., A. Chao, N. J. Gotelli, S. Y. Lin, C. X. Mao, R. L. Chazdon, and J. T. Longino. 2012. Models and estimators linking individual-based and sample-based rare-faction, extrapolation and comparison of assemblages. Journal of Plant Ecology 5:3-21.
21. Davis, A. J. 2000. Does reduced-impact logging help preserve biodiversity in tropical rainforests? A case study from Borneo using dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) as indicators. Environmental Entomology 29:467-475.
22. de Lima, R. F., M. Dallimer, P. W. Atkinson, and J. Barlow. 2013. Biodiversity and land-use change: understanding the complex responses of an endemic-rich bird assemblage. Diversity and Distributions 19:411-422.
23. DeFries, R., A. Hansen, A. C. Newton, and M. C. Hansen. 2005. Increasing isolation of protected areas in tropical forests over the past twenty years. Ecological Applications 15:19-26.
24. DeFries, R. S., T. Rudel, M. Uriarte, and M. Hansen. 2010. Deforestation driven by urban population growth and agricultural trade in the twenty-first century. Nature Geoscience 3:178-181.
25. Di Minin, E., D. C. Macmillan, P. S. Goodman, B. Escott, R. Slotow, and A. Moilanen. 2013. Conservation businesses and conservation planning in a biological diversity hotspot. Conservation Biology 27:808-820.
26. Didham, R. K., P. M. Hammond, J. H. Lawton, P. Eggleton, and N. E. Stork. 1998. Beetle species responses to tropical forest fragmentation. Ecological Monographs 68:295-323.
27. Dunn, R. R. 2005. Modern insect extinctions, the neglected majority. Conservation Biology 19:1030-1036.
28. Edwards, D. P., A. R. Backhouse, C. Wheeler, C. V. Khen, and K. C. Hamer. 2012a. Impacts of logging and rehabilitation on invertebrate communities in tropical rainforests of northern Borneo. Journal of Insect Conservation 16:591-599.
29. Edwards, D. P., B. Fisher, X. L. Giam, and D. S. Wilcove. 2011a. Underestimating the costs of conservation in Southeast Asia. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9:544-545.
30. Edwards, D. P., B. Fisher, and D. S. Wilcove. 2012b. High conservation value or high confusion value? Sustainable agriculture and biodiversity conservation in the tropics. Conservation Letters 5:20-27.
31. Edwards, D. P., et al. 2014. Land-sharing versus land-sparing logging: reconciling timber extraction with biodiversity conservation. Global Change Biology 20:183-191.
32. Edwards, D. P., J. A. Hodgson, K. C. Hamer, S. L. Mitchell, A. H. Ahmad, S. J. Cornell, and D. S. Wilcove. 2010. Wildlife-friendly oil palm plantations fail to protect biodiversity effectively. Conservation Letters 3:236-242.
33. Edwards, D. P., T. H. Larsen, T. D. S. Docherty, F. A. Ansell, W. W. Hsu, M. Derhe, K. C. Hamer, and D. S. Wilcove. 2011b. Degraded lands worth protecting: the biological importance of Southeast Asia's repeatedly logged forests. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 278:82-90.
34. Edwards, D. P., P. Woodcock, F. A. Edwards, T. H. Larsen, W. W. Hsu, S. Benedick, and D. S. Wilcove. 2012c. Reduced-impact logging and biodiversity conservation: a case study from Borneo. Ecological Applications 22:561-571.
35. Egoh, B. N., et al. 2010. Safeguarding biodiversity and ecosystem services in the Little Karoo, South Africa. Conservation Biology 24:1021-1030.
36. Faleiro, F. V., and R. D. Loyola. 2013. Socioeconomic and political trade-offs in biodiversity conservation: a case study of the Cerrado biodiversity hotspot, Brazil. Diversity and Distributions 19:977-987.
37. Feeley, K. J., and M. R. Silman. 2011. Keep collecting: accurate species distribution modelling requires more collections than previously thought. Diversity and Distributions 17:1132-1140.
38. Felton, A., J. Wood, A. M. Felton, B. Hennessey, and D. B. Lindenmayer. 2008. Bird community responses to reduced-impact logging in a certified forestry concession in lowland Bolivia. Biological Conservation 141:545-555.
39. Fiorella, K., A. Cameron, W. Sechrest, R. Winfree, and C. Kremen. 2010. Methodological considerations in reserve system selection: a case study of Malagasy lemurs. Biological Conservation 143:963-973.
40. Fisher, B., D. P. Edwards, X. L. Giam, and D. S. Wilcove. 2011a. The high costs of conserving Southeast Asia's lowland rainforests. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9:329-334.
41. Fisher, B., D. P. Edwards, T. H. Larsen, F. A. Ansell, W. W. Hsu, C. S. Roberts, and D. S. Wilcove. 2011b. Cost-effective conservation: calculating biodiversity and logging trade-offs in Southeast Asia. Conservation Letters 4:443-450.
42. Fisher, B., D. P. Edwards, and D. S. Wilcove. 2014. Logging and conservation: economic impacts of the stocking rates and prices of commercial timber species. Forest Policy and Environment 38:65-71.
43. Fitzherbert, E. B., M. J. Struebig, A. Morel, F. Danielsen, C. A. Brulh, P. F. Donald, and B. Phalan. 2008. How will oil palm expansion affect biodiversity? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23:538-545.
44. Foster, W. A., et al. 2011. Establishing the evidence base for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem function in the oil palm landscapes of South East Asia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 366:3277-3291.
45. Gardner, T. A., et al. 2008. The cost-effectiveness of biodiversity surveys in tropical forests. Ecology Letters 11:139-150.
46. Gardner, T. A., J. Barlow, R. Chazdon, R. M. Ewers, C. A. Harvey, C. A. Peres, and N. S. Sodhi. 2009. Prospects for tropical forest biodiversity in a human-modified world. Ecology Letters 12:561-582.
47. Gaveau, D. L. A., L. M. Curran, G. D. Paoli, K. M. Carlson, P. Wells, A. Besse-Rimba, D. Ratnasari, and N. Leader-Williams. 2012. Examining protected area effectiveness in Sumatra: importance of regulations governing unprotected lands. Conservation Letters 5:142-148.
48. Gaveau, D. L. A., et al. 2013. Reconciling forest conservation and logging in Indonesian Borneo. PLoS ONE 8:e69887.
49. Ghazoul, J. 2002. Impact of logging on the richness and diversity of forest butterflies in a tropical dry forest in Thailand. Biodiversity and Conservation 11:521-541.
50. Gibbs, H. K., A. S. Ruesch, F. Achard, M. K. Clayton, P. Holmgren, N. Ramankutty, and J. A. Foley. 2010. Tropical forests were the primary sources of new agricultural land in the 1980s and 1990s. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 107:16732-16737.
51. Gibson, L., et al. 2011. Primary forests are irreplaceable for sustaining tropical biodiversity. Nature 478:378-381.
52. Gotelli, N. J. 2004. A taxonomic wish-list for community ecology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 359:585-597.
53. Gotelli, N. J., and R. K. Colwell. 2001. Quantifying biodiversity: procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness. Ecology Letters 4:379-391.
54. Hamer, K. C., and J. K. Hill. 2000. Scale-dependent effects of habitat disturbance on species richness in tropical forests. Conservation Biology 14:1435-1440.
55. Hamer, K. C., J. K. Hill, S. Benedick, N. Mustaffa, T. N. Sherratt, M. Maryati, and V. K. Chey. 2003. Ecology of butterflies in natural and selectively logged forests of northern Borneo: the importance of habitat heterogeneity. Journal of Applied Ecology 40:150-162.
56. Hamilton, A. J., Y. Basset, K. K. Benke, P. S. Grimbacher, S. E. Miller, V. Novotny, G. A. Samuelson, N. E. Stork, G. D. Weiblen, and J. D. L. Yen. 2010. Quantifying uncertainty in estimation of tropical arthropod species richness. American Naturalist 176:90-95.
57. Hill, J. K., and K. C. Hamer. 2004. Determining impacts of habitat modification on diversity of tropical forest fauna: the importance of spatial scale. Journal of Applied Ecology 41:744-754.
58. Hoffmann, M., et al. 2010. The impact of conservation on the status of the world's vertebrates. Science 330:1503-1509.
59. Jetz, W., C. H. Sekercioglu, and J. E. M. Watson. 2008. Ecological correlates and conservation implications of overestimating species geographic ranges. Conservation Biology 22:110-119.
60. Ji, Y. Q., et al. 2013. Reliable, verifiable and efficient monitoring of biodiversity via metabarcoding. Ecology Letters 16:1245-1257.
61. Koh, L. P. 2008. Can oil palm plantations be made more hospitable for forest butterflies and birds? Journal of Applied Ecology 45:1002-1009.
62. Kozlowski, G. 2008. Is the global conservation status assessment of a threatened taxon a utopia? Biodiversity and Conservation 17:445-448.
63. Kremen, C., et al. 2008. Aligning conservation priorities across taxa in Madagascar with high-resolution planning tools. Science 320:222-226.
64. Laporte, N. T., J. A. Stabach, R. Grosch, T. S. Lin, and S. J. Goetz. 2007. Expansion of industrial logging in Central Africa. Science 316:1451.
65. Larsen, T. H., and A. Forsyth. 2005. Trap spacing and transect design for dung beetle biodiversity studies. Biotropica 37:322-325.
66. Laurance, W. F., et al. 2011. The fate of Amazonian forest fragments: a 32-year investigation. Biological Conservation 144:56-67.
67. Laurance, W. F., M. Goosem, and S. G. W. Laurance. 2009. Impacts of roads and linear clearings on tropical forests. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 24:659-669.
68. Laurance, W. F., T. E. Lovejoy, H. L. Vasconcelos, E. M. Bruna, R. K. Didham, P. C. Stouffer, C. Gascon, R. O. Bierregaard, S. G. Laurance, and E. Sampaio. 2002. Ecosystem decay of Amazonian forest fragments: a 22-year investigation. Conservation Biology 16:605-618.
69. Laurance, W. F., et al. 2012. Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas. Nature 489:290-294.
70. Lawton, J. H., et al. 1998. Biodiversity inventories, indicator taxa and effects of habitat modification in tropical forest. Nature 391:72-76.
71. Lee-Cruz, L., D. P. Edwards, B. M. Tripathi, and J. M. Adams. 2013. Impact of logging and forest conversion to oil palm plantations on soil bacterial communities in Borneo. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79:7290-7297.
72. Lees, A. C., and C. A. Peres. 2006. Rapid avifaunal collapse along the Amazonian deforestation frontier. Biological Conservation 133:198-211.
73. Lindenmayer, D. B., et al. 2012. A major shift to the retention approach for forestry can help resolve some global forest sustainability issues. Conservation Letters 5:421-431.
74. Lucey, J. M., and J. K. Hill. 2012. Spillover of insects from rain forest into adjacent oil palm plantations. Biotropica 44:368-377.
75. Luskin, M. S., and M. D. Potts. 2011. Microclimate and habitat heterogeneity through the oil palm lifecycle. Basic and Applied Ecology 12:540-551.
76. Magurran, A. E. 2004. Measuring biological diversity. Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK.
77. Marsden, S. J. 1998. Changes in bird abundance following selective logging on Seram, Indonesia. Conservation Biology 12:605-611.
78. Mason, D. 1996. Responses of Venezuelan understory birds to selective logging, enrichment strips, and vine cutting. Biotropica 28:296-309.
79. May, R. M. 2010. Tropical arthropod species, more or less? Science 329:41-42.
80. Moore, J., A. Balmford, T. Allnutt, and N. Burgess. 2004. Integrating costs into conservation planning across Africa. Biological Conservation 117:343-350.
81. Munch, K., W. Boomsma, J. P. Huelsenbeck, E. Willerslev, and R. Nielsen. 2008. Statistical assignment of DNA sequences using Bayesian phylogenetics. Systematic Biology 57:750-757.
82. Naidoo, R., A. Balmford, P. J. Ferraro, S. Polasky, T. H. Ricketts, and M. Rouget. 2006. Integrating economic costs into conservation planning. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21:681-687.
83. Newmark, W. D. 2008. Isolation of African protected areas. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 6:321-328.
84. Oksanen, J., F. G. Blanchet, R. Kindt, P. Legendre, P. R. Minchin, R. B. O'Hara, G. L. Simpson, P. Solymos, M. H. H. Stevens, and H. Wagner. 2013. vegan: community ecology package. Package version 2.0-7. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan
85. Peters, S. L., J. R. Malcolm, and B. L. Zimmerman. 2006. Effects of selective logging on bat communities in the southeastern Amazon. Conservation Biology 20:1410-1421.
86. Pinard, M. A., M. G. Barker, and J. Tay. 2000. Soil disturbance and post-logging forest recovery on bulldozer paths in Sabah, Malaysia. Forest Ecology and Management 130:213-225.
87. Pinard, M. A., and F. E. Putz. 1996. Retaining forest biomass by reducing logging damage. Biotropica 28:278-295.
88. Polasky, S., et al. 2008. Where to put things? Spatial land management to sustain biodiversity and economic returns. Biological Conservation 141:1505-1524.
89. Poulsen, J. R., C. J. Clark, and B. M. Bolker. 2011. Decoupling the effects of logging and hunting on an Afrotropical animal community. Ecological Applications 21:1819-1836.
90. Poulsen, J. R., C. J. Clark, G. Mavah, and P. W. Elkan. 2009. Bushmeat supply and consumption in a tropical logging concession in Northern Congo. Conservation Biology 23:1597-1608.
91. Putz, F. E., G. M. Blate, K. H. Redford, R. Fimbel, and J. Robinson. 2001. Tropical forest management and conservation of biodiversity: an overview. Conservation Biology 15:7-20.
92. Putz, F. E., et al. 2012. Sustaining conservation values in selectively logged tropical forests: the attained and the attainable. Conservation Letters 5:296-303.
93. R Development Core Team. 2012. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.r-project.org/
94. Ramage, B. S., E. C. Marshalek, J. Kitzes, and M. D. Potts. 2013a. Conserving tropical biodiversity via strategic spatiotemporal harvest planning. Journal of Applied Ecology 50:1301-1310.
95. Ramage, B. S., et al. 2013b. Pseudoreplication in tropical forests and the resulting effects on biodiversity conservation. Conservation Biology 27:364-372.
96. Rangel, T. F. L. V. B., J. A. Felizola Diniz-Filho, and L. M. Bini. 2006. Towards an integrated computational tool for spatial analysis in macroecology and biogeography. Global Ecology and Biogeography 15:321-327.
97. Rybicki, J., and I. Hanski. 2013. Species-area relationships and extinctions caused by habitat loss and fragmentation. Ecology Letters 16:27-38.
98. Schulze, C. H., et al. 2004. Biodiversity indicator groups of tropical land-use systems: comparing plants, birds, and insects. Ecological Applications 14:1321-1333.
99. Sloan, S., D. P. Edwards, and W. F. Laurance. 2012. Does Indonesia's REDD+ moratorium on new concessions spare imminently threatened forests? Conservation Letters 5:222-231.
100. Taberlet, P., E. Coissac, F. Pompanon, C. Brochmann, and E. Willerslev. 2012. Towards next-generation biodiversity assessment using DNA metabarcoding. Molecular Ecology 21:2045-2050.
101. Thiollay, J. M. 1992. Influence of selective logging on bird species diversity in a Guianan rain forest. Conservation Biology 6:47-63.
102. Turner, E. C., and W. A. Foster. 2009. The impact of forest conversion to oil palm on arthropod abundance and biomass in Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Ecology 25:23-30.
103. Venables, W. N., and B. D. Ripley. 2002. Modern applied statistics with S. Fourth edition. Springer, New York, New York, USA.
104. Walsh, R. P. D., et al. 2011. Long-term responses of rainforest erosional systems at different spatial scales to selective logging and climatic change. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 366:3340-3353.
105. Wang, Y., U. Naumann, S. T. Wright, and D. I. Warton. 2012. mvabund - an R package for model-based analysis of multivariate abundance data. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 3:471-474.
106. Warton, D. I., S. T. Wright, and Y. Wang. 2012. Distance-based multivariate analyses confound location and dispersion effects. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 3:89-101.
107. Wearn, O. R., D. C. Reuman, and R. M. Ewers. 2012. Extinction debt and windows of conservation opportunity in the Brazilian Amazon. Science 337:228-232.
108. Whitman, A. A., J. M. Hagan, and N. V. L. Brokaw. 1998. Effects of selection logging on birds in northern Belize. Biotropica 30:449-457.
109. Willott, S. J. 1999. The effects of selective logging on the distribution of moths in a Bornean rainforest. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 354:1783-1790.
110. Willott, S. J., D. C. Lim, S. G. Compton, and S. L. Sutton. 2000. Effects of selective logging on the butterflies of a Bornean rainforest. Conservation Biology 14:1055-1065.
111. Wilson, K. A., et al. 2010. Conserving biodiversity in production landscapes. Ecological Applications 20:1721-1732.
112. Wilson, K. A., et al. 2007. Maximising the conservation of the world's biodiversity: what to do, where and when. PLoS Biology 5:e233.
113. Woodcock, P., D. P. Edwards, T. M. Fayle, R. J. Newton, C. V. Khen, S. H. Bottrell, and K. C. Hamer. 2011. The conservation value of South East Asia's highly degraded forests: evidence from leaf-litter ants. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 366:3256-3264.
114. Wunderle, J. M., L. M. P. Henriques, and M. R. Willig. 2006. Short-term responses of birds to reduced-impact logging in a lowland Amazon forest: can reduced-impact methods help to retain avian biodiversity in tropical timber production forests? Journal of Ornithology 147:114-115.
115. Yu, D. W., Y. Ji, B. C. Emerson, X. Wang, C. Ye, C. Yang, and Z. Ding. 2012. Biodiversity soup: metabarcoding of arthropods for rapid biodiversity assessment and biomonitoring. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 3:613-623.