Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy: Biological Mechanisms

Paediatric Respiratory Reviews

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 287-292

  Galland, Barbara C ^a   Elder, Dawn E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Asphyxia; Bed sharing; Infant; SIDS; Sleep position

Indexed keywords

APNEA; ASPHYXIA; BREAST FEEDING; CAUSE OF DEATH; CHILD DEATH; CONGENITAL MALFORMATION; GENETIC DISORDER; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HOMICIDE; HUMAN; INBORN ERROR OF METABOLISM; INFECTION; MATERNAL SMOKING; REVIEW; SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME; AUTOPSY; INFANT; PATHOLOGY; RISK FACTOR; SUDDEN INFANT DEATH;

AUTOPSY; CAUSE OF DEATH; HUMANS; INFANT; RISK FACTORS; SUDDEN INFANT DEATH;

EID: 84918827113     PISSN: 15260542     EISSN: 15260550     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2014.09.003     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. Trachtenberg F.L., Haas E.A., Kinney H.C., Stanley C., Krous H.F. Risk factor changes for sudden infant death syndrome after initiation of Back-to-Sleep campaign. Pediatrics 2012, 129:630-638.
2. Blair P.S., Sidebotham P., Berry P.J., Evans M., Fleming P.J. Major epidemiological changes in sudden infant death syndrome: a 20-year population-based study in the UK. Lancet 2006, 367:314-319.
3. Escott A., Elder D.E., Zuccollo J.M. Sudden unexpected infant death and bedsharing: referrals to the Wellington Coroner 1997-2006. New Zeal Med J 2009, 122:59-68.
4. McDonnell-Naughton M., McGarvey C., O'Regan M., Matthews T. Maternal smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy as risk factors for sudden infant death. Irish Med J 2012, 105:105-108.
5. Thompson J.M., Mitchell E.A. Are the risk factors for SIDS different for preterm and term infants?. Arch Dis Child 2006, 91:107-111.
6. Mitchell E.A. The changing epidemiology of SIDS following the national risk reduction campaigns. Pediatr Pulmonol Suppl 1997, 16:117-119.
7. Malloy M.H., Freeman D.H. Age at death, season, and day of death as indicators of the effect of the back to sleep program on sudden infant death syndrome in the United States, 1992-1999. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004, 158:359-365.
8. Hauck F.R., Herman S.M., Donovan M., Iyasu S., Merrick Moore C., Donoghue E., et al. Sleep environment and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome in an urban population: the Chicago Infant Mortality Study. Pediatrics 2003, 111:1207-1214.
9. Mathews T.J., Menacker F., MacDorman M.F. Infant Mortality Statistics from the 2010 Period Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Set. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2013, 62:8.
10. Australian Insititute of Health and Welfare. 1.2.1 Sudden Infant Death Sydrome - Health Status and Ouctomes. Accessed 8 June, 2014. http://www.aihw.gov.au/.
11. New Zealand Child and Youth Mortality Review Committee. Fifth report to the Minister of Health: Reporting Mortality 2002-2008. 2009. Accessed 8 June, 2014. http://www.hqsc.govt.nz/assets/CYMRC/Publications/cymrc-5th-report-chp1-sudi.pdf.
12. New Zealand Child and Youth Mortality Review Committee. 9th Data Report 2008-2012. Accessed 8 June, 2014. http://www.hqsc.govt.nz/assets/CYMRC/Publications/CYMRC-ninth-data-report-2008-2012.pdf.
13. Hymel K.P. Distinguishing sudden infant death syndrome from child abuse fatalities. Pediatrics 2006, 118:421-427.
14. McDonnell E., Moon R.Y. Infant deaths and injuries associated with wearable blankets, swaddle wraps, and swaddling. J Pediatr 2014, 164:1152-1156.
15. Courts C., Madea B. Genetics of the sudden infant death syndrome. Forens Sci Int 2010, 203:25-33.
16. Wong L.C., Behr E.R. Sudden unexplained death in infants and children: the role of undiagnosed inherited cardiac conditions. Europace 2014, 10.1093/europace/euu037.
17. Bonham J.R., Downing M. Metabolic deficiencies and SIDS. J Clin Pathol 1992, 45:33-38.
18. Wedgwood R.J. Review of USA experience. Sudden and Unexpected Death in Infancy (Cot Deaths) 1972, 28. Wright, Bristol, England. F.E. Camps, R.G. Carpenter (Eds.).
19. Filiano J.J., Kinney H.C. A perspective on neuropathologic findings in victims of the sudden infant death syndrome: the triple-risk model. Biol Neonate 1994, 65:194-197.
20. Kinney H.C., Richerson G.B., Dymecki S.M., Darnall R.A., Nattie E.E. The brainstem and serotonin in the sudden infant death syndrome. Annu Rev Pathol 2009, 4:517-550.
21. Waters K. Serotonin in the sudden infant death syndrome. Drug News Perspect 2010, 23:537-548.
22. Doi A., Ramirez J.M. Neuromodulation and the orchestration of the respiratory rhythm. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2008, 164:96-104.
23. Filonzi L., Magnani C., Marzano F.N. Confirmed association between monoamine oxidase A molecular polymorphisms and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Neurogenetics 2011, 12:91-92.
24. Blackwell C.C., Moscovis S.M., Gordon A.E., Al Madani O.M., Hall S.T., Gleeson M., et al. Cytokine responses and sudden infant death syndrome: genetic, developmental, and environmental risk factors. J Leukoc Biol 2005, 78:1242-1254.
25. Harrison L.M., Morris J.A., Telford D.R., Brown S.M., Jones K. The nasopharyngeal bacterial flora in infancy: effects of age, gender, season, viral upper respiratory tract infection and sleeping position. FEMS Immunol Med Mic. 1999, 25:19-28.
26. Blood-Siegfried J. The role of infection and inflammation in sudden infant death syndrome. Immunopharm Immunot 2009, 31:516-523.
27. Anderson H.R., Cook D.G. Passive smoking and sudden infant death syndrome: review of the epidemiological evidence. Thorax 1997, 52:1003-1009.
28. Zhang K., Wang X. Maternal smoking and increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome: a meta-analysis. Leg Med 2013, 15:115-121.
29. Mitchell E.A., Milerad J. Smoking and the sudden infant death syndrome. Rev Environ Health 2006, 21:81-103.
30. Slotkin T.A., Seidler F.J., Spindel E.R. Prenatal nicotine exposure in rhesus monkeys compromises development of brainstem and cardiac monoamine pathways involved in perinatal adaptation and sudden infant death syndrome: amelioration by vitamin C. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2011, 33:431-434.
31. Cohen G., Roux J.C., Grailhe R., Malcolm G., Changeux J.P., Lagercrantz H. Perinatal exposure to nicotine causes deficits associated with a loss of nicotinic receptor function. P Natl Acad Sci USA 2005, 102:3817-3821.
32. Machaalani R., Say M., Waters K.A. Effects of cigarette smoke exposure on nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits alpha7 and beta2 in the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) brainstem. Toxicol Appl Pharm 2011, 257:396-404.
33. Richardson H.L., Walker A.M., Horne R.S. Maternal smoking impairs arousal patterns in sleeping infants. Sleep 2009, 32:515-521.
34. Lewis K.W., Bosque E.M. Deficient hypoxia awakening response in infants of smoking mothers: possible relationship to sudden infant death syndrome. J Pediatr 1995, 127:691-699.
35. Campbell A.J., Galland B.C., Bolton D.P., Taylor B.J., Sayers R.M., Williams S.M. Ventilatory responses to rebreathing in infants exposed to maternal smoking. Acta Paediatr 2001, 90:793-800.
36. Galland B.C., Taylor B.J., Bolton D.P., Sayers R.M. Respiratory responses to hypoxia/hypercapnia in small for gestational age infants influenced by maternal smoking. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2003, 88:F217-F222.
37. Hauck F.R., Thompson J.M., Tanabe K.O., Moon R.Y., Vennemann M.M. Breastfeeding and reduced risk of sudden infant death syndrome: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2011, 128:103-110.
38. Horne R.S., Parslow P.M., Ferens D., Watts A.M., Adamson T.M. Comparison of evoked arousability in breast and formula fed infants. Arch Dis Child 2004, 89:22-25.
39. Ruys J.H., de Jonge G.A., Brand R., Engelberts A.C., Semmekrot B.A. Bed-sharing in the first four months of life: a risk factor for sudden infant death. Acta Paediatr 2007, 96:1399-1403.
40. Carpenter R.G., Irgens L.M., Blair P.S., England P.D., Fleming P., Huber J., et al. Sudden unexplained infant death in 20 regions in Europe: case control study. Lancet 2004, 363:185-191.
41. Baddock S.A., Galland B.C., Taylor B.J., Bolton D.P. Sleep arrangements and behavior of bed-sharing families in the home setting. Pediatrics 2007, 119:e200-e207.
42. Baddock S.A., Galland B.C., Beckers M.G., Taylor B.J., Bolton D.P. Bed-sharing and the infant's thermal environment in the home setting. Arch Dis Child 2004, 89:1111-1116.
43. Baddock S.A., Galland B.C., Bolton D.P., Williams S.M., Taylor B.J. Hypoxic and hypercapnic events in young infants during bed-sharing. Pediatrics 2012, 130:237-244.
44. Ball H. Airway covering during bed-sharing. Child Care Heal Dev 2009, 35:728-737.
45. Shannon D.C., Kelly D.H., O'Connell K. Abnormal regulation of ventilation in infants at risk for sudden-infant-death syndrome. New Engl J Med 1977, 297:747-750.
46. Smith A.P., Saiki T., Hannam S., Rafferty G.F., Greenough A. The effects of sleeping position on ventilatory responses to carbon dioxide in premature infants. Thorax 2010, 65:824-828.
47. Saiki T., Milner A.D., Hannam S., Rafferty G.F., Peacock J.L., Greenough A. Sleeping position and responses to a carbon dioxide challenge in convalescent prematurely born infants studied post-term. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2014, 10.1136/archdischild-2013-305586.
48. Galland B.C., Bolton D.P., Taylor B.J., Sayers R.M., Williams S.M. Ventilatory sensitivity to mild asphyxia: prone versus supine sleep position. Arch Dis Child 2000, 83:423-428.
49. Katz-Salamon M., Milerad J. The divergent ventilatory and heart rate response to moderate hypercapnia in infants with apnoea of infancy. Arch Dis Child 1998, 79:231-236.
50. Sovik S., Lossius K., Walloe L. Heart rate response to transient chemoreceptor stimulation in term infants is modified by exposure to maternal smoking. Pediatr Res 2001, 49:558-565.
51. Cohen G., Katz-Salamon M., Malcolm G. A key circulatory defence against asphyxia in infancy-the heart of the matter!. J Physiol 2012, 590:6157-6165.
52. Schechtman V.L., Harper R.M., Kluge K.A., Wilson A.J., Hoffman H.J., Southall D.P. Cardiac and respiratory patterns in normal infants and victims of the sudden infant death syndrome. Sleep 1988, 11:413-424.
53. Galland B.C., Reeves G., Taylor B.J., Bolton D.P. Sleep position, autonomic function, and arousal. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1998, 78:F189-F194.
54. Franco P., Pardou A., Hassid S., Lurquin P., Groswasser J., Kahn A. Auditory arousal thresholds are higher when infants sleep in the prone position. J Pediatr 1998, 132:240-243.
55. Galland B.C., Hayman R.M., Taylor B.J., Bolton D.P., Sayers R.M., Williams S.M. Factors affecting heart rate variability and heart rate responses to tilting in infants aged 1 and 3 months. Pediatr Res 2000, 48:360-368.
56. Galland B.C., Taylor B.J., Bolton D.P., Sayers R.M. Vasoconstriction following spontaneous sighs and head-up tilts in infants sleeping prone and supine. Early Hum Dev 2000, 58:119-132.
57. Horne R.S., Ferens D., Watts A.M., Vitkovic J., Lacey B., Andrew S., et al. The prone sleeping position impairs arousability in term infants. J Pediatr 2001, 138:811-816.
58. Bolton D.P., Nelson E.A., Taylor B.J., Weatherall I.L. Thermal balance in infants. J Appl Physiol 1985, 80:2234-2242.
59. Nelson E.A., Taylor B.J., Weatherall I.L. Sleeping position and infant bedding may predispose to hyperthermia and the sudden infant death syndrome. Lancet 1989, 1:199-201.
60. Skadberg B.T., Markestad T. Behaviour and physiological responses during prone and supine sleep in early infancy. Arch Dis Child 1997, 76:320-324.
61. Fox G.P., Matthews T.G. Autonomic dysfunction at different ambient temperatures in infants at risk of sudden infant death syndrome. Lancet 1989, 2:1065-1067.
62. Brown P.J., Dove R.A., Tuffnell C.S., Ford R.P. Oscillations of body temperature at night. Arch Dis Child 1992, 67:1255-1258.
63. Franco P., Lipshutz W., Valente F., Adams S., Scaillet S., Kahn A. Decreased arousals in infants who sleep with the face covered by bedclothes. Pediatrics 2002, 109:1112-1117.
64. Haraguchi S., Fung R.Q., Sasaki C.T. Effect of hyperthermia on the laryngeal closure reflex. Implications in the sudden infant death syndrome. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1983, 92:24-28.
65. Chiu M., Elder D., Zuccollo J. Gliosis in neonatal SUDI cases. Acta Paediatr 2012, 101:30-33.
66. Carroll-Pankhurst C., Mortimer E.A. Sudden infant death syndrome, bedsharing, parental weight, and age at death. Pediatrics 2001, 107:530-536.
67. Carpenter R., McGarvey C., Mitchell E.A., Tappin D.M., Vennemann M.M., Smuk M., et al. Bed sharing when parents do not smoke: is there a risk of SIDS? An individual level analysis of five major case-control studies. BMJ Open 2013, 3. 2012-02299.
68. Mitchell E.A., Thach B.T., Thompson J.M., Williams S. Changing infants' sleep position increases risk of sudden infant death syndrome. New Zealand Cot Death Study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999, 153:1136-1141.
69. Horne R.S., Witcombe N.B., Yiallourou S.R., Scaillet S., Thiriez G., Franco P. Cardiovascular control during sleep in infants: Implications for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Sleep Med 2010, 11:615-621.
70. Kahn A., Groswasser J., Rebuffat E., Sottiaux M., Blum D., Foerster M., et al. Sleep and cardiorespiratory characteristics of infant victims of sudden death: a prospective case-control study. Sleep 1992, 15:287-292.
71. Kato I., Groswasser J., Franco P., Scaillet S., Kelmanson I., Togari H., et al. Developmental characteristics of apnea in infants who succumb to sudden infant death syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 164:1464-1469.
72. Franco P., Szliwowski H., Dramaix M., Kahn A. Decreased autonomic responses to obstructive sleep events in future victims of sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatr Res 1999, 46:33-39.
73. Elder D.E., Russell L., Sheppard D., Purdie G.L., Campbell A.J. Car seat test for preterm infants: comparison with polysomnography. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2007, 92:F468-F472.
74. Freyne B., Hamilton K., Mc Garvey C., Shannon B., Matthews T.G., Nicholson A.J. Sudden unexpected death study underlines risks of infants sleeping in sitting devices. Acta Paediatr 2014, 103:e130-e132.
75. McIntosh C.G., Tonkin S.L., Gunn A.J. What is the mechanism of sudden infant deaths associated with co-sleeping?. New Zeal Med J 2009, 122:69-75.
76. Guilleminault C., Heldt G., Powell N., Riley R. Small upper airway in near-miss sudden infant death syndrome infants and their families. Lancet 1986, 1:402-407.
77. Marom T., Cinamon U., Castellanos P.F., Cohen M.C. Otolaryngological aspects of sudden infant death syndrome. Int J Pediatr Otorhi 2012, 76:311-318.