Experimental decoupling of canopy opening and debris addition on tropical gastropod populations and communities

Forest Ecology and Management

Volumn 332, Issue , 2014, Pages 103-117

  Willig, Michael R ^a   Bloch, Christopher P ^b   Presley, Steven J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

^b BRIDGEWATER STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Disturbance; Hurricane; Luquillo Mountains; Moisture; Snails; Temperature

Indexed keywords

ANIMALS; BIODIVERSITY; CLIMATE CHANGE; DEBRIS; DEPOSITION; ECOSYSTEMS; HURRICANES; MOISTURE; MOLLUSCS; TEMPERATURE;

BIOGEOCHEMICAL DYNAMICS; DISTURBANCE; LEVEL CHARACTERISTIC; LUQUILLO MOUNTAINS; SNAILS; SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATION; SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIATION; TREATMENT COMBINATIONS;

FORESTRY;

CLIMATE CHANGE; DISTURBANCE; EDGE EFFECT; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; FOREST CANOPY; RECRUITMENT (POPULATION DYNAMICS); SNAIL; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS; SPECIES DIVERSITY; SPECIES RICHNESS;

BIOLOGICAL POPULATIONS; FOREST CANOPY; MOISTURE; TEMPERATURE;

LUQUILLO EXPERIMENTAL FOREST; LUQUILLO MOUNTAINS; PUERTO RICO;

ALCADIA STRIATA; GASTROPODA; POLYDONTES; TRIDENS;

EID: 84918770706     PISSN: 03781127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.01.036     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. Alvarez J., Willig M.R. Effects of treefall gaps on the density of land snails in the Luquillo Experimental Forest of Puerto Rico. Biotropica 1993, 25:100-110.
2. Barker G.M., Mayhill P.C. Patterns of diversity and habitat relationships in terrestrial mollusc communities of the Pukeamaru ecological district, northeastern New Zealand. J. Biogeogr. 1999, 26:215-238.
3. Bellingham P.J., Tanner E.V.J., Healey J.R. Damage and responsiveness of Jamaican montane tree species after disturbance by a hurricane. Ecology 1995, 76:2562-2580.
4. Bloch C.P., Willig M.R. Context-dependence of long-term responses of terrestrial gastropod populations to large-scale disturbance. J. Trop. Ecol. 2006, 22:111-122.
5. Bloch C.P., Higgins C.L., Willig M.R. Effects of large-scale disturbance on metacommunity structure of terrestrial gastropods: temporal trends in nestedness. Oikos 2007, 116:395-406.
6. Boucher D.H., Vandermeer J.H., Mallona M.A., Zamora N., Perfecto I. Resistance and resilience in a directly regenerating rainforest: Nicaraguan trees of the Vochysiaceae after Hurricane Joan. For. Ecol. Manage. 1994, 68:127-136.
7. Brokaw N.V.L., Greer J.S. Forest structure before and after Hurricane Hugo at three elevations in the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico. Biotropica 1991, 23:386-392.
8. Brokaw N., Fraver S., Grear J.S., Thompson J., Zimmerman J.K., Waide R.B., Everham E.M., Hubbell S.P., Foster R.B. Disturbance and canopy structure in two tropical forests. Tropical Forest Diversity and Dynamism: Findings from a Large-Scale Plot Network 2004, 177-194. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. E. Losos, E. Leigh (Eds.).
9. Brokaw N., Zimmerman J.K., Willig M.R., Camilo G.R., Covich A.P., Crowl T.A., Fetcher N., Haines B.L., Lodge D.J., Lugo A.E., Myster R.W., Pringle C.M., Sharpe J.M., Scatena F.N., Schowalter T.D., Silver W.L., Thompson J., Vogt D.J., Vogt K.A., Waide R.B., Walker L.R., Woolbright L.L., Wunderle J.M., Zou X. Response to disturbance. A Caribbean Forest Tapestry: The Multidimensional Nature of Disturbance and Response 2012, 201-271. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. N. Brokaw, T.A. Crowl, A.E. Lugo, W.H. McDowell, F.N. Scatena, R.B. Waide, M.R. Willig (Eds.).
10. A Caribbean Forest Tapestry: The Multidimensional Nature of Disturbance and Response 2012, Oxford University Press, New York, NY. N. Brokaw, T.A. Crowl, A.E. Lugo, W.H. McDowell, F.N. Scatena, R.B. Waide, M.R. Willig (Eds.).
11. Brown, S., Lugo, A.E., Silander, S. Liegel, L., 1983. Research history and opportunities in the Luquillo Experimental Forest. General Technical Report SO-44, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA.
12. Cameron R.A.D., Pokryszko B.M. Estimating the species richness and composition of land mollusc communities: problems, consequences and practical advice. J. Conchol. 2005, 38:529-547.
13. Cantrell S.A., Molina M., Lodge D.J., Rivera F.A., Ortiz, M, Agues Marchettii A., Cyterski M., Pérez-Jiménez J.R. Effects of simulated hurricane disturbance on forest floor microbial communities. For. Ecol. Manage. 2014, 332:22-31.
14. Cary, J.F., Jr., 1992. Habitat selection, home range, and population dynamics of Caracolus caracolla in the Luquillo Experimental Forest of Puerto Rico. Unpublished MS Thesis, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX.
15. Cook A. Behavioural ecology: on doing the right thing, in the right place at the right time. The Biology of Terrestrial Mollusks. CAB International 2001, 447-487. Oxford University Press, Cary, NC. G.M. Barker (Ed.).
16. Crow T.R. A rainforest chronicle: a 30-year record of change in structure and composition at El Verde, Puerto Rico. Biotropica 1980, 12:42-55.
17. Everham E.M., Brokaw N.V.L. Forest damage and recovery from catastrophic wind. Bot. Rev. 1996, 62:113-185.
18. Ewel, J.J., Whitmore, J.L., 1973. The ecological life zones of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. USDA Forest Service Research Paper ITF-18. Institute of Tropical Forestry, Río Piedras, PR.
19. Fernández D.S., Fetcher N. Changes in light availability following Hurricane Hugo in a subtropical montane forest in Puerto Rico. Biotropica 1991, 23:393-399.
20. Frangi J.L., Lugo A.E. Hurricane damage to a flood plain forest in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. Biotropica 1991, 23:324-335.
21. Franklin J.F. The biosphere reserve program in the United States. Science 1977, 195:262-267.
22. Gallopín G.C. Linkages between vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity. Global Environ. Change 2006, 16:293-303.
23. Gannon M.R., Willig M.R. Island in the storm. Island Bats: Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation 2009, 281-301. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. T. Fleming, P. Racey (Eds.).
24. Garrison R.W., Willig M.R. Invertebrates. The Food Web of a Tropical Rain Forest 1996, 183-245. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. D.P. Reagan, R.B. Waide (Eds.).
25. Gregory F.A., Sabat A.M. The effect of hurricane disturbance on the fecundity of sierra palms (Prestoea montana). Bios 1996, 67:135-139.
26. Grove S.J., Turton S.M., Siegenthaler D.T. Mosaics of canopy openness induced by tropical cyclones in lowland rain forests with contrasting management histories in northeastern Australia. J. Trop. Ecol. 2000, 16:883-894.
27. Hairston N.G. Ecological Experiments: Purpose, Design, and Execution 1989, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.
28. Heatwole H., Heatwole A. Ecology of the Puerto Rican camaenid tree-snails. Malacologia 1978, 17:241-315.
29. Hobbie J.E., Carpenter S.R., Grim N.B., Grosz J.R., Seastedt T.R. The US long term ecological research program. BioScience 2003, 53:21-32.
30. Holling C.S. Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1973, 4:1-23.
31. Holt R.D. Making virtue out of necessity: hurricanes and the resilience of community organization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103:2005-2006.
32. Jost L. Entropy and diversity. Oikos 2006, 113:363-375.
33. Knutson T.R., Sirutis J.J., Garner S.T., Vecchi G.A., Held I.M. Simulated reduction in Atlantic hurricane frequency under twenty-first-century warming conditions. Nat. Geosci. 2008, 1:359-364.
34. Laird N.M., Ware J.H. Random-effects models for longitudinal data. Biometrics 1982, 38:963-974.
35. Landsea C.W., Pielke R.A., Mestas-Nunez A.M., Knaff J.A. Atlantic Basin hurricanes: indices of climatic changes. Clim. Change 1999, 42:89-129.
36. Lawrence W.T. Plants: the food base. The Food Web of a Tropical Rain Forest 1996, 18-51. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. D.P. Reagan, R.B. Waide (Eds.).
37. Liew T.-S., Schilthuizen M., bin Lakim M. The determinants of land snail diversity along a tropical elevational gradient: insularity, geometry and niches. J. Biogeogr. 2010, 37:1071-1078.
38. Lodge D.J. Microorganisms. The Food Web of a Tropical Rain Forest 1996, 53-108. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. D.P. Reagan, R.B. Waide (Eds.).
39. Lodge D.J., McDowell W.H., McSwiney C.P. The importance of nutrient pulses in tropical forests. Trends Ecol. Evol. 1994, 9:384-387.
40. Lodge D.J., Cantrell S.A., González G. Effects of canopy opening and debris deposition on fungal connectivity, phosphorus movement between litter cohorts and mass loss. For. Ecol. Manage. 2014, 332:11-21.
41. Lomascolo T., Aide T.M. Seed and seedling bank dynamics in secondary forests following Hurricane Georges in Puerto Rico. Caribb. J. Sci. 2001, 37:259-270.
42. Lopez R.R., Silvy N.J., Labisky R.F., Frank P.A. Hurricane impacts on Key deer in the Florida Keys. J. Wildl. Manage. 2003, 67:280-288.
43. Lydeard C., Cowie R.H., Ponder W.F., Bogan A.E., Bouchet P., Clark S.A., Cummings K.S., Frest T.J., Gargominy O., Herbert D.G., Hershler R., Perez K.E., Roth B., Seddon M., Strong E.E., Thompson F.G. The global decline of nonmarine mollusks. BioScience 2004, 54:321-330.
44. Maurer B.A. Untangling Ecological Complexity: The Macroscopic Perspective 1999, Chicago University Press, San Diego, CA.
45. McDowell, W.H., Estrada-Pinto, A., 1988. Rainfall at the El Verde Field Station. 1964-1986. CEER T-228. Center for Energy and Environment Research, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR.
46. McDowell W.H., Scatena F.N., Waide R.B., Brokaw N., Camilo G.R., Covich A.P., Crowl T.A., Gonzalez G., Greathouse E.A., Klawinski P., Lodge D.J., Lugo A.E., Pringle C.M., Richardson B.A., Richardson M.J., Schafer D.A., Silver W.L., Thompson J., Vogt D.J., Vogt K.A., Willig M.R., Woolbright L.L., Zou X., Zimmerman J.K. Geographic and ecological setting of the Luquillo Mountains. A Caribbean Forest Tapestry: The Multidimensional Nature of Disturbance and Response 2012, 72-163. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. N. Brokaw, T.A. Crowl, A.E. Lugo, W.H. McDowell, F.N. Scatena, R.B. Waide, M.R. Willig (Eds.).
47. Miller R.M., Lodge D.J. Fungal responses to disturbance - agriculture and forestry. Environmental and Microbial Relationships 1997, vol. V:65-84. Springer, New York, NY. K. Esser, P.A. Lemke, D.T. Wicklow (Eds.).
48. Nekola J.C. Geographic variation in richness and shell size of eastern North American land snail communities. Rec. West. Aust. Mus. 2005, 68:39-51.
49. A Tropical Rain Forest. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission 1970, Division of Technical Information, Oak Ridge, TN. H.T. Odum, R.F. Pigeon (Eds.).
50. Ostertag R., Scatena F.N., Silver W.L. Forest floor decomposition following hurricane litter inputs in several Puerto Rican forests. Ecosystems 2003, 6:261-273.
51. Ostertag R., Silver W.L., Lugo A.E. Factors affecting mortality and resistance to damage following hurricanes in a rehabilitated subtropical moist forest. Biotropica 2005, 37:16-24.
52. Peters D.P.C., Havstad K.M. Nonlinear dynamics in arid and semi-arid systems: interactions among drivers and processes across scales. J. Arid Environ. 2006, 65:196-206.
53. Peters D.P.C., Bestelmeyer B.T., Turner M.G. Cross-scale interactions and changing pattern-process relationships: consequences for system dynamics. Ecosystems 2006, 10:790-796.
54. Pickett S.T.A., White P.S. The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics 1985, Academic Press Inc., San Diego, CA.
55. Pickett S.T.A., Kolasa J., Armesto J.J., Collins S.L. The ecological concept of disturbance and its expression at various hierarchical levels. Oikos 1989, 54:129-136.
56. Pinheiro J.C., Bates D.M. Unconstrained parameterizations for variance-covariance matrices. Stat. Comput. 1996, 6:289-296.
57. Pinheiro J.C., Bates D.M. Mixed-Effects Models in S and S-PLUS 2000, Springer, New York, NY.
58. Presley S.J., Willig M.R., Bloch C.P., Castro-Arellano I., Higgins C.L., Klingbeil B.T. A complex metacommunity structure for gastropods along an elevational gradient. Biotropica 2011, 43:480-488.
59. The Food Web of a Tropical Rain Forest 1996, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. D.P. Reagan, R.B. Waide (Eds.).
60. Resetarits W.J., Bernardo J. Experimental Ecology: Issues and Perspectives 1998, Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
61. Rice M.D., Lockaby B.G., Stanturf J.A., Keeland B.D. Woody debris decomposition in the Atchafalaya River Basin of Louisiana following hurricane disturbance. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1996, 61:1264-1274.
62. Richardson B.A., Richardson M.J., Soto-Adames F.N. Separating the effects of forest type and elevation on the diversity of litter invertebrate communities in a humid tropical forest in Puerto Rico. J. Anim. Ecol. 2005, 74:926-936.
63. Richardson B.A., Richardson M.J., Gonzalez G., Shiels A.B., Srivastava D.S. A canopy trimming experiment in Puerto Rico: the response of litter invertebrate communities to canopy loss and debris deposition in a tropical forest subject to hurricanes. Ecosystems 2010, 13:286-301.
64. Russell-Hunter W.D. Overview: planetary distribution of and ecological constraints upon the Mollusca. Ecology 1983, vol. 6:1-27. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. W.D. Russell-Hunter (Ed.).
65. Scatena F.N., Silver W.L., Siccama T.G., Johnson A.H., Sanchez M.J. Biomass and nutrient content of the Bisley Experimental Watersheds, Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico, before and after Hurricane Hugo, 1989. Biotropica 1993, 25:15-27.
66. Scatena F.N., Moya S., Estrada C., Chinea J.D. The first five years in the reorganization of aboveground biomass and nutrient use following Hurricane Hugo in the Bisley Experimental Watersheds, Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. Biotropica 1996, 28:424-440.
67. Scatena F.N., Blanco J.F., Beard K.H., Waide R.B., Lugo A.E., Brokaw N., Silver W.L., Haines B.L., Zimmerman J.K. Disturbance regime. A Caribbean Forest Tapestry: The Multidimensional Nature of Disturbance and Response 2012, 164-200. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. N. Brokaw, T.A. Crowl, A.E. Lugo, W.H. McDowell, F.N. Scatena, R.B. Waide, M.R. Willig (Eds.).
68. Schilthuizen M., Rutjes H.A. Land snail diversity in a square kilometre of tropical rainforest in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. J. Molluscan Stud. 2001, 67:417-423.
69. Schoener T.W., Spiller D.A. Nonsynchronous recovery of community characteristics in island spiders after a catastrophic hurricane. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103:2220-2225.
70. Schoener T.W., Spiller D.A., Losos J.B. Variable ecological effects of hurricanes: the importance of seasonal timing for survival of lizards on Bahamian islands. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101:177-181.
71. Secrest M.F., Willig M.R., Peppers L.L. The legacy of disturbance on habitat associations of terrestrial snails in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. Biotropica 1996, 28:502-514.
72. Shiels A.B., González G. Understanding the key mechanisms of tropical forest responses to canopy loss and biomass deposition from experimental hurricane effects. For. Ecol. Manage. 2014, 332:1-10.
73. Shiels A.B., Zimmerman J.K., Garcia-Montiel D.C., Jonckheere I., Holm J., Horton D., Brokaw N. Plant responses to simulated hurricane impacts in a subtropical wet forest, Puerto Rico. J. Ecol. 2010, 98:659-673.
74. Silver W.L., Vogt K.A. Fine root dynamics following single and multiple disturbances in a subtropical wet forest ecosystem. J. Ecol. 1993, 81:729-738.
75. Silver W.L., Scatena F.N., Johnson A.H., Siccama T.G., Watt F. At what temporal scales does disturbance affect belowground nutrient pools?. Biotropica 1996, 28:441-457.
76. Sokal R.R., Rohlf F.J. Biometry: The Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research 1995, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, NY. Third Edition.
77. Stanisic J., Cameron R.A.D., Pokryszko B.M., Nekola J.C. Forest snail faunas from S.E. Queensland and N.E. New South Wales (Australia): patterns of local and regional richness and differentiation. Malacologia 2007, 49:445-462.
78. Stevens R.D., Willig M.R. Geographical ecology at the community level: perspectives on the diversity of New World bats. Ecology 2002, 83:545-560.
79. Tattersfield P. Local patterns of land-snail diversity in a Kenyan rain forest. Malacologia 1996, 38:161-180.
80. Vance-Chalcraft H.D., Willig M.R., Cox S.B., Lugo A.E., Scatena F.E. Relationship between aboveground biomass and multiple measures of biodiversity in a subtropical forest of Puerto Rico. Biotropica 2010, 42:290-299.
81. Vandermeer J., Granzow de la Cerda I., Perfecto I., Boucher D., Ruiz J., Kaufmann A. Multiple basins of attraction in a tropical forest: evidence for nonequilibrium community structure. Ecology 2004, 85:575-579.
82. Villéger S., Ramos Miranda J., Flores Hernandez D., Mouillot D. Low functional β-diversity despite high taxonomic β-diversity among tropical estuarine fish communities. PloS ONE 2012, 7:e40679.
83. Waide R.B. The effect of Hurricane Hugo on bird populations in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. Biotropica 1991, 23:475-480.
84. Waide R.B., Lugo A.E. A research perspective on disturbance and recovery of a tropical montane forest. Tropical Forests in Transition 1992, 173-190. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland. J.G. Goldhammer (Ed.).
85. Waide R.B., Willig M.R. Conceptual overview: Disturbance, gradients, and ecological response. A Caribbean Forest Tapestry: The Multidimensional Nature of Disturbance and Response 2012, 42-71. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. N. Brokaw, T.A. Crowl, A.E. Lugo, W.H. McDowell, F.N. Scatena, R.B. Waide, M.R. Willig (Eds.).
86. Walker L.R., Brokaw N.V.L., Lodge D.J., Waide R.B. Ecosystem, plant, and animal responses to hurricanes in the Caribbean. Biotropica (Special Issue) 1991, 23:313-521.
87. Walker L.R., Silver W.L., Willig M.R., Zimmerman J.K. Long term responses of Caribbean ecosystems to disturbance. Biotropica (Special Issue) 1996, 28:414-613.
88. Walker L.R., Zimmerman J.K., Lodge D.J., Guzmán-Grajales S. An elevational comparison of growth and species composition in hurricane-damaged forests in Puerto Rico. J. Ecol. 1996, 84:877-889.
89. Weaver P.L. Growth and age of Cyrilla racemiflora L. in montane forests of Puerto Rico. Interciencia 1986, 11:221-228.
90. Weaver P.L. A chronology of hurricane induced changes in Puerto Rico's lower montane rain forest. Interciencia 2002, 27:252-258.
91. Webster P.J., Holland G.J., Curry J.A., Chang H.R. Changes in tropical cyclone number, duration, and intensity in a warming environment. Science 2005, 309:1844-1846.
92. Whigham D.F., Olmsted I., Cabrera Cano E., Harmon M.E. The impact of Hurricane Gilbert on trees, litterfall, and woody debris in a dry tropical forest in the northeastern Yucatan Peninsula. Biotropica 1991, 23:434-441.
93. Willig M.R., Camilo G.R. The response of six invertebrate species to Hurricane Hugo. Biotropica 1991, 23:455-461.
94. Willig M.R., Walker L.R. Disturbance in terrestrial ecosystems: salient themes, synthesis, and future directions. Ecosystems of Disturbed Ground 1999, 747-767. Elsevier Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. L. Walker (Ed.).
95. Willig M.R., Moorhead D.L., Cox S.B., Zak J.C. Functional diversity of soil bacterial communities in the tabonuco forest: interaction of anthropogenic and natural disturbance. Biotropica 1996, 28:471-483.
96. Willig M.R., Secrest M.F., Cox S.B., Camilo C.R., Cary J.F., Alvarez J., Gannon M.R. Long-term monitoring of snails in the Luquillo Experimental Forest of Puerto Rico: heterogeneity, scale, disturbance, and recovery. Forest Biodiversity in North, Central, and South America and the Caribbean: Research and Monitoring 1998, 293-322. Parthenon Press, Cranforth, Lancashire, United Kingdom. F. Dallmeier, J. Comisky (Eds.).
97. Willig M.R., Bloch C.P., Brokaw N., Higgins C., Thompson J., Zimmermann C.R. Cross-scale responses of biodiversity to hurricane and anthropogenic disturbance in a tropical forest. Ecosystems 2007, 10:824-838.
98. Willig M.R., Presley S.J., Bloch C.P. Long-term dynamics of tropical walking sticks in response to multiple large-scale and intense disturbances. Oecologia 2010, 165:357-368.
99. Willig M.R., Bloch C.P., Covich A.P., Hall C.A.S., Lodge D.J., Lugo A.E., Silver W.L., Waide R.B., Walker L.R., Zimmerman J.K. Long-term research in the Luquillo Mountains: synthesis and foundations for the future. A Caribbean Forest Tapestry: The Multidimensional Nature of Disturbance and Response 2011, 361-441. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. N. Brokaw, T.A. Crowl, A.E. Lugo, W.H. McDowell, F.N. Scatena, R.B. Waide, M.R. Willig (Eds.).
100. Willig M.R., Presley S.J., Bloch C.P., Castro-Arellano I., Cisneros L.M., Higgins C.L., Klingbeil B.T. Tropical metacommunities and elevational gradients: disentangling effects of forest type from other elevational factors. Oikos 2011, 120:1497-1508.
101. Willig, M.R., Presley, S.J., Bloch, C.P., Alvarez, J., 2013. Population, community, and metacommunity dynamics of terrestrial gastropods in the Luquillo Mountains: a gradient perspective. In: González, G., Willig, M.R., Waide, R.B. (Eds.), Ecological Gradient Analyses in a Tropical Landscape. Ecological Bulletins 54, 117-140.
102. Wilsey B.J., Chalcraft D.R., Bowles C.M., Willig M.R. Relationships among indices suggest that richness is an incomplete surrogate for grassland biodiversity. Ecology 2005, 86:1178-1184.
103. Wronski T., Hausdorf B. Diversity and body-size patterns of land snails in rain forests of Uganda. J. Molluscan Stud. 2010, 76:87-100.
104. Wunderle J.M. Responses of bird populations in a Puerto Rican forest to Hurricane Hugo: the first 18 months. Condor 1995, 97:879-896.
105. Wunderle J.M., Lodge D.J., Waide R.B. Short-term effects of Hurricane Gilbert on terrestrial bird populations on Jamaica. Auk 1992, 109:148-166.
106. Zimmerman J.K., Everham E.M., Waide R.B., Lodge D.J., Taylor C.M., Brokaw N.V.L. Responses of tree species to hurricane winds in subtropical wet forest in Puerto Rico: implications for tropical tree life histories. J. Ecol. 1994, 82:911-922.
107. Zimmerman J.K., Pulliam W.M., Lodge D.J., Quiñones-Orfila V., Fetcher N., Guzman-Grajales S., Parrotta J.A., Asbury C.E., Walker L.R., Waide R.B. Nitrogen immobilization by decomposing woody debris and the recovery of tropical wet forest from Hurricane damage. Oikos 1995, 72:314-322.