Racial disparities in disability among older adults: Finding from the exploring health disparities in integrated communities study

Journal of Aging and Health

Volumn 26, Issue 8, 2014, Pages 1261-1279

  Thorpe, Roland J ^a,b   McCleary, Rachael ^a   Smolen, Jenny R ^a   Whitfield, Keith E ^b   Simonsick, Eleanor M ^c,d   LaVeist, Thomas ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING   (United States)

Author keywords

African americans; Disability; EHDIC; Older adults; Racial disparities

Indexed keywords

AFRICAN AMERICAN; AGED; CAUCASIAN; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DISABLED PERSON; FEMALE; HEALTH DISPARITY; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; SOCIOECONOMICS; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; UNITED STATES;

AFRICAN AMERICANS; AGED; BALTIMORE; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DISABLED PERSONS; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; HEALTH STATUS DISPARITIES; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

EID: 84918768159     PISSN: 08982643     EISSN: 15526887     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0898264314534892     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Balfour, J. L., & Kaplan, G. A. (2002). Neighborhood environment and loss of physical function in older adults: Evidence from the Alameda Country study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 155, 507-515.
2. Beard, J. R., Blaney, S., Cerda, M., Frye, V., Lovasei, G. S., Ompad, D.,...Vlahov, D. (2009). Neighborhood characteristics and disability in older adults. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 64B, 252-256. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbn018
3. Beckett, L. A., Brock, D. B., Lemke, J. H., de Leon, C. F. M., Guralnik, J. M., Fillenbaum, G. G., ... Evans, D. A. (1996). Analysis of change in self-reported physical function among older persons in four population studies. American Journal of Epidemiology, 143, 766-778.
4. Black, J. L., & Macinko, J. (2008). Neighborhoods and obesity. Nutrition Reviews, 66, 2-20. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.00001.x
5. Bleich, S. N., Thorpe, R. J., Jr., Sharif-Harris, H., Fesahazion, R., & LaVeist, T. A. (2010). Social context explains race disparities in obesity among women. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 64, 465-469.
6. Braveman, P. A., Cubbin, C., Egerter, S., Chideya, S., Marchi, K. S., Metzler, M., &Posner, S. (2005). Socioeconomic status in health research: One size does not fit all. Journal of the American Medical Association, 294, 2879-2888.
7. Clark, C. R., Kawachi, I., Ryan, L., Ertel, K., Fay, M. E., & Berkman, L. F. (2009). Perceived neighborhood safety and incident mobility disability among elders: The hazards of poverty. BMC Public Health, 9, Article 162.
8. Clark, D. O. (1993). Race, aging, and functional health. Journal of Aging and Health, 5, 536-553.
9. Clark, D. O., & Maddox, G. L. (1992). Racial and social correlates of age-related changes in functioning. The Journal of Gerontology, 47, S222-S232.
10. Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. (2002). Unequal treatment: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care (B. Smedley, A. Stith, & A. R. Nelson, Eds., 1st ed.). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
11. Coppin, A. K., Ferrucci, L., Lauretani, F., Phillips, C., Chang, M., Bandinelli, S., & Guralnik, J. M. (2006). Low socioeconomic status and disability in old age: Evidence from the In Chianti study for the mediating role of physiological impairments. The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences, 61, 86-91.
12. Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics. (Ed.). (2008). Older Americans 2008: Key indicators of well-being. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
13. Fesahazion, R. G., Thorpe, R. J. Jr., Bell, C. N., & LaVeist, T. A. (2012). Disparities in alcohol use: Does race matter as much as place? Preventive Medicine, 55, 482-484.
14. Fillenbaum GG. (1988). Multidimensional functional assessment of older adults: The Duke Older Americans Resources and Services Procedure (pp. 125-172). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
15. Freedman, V. A., Grafova, I. B., Schoeni, R. F., & Rogowski, J. (2008). Neighborhoods and disability in later life. Social Science & Medicine, 66, 2253-2267.
16. Freedman, V. A., Martin, L. G., Schoeni, R. F., & Cornman, J. C. (2008). Declines in late-life disability: The role of early- and mid-life factors. Social Science &Medicine, 66, 1588-1602. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.11.037
17. Gaskin, D. J., Dinwiddie, G. Y., Chan, K. S., & McCleary, R. (2012a). Residential segregation and disparities in health care services utilization. Medical Care Research and Review, 69, 158-175. doi:10.1177/1077558711420263
18. Gaskin, D. J., Dinwiddie, G. Y., Chan, K. S., & McCleary, R. R. (2012b). Residential segregation and the availability of primary care physicians. Health Services Research, 47, 2353-2376.
19. Gaskin, D. J., Price, A., Brandon, D. T., & LaVeist, T. A. (2009). Segregation and disparities in health services use. Medical Care Research and Review, 66, 578-589.
20. Glass, T. A., & Balfour, J. L. (2003). Neighborhoods, aging, and functional limitations. In I. Kawachi & L. Berkman (Eds.), Neighborhoods and health (pp. 303-334). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
21. Guralnik, J. M., Simonsick, E. M., Ferrucci, L., Glynn, R. J., Berkman, L. F., Blazer, D. G.,...Wallace, R. B. (1994). A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: Association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission. The Journal of Gerontology, 49, M85-M94.
22. Hogan, D. B., Ebly, E. M., & Fung, T. S. (1999). Disease, disability, and age in cognitively intact seniors: results from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological and Medical Sciences, 54, M77-M82.
23. Iceland, J. (2004). Beyond Black and White: Residential segregation in multiethnic America. Social Science Research, 33, 248-271.
24. Iceland, J. (2009). Where we live now: Immigration and race in the United States (1st ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
25. Iceland, J., Weinberg, D. H., Steinmetz, E., & U.S. Census Bureau. (2002). Racial and ethnic residential segregation in the United States: 1980-2000 (No. Series CENSR-3). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
26. Johnson, R. J., & Wolinsky, F. D. (1994). Gender, race, and health: The structure of health status among older adults. The Gerontologist, 34, 24-35.
27. Kelley-Moore, J. A., & Ferraro, K. F. (2004). The Black/White disability gap: Persistent inequality in later life? The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 59, S34-S43.
28. Kington, R. S., & Smith, J. P. (1997). Socioeconomic status and racial and ethnic differences in functional status associated with chronic diseases. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 805-810.
29. Koster, A., Penninx, B. W., Bosma, H., Kempen, G. I., Harris, T. B., Newman, A. B., ...Kritchevsky, S. B. (2005). Is there a biomedical explanation for socioeconomic differences in incident mobility limitation? The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences, 60, 1022-1027.
30. Koster, A., Penninx, B. W., Newman, A. B., Visser, M., van Gool, C. H., Harris, T. B., ...Kritchevsky, S. B. (2007). Lifestyle factors and incident mobility limitation in obese and nonobese older adults. Obesity, 15, 3122-3132.
31. Landrine, H, & Corral, I. (2009) Separate and unequal: residential segregation and black health disparities. Ethnicity and Disease, 19, 179-184.
32. Lang, I. A., Llewellyn, D. J., Langa, K. M., Wallace, R. B., & Melzer, D. (2008). Neighbourhood deprivation and incident disability in older adults. Age and Ageing, 37, 403-410. doi:10.1093/ageing/afn092
33. LaVeist, T. A. (2005). Disentangling race and socioeconomic status: A key to understanding health inequalities. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 82(2 Suppl. 3), iii26-iii34. doi:10.1093/jurban/jti061
34. LaVeist, T. A., Gaskin, D. J., & Trujillo, A. (2011). Segregated spaces, risky places: The effects of racial segregation on health inequalities. Washington, DC: Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies.
35. LaVeist, T. A., Pollack, K., Thorpe, R., Jr., Fesahazion, R., & Gaskin, D. (2011). Place, not race: Disparities dissipate in southwest Baltimore when Blacks and Whites live under similar conditions. Health Affairs, 30, 1880-1887. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0640
36. LaVeist, T. A., Thorpe, R., Jr., Bowen-Reid, T., Jackson, J., Gary, T., Gaskin, D., & Browne, D. (2008). Exploring health disparities in integrated communities: Overview of the EHDIC study. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 85, 11-21. doi:10.1007/s11524-007-9226-y
37. LaVeist, T. A., Thorpe, R. J., Jr., Galarraga, J. E., Bower, K. M., & Gary-Webb, T. L. (2009). Environmental and socio-economic factors as contributors to racial disparities in diabetes prevalence. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 24, 1144-1148. doi:10.1007/s11606-009-1085-7
38. LaVeist, T. A., Thorpe, R. J., Jr., Mance, G. A., & Jackson, J. (2007). Overcoming confounding of race with socio-economic status and segregation to explore race disparities in smoking. Addiction, 102(Suppl. 2), 65-70. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01956.x
39. Lawton, M. P., & Brody, E. M. (1969). Assessment of older people: Self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. The Gerontologist, 9, 179-186.
40. Lee, M. R. (2000). Concentrated poverty, race, and homicide. The Sociological Quarterly, 41, 189-206.
41. Liao, Y., McGee, D. L., Cao, G., & Cooper, R. S. (1999). Black-White differences in disability and morbidity in the last years of life. American Journal of Epidemiology, 149, 1097-1103.
42. Lin, G. (2000). Regional assessment of elderly disability in the U.S. Social Science &Medicine, 50, 1015-1024.
43. Massey, D. S., & Denton, N. A. (1993). American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
44. McDowell, I., & Newell, C. (1987). Measuring Health: A Guide to Ratings Scales and Questionnaires (pp. 47-121). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
45. Mendes de Leon, C. F. (1997). Black-White differences in risk of becoming disabled and recovering from disability in old age. American Journal of Epidemiology, 145, 488-497.
46. Mendes de Leon, C. F., Barnes, L. L., Bienias, J. L., Skarupski, K. A., & Evans, D. A. (2005). Racial disparities in disability: Recent evidence from self-reported and performance-based disability measures in a population-based study of older adults. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 60, S263-S271.
47. Moore, L. V., & Diez Roux, A. V. (2006). Associations of neighborhood characteristics with the location and types of food stores. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 325-331.
48. Nagi, S. Z. (1976). An epidemiology of disability among adults in the United States. Milbank Quarterly, 54, 439-467.
49. Newman, A. B., & Brach, J. S. (2001). Gender gap in longevity and disability in older persons. Epidemiologic Reviews, 23, 343-355.
50. Nordstrom, C. K., Diez Roux, A. V., Schulz, R., Haan, M. N., Jackson, S. A., &Balfour, J. (2007). Socioeconomic position and incident mobility impairment in the Cardiovascular Health Study. BMC Geriatrics, 7, Article 11.
51. Peek, C. W., Coward, R. T., Henretta, J. C., Duncan, R. P., & Dougherty, M. C. (1997). Differences by race in the decline of health over time. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 52, S336-S344.
52. Powell, L. M., Slater, S., Chaloupka, F. J., & Harper, D. (2006). Availability of physical activity-related facilities and neighborhood demographic and socioeconomic characteristics: A national study. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 1676-1680. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2005.065573
53. Pruchno, R. A., Wilson-Genderson, M., & Cartwright, F. P. (2012). The texture of neighborhoods and disability among older adults. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 67, 89-98.
54. Schoenbaum, M., & Waidmann, T. (1997). Race, socioeconomic status, and health: Accounting for race differences in health [Special issue]. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 52, 61-73.
55. Schoeni, R. F., Martin, L. G., Andreski, P. M., & Freedman, V. A. (2005). Persistent and growing socioeconomic disparities in disability among the elderly: 1982-2002. American Journal of Public Health, 95, 2065-2070.
56. Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., & Williams, J. B. (1999). Validation and utility of a sel-freport version of PRIME-MD: The PHQ primary care study. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 282, 1737-1744.
57. Thorpe, R. J., Jr., Bell, C. N., LaVeist, T. A., & Simonsick, E. M. (2009). Racial disparities in disability in the United States: Suggestive evidence of accelerated aging [Abstract]. American Journal of Epidemiology, 169(Suppl.), S96.
58. Thorpe, R. J., Jr., Bowie, J. V., Wilson-Frederick, S., Coa, K., & LaVeist, T. A. (2013). Association between race, place, and preventive health screenings among men: Findings from the Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities Study. American Journal of Men's Health, 7, 220-227.
59. Thorpe, R. J., Jr., Brandon, D. T., & LaVeist, T. A. (2008). Social context as an explanation for race disparities in hypertension: Findings from the Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities (EHDIC) Study. Social Science & Medicine, 67, 1604-1611. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.07.002
60. Thorpe, R. J., Jr., Clay, O. J., Szanton, S. L., Allaire, J. C., & Whitfield, K. E. (2011). Correlates of mobility limitation in African Americans. The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences, 66, 1258-1263. doi:10.1093/gerona/glr122
61. Thorpe, R. J., Jr., Kasper, J. D., Szanton, S. L., Frick, K. D., Fried, L. P., & Simonsick, E. M. (2008). Relationship of race and poverty to lower extremity function and decline: Findings from the women's health and aging study. Social Science & Medicine, 66, 811-821. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.11.005
62. Thorpe, R. J., Jr., Koster, A., Bosma, H., Harris, T. B., Simonsick, E. M., van Eijk, J. T., ... Health ABC Study. (2012). Racial differences in mortality in older adults: Factors beyond socioeconomic status. Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 43, 29-38. doi:10.1007/s12160-011-9335-4
63. Thorpe, R. J., Jr., Koster, A., Kritchevsky, S., Newman, A., Harris, T., Ayonayon, H., ...Simonsick, E. (2011). Race, socioeconomic resources and late life mobility and decline: Findings from the health aging and body composition study. The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences, 66, 1114-1123.
64. Thorpe, R. J., Jr., Szanton, S. L., Bell, C. N., & Whitfield, K. E. (2013). Education, income, and disability in African Americans. Ethnicity and Disease, 23, 12-17.
65. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1991). Healthy people 2000: National health promotion and disease prevention objectives [No. (PHS)90-50212]. Washington, DC: Public Health Service.
66. Verbrugge, L. M., & Jette, A. M. (1994). The disablement process. Social Science & Medicine, 38, 1-14.
67. Volpato, S., Blaum, C., Resnick, H., Ferrucci, L., Fried, L. P., Guralnik, J. M., &Women's Health and Aging Study. (2002). Comorbidities and impairments explaining the association between diabetes and lower extremity disability: The women's health and aging study. Diabetes Care, 25, 678-683.
68. White, D. K., Jette, A. M., Felson, D. T., Lavalley, M. P., Lewis, C. E., Torner, J. C., ...Keysor, J. J. (2010). Are features of the neighborhood environment associated with disability in older adults? Disability and Rehabilitation, 32, 639-645.
69. White-Means, S. I., & Hammond, J. M. (1993). Health insurance and disability levels for older Black and White women in the south. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 12, 482-496.
70. Wilkes, R., & Iceland, J. (2004). Hypersegregation in the twenty-first century: An update and analysis. Demography, 41, 23-36.
71. Williams, D. R., & Collins, C. (1995). US socioeconomic and racial differences in health: Patterns and explanations. Annual Review of Sociology, 21, 349-386.
72. Williams, D. R., & Collins, C. (2001). Racial residential segregation: A fundamental cause of racial disparities in health. Public Health Reports, 116, 404-416.
73. Wray, L. A., & Blaum, C. S. (2001). Explaining the role of sex on disability: A population-based study. The Gerontologist, 41, 499-510.