Selected case from the Arkadi M. Rywlin international pathology slide series: Diffuse dendriform pulmonary ossification: Report of 2 cases with review of the literature

Advances in Anatomic Pathology

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 59-68

  Bisceglia, Michele ^a   Chiaramonte, Antonio ^b   Panniello, Gaetano ^c   Tucci, Antonio ^a   Orcioni, Giulio Fraternali ^d   Colby, Thomas V ^e  

^a School of Biomedical Sciences   (United States)

^b CASA SOLLIEVO DELLA SOFFERENZA HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^c Ospedali Riuniti di Foggia   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITY OF GENOA   (Italy)

^e MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

Ehlers Danlos syndrome; Lung calcifications; Pulmonary ossification; Scleroderma; Systemic sclerosis

Indexed keywords

ADULT; CASE REPORT; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIFFUSE DENDRIFORM PULMONARY OSSIFICATION; EHLERS DANLOS SYNDROME; FEMALE; FIBROSING ALVEOLITIS; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATE; INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA; LUNG CALCIFICATION; LUNG CYST; LUNG PARENCHYMA; LYMPH NODE; MALE; MEDIASTINUM MASS; MIDDLE AGED; REVIEW; THORACOTOMY; HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION; LUNG; LUNG DISEASE; PATHOLOGY;

FEMALE; HUMANS; LUNG; LUNG DISEASES; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OSSIFICATION, HETEROTOPIC;

EID: 84917734581     PISSN: 10724109     EISSN: 15334031     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/PAP.0000000000000051     Document Type: Review

References (150)

1. Chan ED, Morales DV, Welsh CH, et al. Calcium deposition with or without bone formation in the lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165:1654-1669.
2. Colby TV. Miscellaneous conditions and lung diseases of unknown origin. Chapter 25. In: Hasleton PS, ed. Spencer's Pathology of the Lung. 5th ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 1996:767-801.
3. Farver CF, Dail DH. Endogenous mineralization, inclusions and deposition disorders. In: Tomashefski JF, Cagle PT, Farver CF, Fraire AE, eds. Dail and Hammar's Pulmonary Pathology. Volume 1: Nonneoplastic Lung Disease. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2008:760-806.
4. st Series-Fascicle 2. Washington, DC: American Registry of Pathology & Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; 2002:885-887.
5. Poletti V, Costabel U, Casoni GL, et al. Rare infiltrative lung diseases: a challenge for clinicians. Respiration. 2004;71:431-443.
6. Peros-Golubicic T, Tekavec-Trkanjec J. Diffuse pulmonary ossification: an unusual interstitial lung disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2008;14:488-492.
7. Colby TV, Bilbao JE, Battifora H, et al. Primary osteosarcoma of the lung. A reappraisal following immunohistologic study. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1989;113:1147-1150.
8. Hall FM, Frank HA, Cohen RB, et al. Ossified pulmonary metastases from giant cell tumor of bone. Am J Roentgenol. 1976;127:1046-1047.
9. Hara H, Iwabuchi K, Shinada J, et al. Pulmonary adenocarcinoma with heterotopic bone formation. Pathol Int. 2000;50:910-913.
10. Hayakawa K, Murata O, Ishizeki K, et al. A case of pulmonary ossified adenocarcinoma with marked osteoplastic bone metastasis. Lung Cancer. 1997;18:265-268.
11. Kato N, Endo Y, Tamura G, et al. Multiple pulmonary leiomyomatous hamartoma with secondary ossification. Pathol Int. 1999;49:222-225.
12. Kim GY, Kim J, Kim TS, et al. Pulmonary adenocarcinoma with heterotopic ossification. J Korean Med Sci. 2009;24:504-510.
13. Kuribayashi H, Tsuta K, Mizutani E, et al. Clinicopathological analysis of primary lung carcinoma with heterotopic ossification. Lung Cancer. 2009;64:160-165.
14. Markert E, Gruber-Moesenbacher U, Porubsky C, et al. Lung osteoma-a new benign lung lesion. Virchows Arch. 2006;449:117-120.
15. Rhone DP, Horowitz RN. Heterotopic ossification in the pulmonary metastases of gastric adenocarcinoma: report of a case and review of the literature. Cancer. 1976;38:1773-1780.
16. Satinsky VP, Kron SD. Heteroplastic ossification in chronic lung abscess. Dis Chest. 1955;27:196-200.
17. Singla V, Virmani V, Kapoor R, et al. Massive ossified lung masses. Osteosarcoma. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 2009;51: 233-235.
18. Galloway RW, Epstein EJ, Coulshed N. Pulmonary ossific nodules in mitral valve disease. Br Heart J. 1961;23:297-307.
19. Reingold IM, Mizunoue GS. Idiopathic disseminated pulmonary ossification. Dis Chest. 1961;40:543-546.
20. Woolley K, Stark P. Pulmonary parenchymal manifestations of mitral valve disease. Radiographics. 1999;19:965-972.
21. Baranyay F. Osteoplastic pneumopathy (disseminated bone formation in the lung). Morphol Igazsagugyi Orv Sz. 1981;21: 17-25.
22. Buja LM, Roberts WC. Pulmonary parenchymal ossific nodules in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol. 1970;25:710-715.
23. Gates J, Hartnell GG, Batten D. Pulmonary abnormalities in a patient with chronic heart disease. Acad Radiol. 1997;4: 398-399.
24. Howard EJ. Diffuse pulmonary ossification. Am Heart J. 1959;58:935.
25. Kurashina T, Hoshino F, Sato K, et al. Case of mitral stenosis with pulmonary ossification. Rinsho Hoshasen. 1972; 17:203-209.
26. Lakhdhar R, Berrais A, Drissa MA, et al. Mitral stenosis a rare antology of diffuse pulmonary ossification. Tunis Med. 2009;87:82-85.
27. Lawson HM. Disseminated ossification of the lungs in association with mitral stenosis. Br Med J. 1949;1:433-434.
28. Legge DA, Miller WE, Ludwig J. Pulmonary findings associated with mitral stenosis. Chest. 1970;58:403-404.
29. Malara D, Cortis B, De Giorgi E. Pulmonary nodular ossifications in mitral stenosis. Arch Sci Med (Torino). 1963;115:147-160.
30. Nepomniashchaia EM, Moroz MS, Diuzhikov AA. Osteoplastic pneumopathy in mitral valve stenosis. Arkh Patol. 1983;45:82-84.
31. Orzechowska K, Brzezinska W, Marciniak R. Multiple pulmonary ossified nodules in mitral stenosis. Pol Tyg Lek. 1965;20:1989-1990.
32. Romanelli R, Borghesi MR, Toncini C. Disseminated ossification of the lung. Pathologica. 1989;81:275-285.
33. Sobotkowski K. Disseminated ossification of the lung associated with mitral stenosis. Pol Tyg Lek. 1962;17:302-305.
34. Stanulla H, Weidig W, Dippmann G. Pneumopathia osteoplastica (pulmonary ossification). Z Erkr Atmungsorgane. 1975;142:185-192.
35. Fichera G, Hagerstrand I. Tuberous osteoplastic pneumopathy. Arch De Vecchi Anat Patol. 1962;37:43-66.
36. Hacihanefioglu U, Tahsinoglu M. Ossifications of the pulmonary parenchyma. (3 cases of ossification of the nodular type). Tip Fak Mecm. 1964;27:190-206.
37. Wilson WR, Sasaki R, Johnson CA. Disseminated nodular pulmonary ossification in patients with mitral stenosis. Circulation. 1959;19:323-331.
38. Wagner E. Zahlreiche kleine Knochen in den Lungen. Arch Physik Heilk. 1859;411:3S.
39. Tseung J, Duflou J. Diffuse pulmonary ossification: an uncommon incidental autopsy finding. Pathology. 2006;38:45-48.
40. Lara JF, Catroppo JF, Kim DU, et al. Dendriform pulmonary ossification, a form of diffuse pulmonary ossification: report of a 26-year autopsy experience. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2005;129:348-353.
41. Friedrich T, Steinecke R, Horn LC, et al. Idiopathic pulmonary ossification. Rofo. 1998;169:267-273.
42. Kim TS, Han J, Chung MP, et al. Disseminated dendriform pulmonary ossification associated with usual interstitial pneumonia: incidence and thin-section CT-pathologic correlation. Eur Radiol. 2005;15:1581-1585.
43. Luschka H. Verastigte knochenbildung im parenchyma der lung. Virchows Arch. 1856;10:500-555.
44. Wells HG, Dunlap CE. Disseminated ossification of the lungs. Arch Path. 1943;35:420.
45. Ahari JE, Delaney M. Dendriform pulmonary ossification: a clinical diagnosis with 14 year follow-up. Chest. 2007;132: 701a.
46. Azuma A, Miyamoto H, Enomoto T, et al. Familial clustering of dendriform pulmonary ossification. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2003;20:152-154.
47. Baddini Martinez JA, Ramos SG. Inhalation of hydrocarbon combustion products as a cause of dendriform pulmonary ossification. Med Hypotheses. 2008;71:981-982.
48. Babeau P, Pras P, Varini JP, et al. A case of idiopathic disseminated pulmonary ossification. Ann Med Interne (Paris). 1979;130:283-291.
49. Bai P, Sun YC, Chen DN, et al. Idiopathic diffuse pulmonary ossification: a case report and review of the literature. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 2009;32:588-592.
50. Cera G, Cardesi E. Diffuse pulmonary ossification and diabetes mellitus. An association not previously described. Pathologica. 1996;88:313-316.
51. Cordoba A, Jauregui I, Monzon F, et al. Dendriform diffuse pulmonary ossification. Report of 2 cases. Rev Clin Esp. 1996;196:751-753.
52. Coric M, Miculinic N, Seiwerth S. Disseminated pulmonary ossification. Case report. Lijec Vjesn. 1997;119:324-326.
53. Crook JE. Case report-idiopathic pulmonary ossification. J Tenn Med Assoc. 1979;72:668-669.
54. Duarte AA, Nakatani J, Rigueiro MP, et al. Dendriform pulmonary ossification. J Bras Pneumol. 2006;32:270-273.
55. Ekholdt PF, Oppedal BR, Arva P. Diffuse pulmonary ossification and spontaneous pneumothorax in a pilot: a case report. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1986;57:696-698.
56. Felson B, Schwarz J, Lukin RR, et al. Idiopathic pulmonary ossification. Radiology. 1984;153:303-310.
57. Fernandez Crisosto CA, Quercia Arias O, Bustamante N, et al. Diffuse pulmonary ossification associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Arch Bronconeumol. 2004;40:595-598.
58. Fernandez-Fernandez FJ, Durana-Tonder C, Bello-Peon MJ, et al. Pulmonary ossification: an unusual incidental finding of a transthoracic CT guided needle biopsy of a lung lesion. Postgrad Med J. 2010;86:682-683.
59. Fried ED, Godwin TA. Extensive diffuse pulmonary ossification. Chest. 1992;102:1614-1615.
60. Gevenois PA, Abehsera M, Knoop C, et al. Disseminated pulmonary ossification in end-stage pulmonary fibrosis: CT demonstration. Am J Roentgenol. 1994;162:1303-1304.
61. Gielis J, Torfs M, Luijks M, et al. Nodular pulmonary ossifications in differential diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules. Eur Respir J. 2011;37:966-968.
62. Gortenuti G, Portuese A. Disseminated pulmonary ossification. Eur J Radiol. 1985;5:14-16.
63. Green JD, Harle TS, Greenberg SD, et al. Disseminated pulmonary ossification. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1970;101:293-298.
64. Jaderborg JM, Dunton RF. Rare clinical diagnosis of dendriform pulmonary ossification. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;71:2009-2011.
65. Jamjoom L, Meziane M, Renapurkar RD. Dendriform pulmonary ossification: report of two cases. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2013;23:15-18.
66. Joines RW, Roggli VL. Dendriform pulmonary ossification. Report of two cases with unique findings. Am J Clin Pathol. 1989;91:398-402.
67. Hackl H. The differential diagnosis of lung ossifications. Pneumologie. 1989;43:210-212.
68. Hany MA. A case of branching pulmonary ossification. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax. 1977;66:634-638.
69. Harvey NT, Heraganhally S, Au V, et al. Idiopathic diffuse dendriform pulmonary ossification in a dental technician. Pathology. 2012;44:363-365.
70. Hiwada K, Otsuka W, Yoshida N, et al. Multiple micro-bone formation in the lung of a patient with diffuse interstitial pneumonia. Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi. 1976;14:573-577.
71. Ikeda Y, Yamashita H, Tamura T. Diffuse pulmonary ossification and recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax in a patient with bronchial asthma. Respir Med. 1998;92:887-889.
72. Jantke CF, Muhrer A. Idiopathic disseminated racemose pulmonary ossification. (Case report and differential diagnosis). Pneumonologie. 1973;149:305-310.
73. Kaik G, Harazim H, Kahn P, et al. Clinical contribution on branching pulmonary calcification. Prax Pneumol. 1973;27: 205-216.
74. Kayser K, Stute H, Tuengerthal S. Diffuse pulmonary ossification associated with metastatic melanoma of the lung. Respiration. 1987;52:221-227.
75. Kawakami Y, Abe S, Nishimura M, et al. Diffuse pulmonary ossification associated with chronic bronchitis. Jpn J Med. 1987;26:409-412.
76. Kobayashi S, Hara M, Yano M, et al. Dendriform pulmonary ossification in a patient with a past history of giant cell tumor in femur. J Thorac Imaging. 2008;23:47-49.
77. Konoglou M, Zarogoulidis P, Baliaka A, et al. Lung ossification: an orphan disease. J Thorac Dis. 2013;5:101-104.
78. Kuplic JB, Higley CS, Niewoehner DE. Pulmonary ossification associated with long-term busulfan therapy in chronic myeloid leukaemia. Case report. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1972; 106:759-762.
79. Mendeloff J. Disseminated nodular pulmonary ossification in the Hamman-Rich lung. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1971;103: 269-274.
80. Mietkiewski J, Dolinska D. A case of pulmonary ossification. Pneumonol Alergol Pol. 1991;59:56-58.
81. Mizushina Y, Bando M, Hosono T, et al. A rare case of asymptomatic diffuse pulmonary ossification detected during a routine health examination. Intern Med. 2012;51: 2923-2927.
82. Muller KM, Friemann J, Stichnoth E. Dendriform pulmonary ossification. Pathol Res Pract. 1980;168:163-172.
83. Ndimbie OK, Williams CR, Lee MW. Dendriform pulmonary ossification. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1987;111:1062-1064.
84. Ohtsuki Y, Yamanaka A, Ohyama H, et al. Histochemical demonstration of aluminum and iron deposition in pulmonary bony tissues in three cases of diffuse pulmonary ossification. Histol Histopathol. 2008;23:137-141.
85. Pear BL. Idiopathic disseminated pulmonary ossification. Radiology. 1968;91:746-748.
86. Pingitore R, De Caro C. Lung ossifications in a case of acromegaly. Pathologica. 1981;73:287-290.
87. Rampinelli L, Trevisan S. Pneumopatia osteoplastica (ramificata e nodosa). Arch Ital Anat Istol Patol. 1974;45: 55-70.
88. Reddy TL, von der Thusen J, Walsh SL. Idiopathic dendriform pulmonary ossification. J Thorac Imaging. 2012;27: W108-W110.
89. Reinehr M, Rittinger M, Muller-Wening D, et al. Diffuse pulmonary ossifications with mortal consequences. A case report. Pathologe. 2003;24:114-118.
90. Roujeau J, Laffay J, Leclerc JP, et al. Pulmonary interstitial ossification with a fulminating course. Arch Anat Cytol Pathol. 1977;25:43-46.
91. Ryan CF, Flint JD, Muller NL. Idiopathic diffuse pulmonary ossification. Thorax. 2004;59:1004.
92. Schmitt WG, Menges V, Kuhn H. Disseminated branching pulmonary ossification combined with heterotopic bone formation in the muscles. Rofo. 1978;128:300-303.
93. Shuangshoti S. Metaplasia of bone in lungs and bronchi: report of 2 cases. J Med Assoc Thai. 1995;78:103-107, Cancer. 1976;38:1773-1780.
94. Silberstein EB, Vasavada PJ, Hawkins H. Idiopathic pulmonary ossification with focal pulmonary uptake of technetium-99m HMDP bone scanning agent. Clin Nucl Med. 1985; 10:436.
95. Steinmetz D, Flatau E, Daharan M. Pulmonary ossification. Case report and review. Isr J Med Sci. 1985;21:703-705.
96. Trejo O, Xaubet A, Marin-Arguedas A, et al. Dendriform pulmonary ossification associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Arch Bronconeumol. 2002;38:399-400.
97. Tsuji T, Nakamura S, Komuro I, et al. A living case of pulmonary ossification associated with osteoclast formation from alveolar macrophage in the presence of T-cell cytokines. Intern Med. 2003;42:834-838.
98. Yoon HK, Moon HS, Park SH, et al. Dendriform pulmonary ossification in patient with rare earth pneumoconiosis. Thorax. 2005;60:701-703.
99. Rajjoub S, Altmeyer RB. A case report of idiopathic pulmonary ossification. W V Med J. 1998;94:143-145.
100. Popelka CG, Kleinerman J. Diffuse pulmonary ossification. Arch Intern Med. 1977;137:523-525.
101. Moinuddin M, Morris T, Cruthirds T, et al. 85-Sr lung scan in a case of pulmonary ossification. J Nucl Med. 1972;13:174-176.
102. Saks DA, McClees EC, Fajman WA, et al. Diffuse pulmonary ossification detected by bone scanning with Tc-99m hydroxy-methylene diphosphate. Clin Nucl Med. 1984;9:594-5905.
103. Battal B, Kocaoglu M, Ors F, et al. Massive pulmonary ossification due to recurrent aspiration pneumonia. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2009;15:212-214.
104. Cassone R. Osteoplastic lung disease of Simmonds. Friuli Med. 1957;12:645-660.
105. Cremer H, Gramann W, Koischwitz D. The natural history of pulmonary ossification. Pathol Res Pract. 1978;163:323-333.
106. Guterman GM. On ramose ossification of the lungs. Arkh Patol. 1964;26:74-76.
107. Khasenov AN. On osteoplastic pneumopathy. Probl Tuberk. 1964;42:57-61.
108. Metys R. On the diagnosis of multiple pulmonary ossifications. Cas Lek Cesk. 1962;101:996-999.
109. Pellegrini A, Respighi E, Belloni P. Pulmonary primary pluricentric osteogenesis due to proteic thesaurismosis. Description of an operated case. Osp Ital Chir. 1967;16:331-340.
110. Allegranza A. Un caso di pneumopatia osteoplastica ramificata. Riv Anat Pat e Oncol. 1948;1:969.
111. Le Brigand H, Germain A, Renault P, et al. Ossification pulmonaire massive. Etude de 3 cas traites chirurgicalement. Presse Med. 1954;62:1298-1301.
112. Fischer E. Early stages of branching pulmonary ossifications. Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Nuklearmed. 1957;86:455-459.
113. Giampalmo A. Pneumopatia osteoplastica racemosa. Boll Soc Med Chir Pisa. 1956;24:563-572.
114. Giampalmo A, Antoci B. Sulle pneumopatie e broncopatie osteoplastiche. Pneumologia. 1961;2:315-343.
115. Zhukova TG. The surgical treatment of osteoplastic pneumopathy. Grudn Khir. 1967;9:108-109.
116. Kanne JP, Godwin JD, Takasugi JE, et al. Diffuse pulmonary ossification. J Thorac Imaging. 2004;19:98-102.
117. Renapurkar RD, Kanne JP. Metabolic and storage lung diseases: spectrum of imaging appearances. Insights Imaging. 2013. [Epub ahead of print].
118. Jacobs AN, Neitzschman HR, Nice CM Jr. Metaplastic bone formation in the lung. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1973;118:344-346.
119. Felson B. Thoracic calcifications. Dis Chest. 1969;56:330-343.
120. Baar HS, Galindo J. Ossifying pulmonary granulomatosis due to larvae of ascaris. J Clin Pathol. 1965;18:737-742.
121. Chow IT, Shum BSF, Chow WH, et al. Diffuse pulmonary ossification: rare complications of tuberculosis. Histopathology. 1992;20:435-437.
122. Chung MJ, Lee KS, Franquet T, et al. Metabolic lung disease: imaging and histopathologic findings. Eur J Radiol. 2005; 54:233-245.
123. Kuo PH, Shin MS. Images in clinical medicine. pulmonary and peritoneal ossification. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:e16.
124. Lingam RK, Tah J, Sharma A, et al. Metastatic pulmonary calcification in renal failure: a new HRCT pattern. Br J Radiol. 2002;75:74-77.
125. Low SY, Chau YP, Cheah FK. A 52-year-old man presenting with chronic cough and bilateral ground-glass opacities on CT of the thorax. Chest. 2007;132:1401-1405.
126. Klein-Weigel P, Opitz C, Riemekasten G. Systemic sclerosis - a systematic overview: part 1-disease characteristics and classification, pathophysiologic concepts, and recommendations for diagnosis and surveillance. Vasa. 2011;40:6-19.
127. Muangchan C, Canadian Scleroderma Research Group, Baron M, et al. The 15% rule in scleroderma: the frequency of severe organ complications in systemic sclerosis. A systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2013;40:1545-1556.
128. Wollheim FA. Classification of systemic sclerosis. Visions and reality. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005;44:1212-1216.
129. Balbir-Gurman A, Braun-Moscovici Y. Scleroderma overlap syndrome. Isr Med Assoc J. 2011;13:14-20.
130. Bussone G, Mouthon L. Interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev. 2011;10:248-255.
131. Hashimoto A, Endo H, Kondo H, et al. Clinical features of 405 Japanese patients with systemic sclerosis. Mod Rheumatol. 2012;22:272-279.
132. Hassoun PM. Lung involvement in systemic sclerosis. Presse Med. 2011;40:e3-e17.
133. Le Pavec J, Girgis RE, Lechtzin N, et al. Systemic sclerosisrelated pulmonary hypertension associated with interstitial lung disease: impact of pulmonary arterial hypertension therapies. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63:2456-2464.
134. Tan A, Denton CP, Mikhailidis DP, et al. Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma): a review. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2011;29(suppl 65):S66-S74.
135. Bouros D, Wells AU, Nicholson AG, et al. Histopathologic subsets of fibrosing alveolitis in patients with systemic sclerosis and their relationship to outcome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165:1581-1586.
136. Tansey D, Wells AU, Colby TV, et al. Variations in histological patterns of interstitial pneumonia between connective tissue disorders and their relationship to prognosis. Histopathology. 2004;44:585-596.
137. Opitz C, Klein-Weigel PF, Riemekasten G Systemic sclerosis - a systematic overview: part 2-immunosuppression, treatment of SSc-associated vasculopathy, and treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Vasa. 2011;40:20-30.
138. Botzoris VG, Argyropoulou MI, Voulgari PV, et al. Heterotopic ossification in systemic sclerosis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2009;38:317-319.
139. Julian CG, Bowers PW. Osteoma cutis in a lesion of solitary morphoea profunda. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2003;28:673-674.
140. Nagy E, Nagy-Vezekenyi K, Dobransky I. Osteosis and calcinosis in scleroderma circumscripta linearis. Z Hautkr. 1990;65:190-192.
141. Handfield-Jones SE, Peachey RD, Moss AL, et al. Ossification in linear morphoea with hemifacial atrophy-treatment by surgical excision. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1988;13:385-388.
142. Monroe AB, Burgdorf WH, Sheward S. Platelike cutaneous osteoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987;16:481-484.
143. Laskin WB, Miettinen M, Fetsch JF. Calcareous lesions of the distal extremities resembling tumoral calcinosis (tumoral calcinosislike lesions): clinicopathologic study of 43 cases emphasizing a pathogenesis-based approach to classification. Am J Surg Pathol. 2007;31:15-25.
144. Beighton P, De Paepe A, Steinmann B, et al. Ehlers-Danlos syndromes: revised nosology, Villefranche, 1997. Ehlers-Danlos National Foundation (USA) and Ehlers-Danlos Support Group (UK). Am J Med Genet. 1998;77:31-37.
145. Mayer K, Kennerknecht I, Steinmann B. Clinical utility gene card for: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome types I-VII and variants-update 2012. Eur J Hum Genet. 2013;21. [Epub ahead of print].
146. Kashizaki F, Hatamochi A, Kamiya K, et al. Vascular-type Ehlers-Danlos syndrome caused by a hitherto unknown genetic mutation: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2013;7:35.
147. Faugeroux J, Nematalla H, Li W, et al. Angiotensin II promotes thoracic aortic dissections and ruptures in Col3a1 haploinsufficient mice. Hypertension. 2013;62:203-208.
148. Heagerty AM. Vascular lesions in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: is angiotensin II the culprit? Hypertension. 2013;62:8-9.
149. Corrin B, Simpson CGB, Fisher C. Fibrous pseudotumors and cyst formation in the lungs and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Histopathology. 1990;17:478-479.
150. Kawabata Y, Watanabe A, Yamaguchi S, et al. Pleuropulmonary pathology of vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: spontaneous laceration, hematoma and fibrous nodules. Histopathology. 2010;56:944-950.