Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Syria: Clinical Features, Current Status and the Effects of War

Acta Dermato-Venereologica

Volumn 95, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 62-66

  Hayani, Kinan ^a,b   Dandashli, Anwar ^b,c   Weisshaar, Elke ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ALEPPO   (Syrian Arab Republic)

^c Saudi German Hospital ^*  (United Arab Emirates)

Author keywords

Aleppo boil; Imported skin disease; Leishmaniasis; Meglumine antimonate; Old world cutaneous leishmaniasis; Slit skin smear; Tropical dermatology

Indexed keywords

ANTIPARASITIC AGENT;

ADOLESCENT; CASE REPORT; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; FEMALE; HISTORY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS; MALE; PARASITOLOGY; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PREVALENCE; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTOR; SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC; TIME; TRANSMISSION; WAR; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ANTIPARASITIC AGENTS; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; FEMALE; HISTORY, 18TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS; MALE; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PREVALENCE; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS; SYRIA; TIME FACTORS; WAR; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84918812178     PISSN: 00015555     EISSN: 16512057     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2340/00015555-1988     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Alvar J, Vélez ID, Bern C, Herrero M, Desjeux P, Cano J. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e35671.
2. World Health Organization. Control of the leishmaniasis. World Health Organization Technical Report Series, 2010; (949): xii-xiii, 1-186, back cover.
3. Desjeux P. Worldwide increasing risk factors for leishmaniasis. Med Microbiol Immunol 2001; 190: 77-79.
4. Desjeux P. The increase in risk factors for leishmaniasis worldwide. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2001; 95: 239-243.
5. Monge-Maillo B, López-Vélez R. Therapeutic options for old world cutaneous leishmaniasis and new world cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Drugs 2013; 73: 1889-1920.
6. Elgood C. The early history of the Baghdad boil. J Roy Asia Soc 1934; 66: 519-533.
7. The Natural History of Aleppo; London: A. Millar. ISBN 10: 1230350187; 1756; p. 262-266.
8. Desjeux P. Information on the Epidemiology and Control of the Leishmaniases by Country or Territory. Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1992; p. 29.
9. Ashford RW, Rioux JA, Jalouk L, Khiami A, Dye C. Evidence for a long-term increase in the incidence of Leishmania tropica in Aleppo, Syria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1993; 87: 247-249.
10. Tayeh A, Lama J, Cairncross S. Twenty years of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Aleppo, Syria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1997; 91: 657-659.
11. Annonymous, WHO Working to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases. First WHO report on neglected tropical diseases, 2010: p. 91-96.
12. Al-Nahhas S, Shabaan M, Hammoud L, Al-Taweel A, Al- Jorf S. Visceral leishmaniasis in the Syrian Arab Republic: early detection using rK39. East Mediterr Health J 2003; 9: 856-862.
13. National reports for the Ministry of Health, Syrian Arab Republic. (2012, 2013) http://www.moh.gov.sy.
14. Belazzoug S, Pratlong F, Rioux JA. Un nouveau zymodeme de Leishmania tropica, agent du Bouton d'Alep (Syrie). Archives de l'lnstitut Pasteur, Algérie, 1988, 56: 95-99.
15. Khiami A, Dereure J, Pratlong F, Martini A, Rioux JA. La leishmaniose cutane humaine à Leishmania major MON- 26 aux environs de Damas (Syrie). Bull Soc Exp Pathol 1991; 84: 340-344.
16. Rioux JA, Lanotte G. Leishmania infantum as a cause of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1990; 84: 898.
17. Knio KN, Baydoun E, Tawk R, Nuwayri-Salti N. Isoenzyme characterization of Leishmania isolates from Lebanon and Syria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000; 63: 43-47.
18. Adler S, Theodor O. The distribution of sandflies of the erected-haired group in relation to oriental sore. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1929; 23: 269-302.
19. von Stebut E, Schleicher U, Bogdan C. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis as travelers' disease. Clinical presentation, diagnostics and therapy. Hautarzt 2012; 63: 233-246.
20. Pratlong F, Dereure J, Ravel C, Lami P, Balard Y, Serres G. Geographical distribution and epidemiological features of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis foci, based on the isoenzyme analysis of 1048 strains. Trop Med Int Health 2009; 14: 1071-1085.
21. Yanik M, Gurel MS, Simsek Z, Kati M. The psychological impact of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2004; 29: 464-467.
22. Raja KM, Khan AA, Hameed A, Rahman SB. Unusual clinical variants of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Pakistan. Br J Dermatol 1998; 139: 111-113.
23. Hayani K, Dandashli A, Weisshaar E. Außergewöhnliche klinische Manifestationen der kutanen Leishmaniasis. Hautarzt 2014; 65: 889-894.
24. Blum J, Hatz C, Junghans T. The therapy of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1994; 119: 1169-1172.
25. Bailey MS, Green AD, Ellis CJ, O'Dempsey TJ, Beeching NJ, Lockwood DN. Clinical guidelines for the management of cutaneous leishmaniasis in British military personnel. J R Army Med Corps 2005; 151: 73-80.
26. Khatami A, Firooz A, Gorouhi F, Dowlati Y. Treatment of acute Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis: a systematic review of the randomized controlled trials. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 57: 335. e1-29.
27. WHO warns of increased risk of disease epidemics in Syria and in neighbouring countries as summer approaches, 2013 3rd June. http://www.emro.who.int/press-releases/2013/ disease-epidemics-syria.html).
28. Remme JH, Blas E, Chitsulo L, Desjeux PM, Engers HD, Kanyok TP, et al. Strategic emphases for tropical diseases research: a TDR perspective. Trends Parasitol 2002; 18: 421-426.
29. Abazid N, Jones C, Davies CR. Knowledge, attitudes and practices about leishmaniasis among cutaneous leishmaniasis patients in Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic. East Mediterr Health J 2012; 18: 7-14.
30. Desjeux P. Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 27: 305-318.