Safer sex in personal relationships: The role of sexual scripts in HIV infection and prevention

Safer Sex in Personal Relationships: The Role of Sexual Scripts in HIV Infection and Prevention

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 1-134

  Emmers Sommer, Tara M ^a   Allen, Mike ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MILWAUKEE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84917376367     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781410611680     Document Type: Book

References (241)

1. Abelson, R. (1981). Psychological status of the script concept. American Psychologist, 36, 715-729.
2. Abraham, C., & Sheeran, P. (1994). Modeling and modifying young heterosexuals' HIV-preventive behaviour: A review of theories and educational implications. Patient Education and Counseling, 73, 173-186.
3. Adam, B.D., Sears, A., & Schellenberg, E.G. (2000). Accounting for unsafe sex with men who have sex with men. Journal of Sex Research, 37, 24-36.
4. Adelman, M. (1991). Play and incongruity: Framing safe-sex talk. Health Communication, 3, 139-155.
5. Adelman, M. (1992a). Sustaining passion: Eroticism and safe-sex talk. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 21(5), 481-494.
6. Adelman, M. (1992b). Healthy passions: Safer sex as play. T.Edgar, M.A.Fitzpatrick, & V. Freimuth (Eds.), AIDS: A communication perspective (pp. 69-89). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
7. Agne, R., Thompson, T., & Cusella, L. (2000). Stigma in the line of face: Self-disclosure of patients' HIV status to health care providers. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 28, 235-261.
8. Ahuluwalia, I., DeVellis, R., & Thomas, J. (1998). Reproductive decisions of women at risk for acquiring HIV infection. AIDS Education and Prevention, 10, 90-97.
9. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211.
10. Allen, M., & Burrell, N. (1996). Comparing the impact of homosexual and heterosexual parents on children: Meta-analysis of existing research. Journal of Homosexuality, 32(2), 19-36.
11. Allen, M., & Burrell, N. (2002). Sexual orientation of the parent: The impact on the child. In M. Allen, R.Preiss, B.Gayle, & N.Burrell (Eds.), Interpersonal communication research: Advances through meta-analysis (pp. 111-124). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
12. Allen, M., Carson, E., Chopski, K., Considine, J., Donlin, M., Gaworska, K., Huebner, B., Kopaczewski, S., Sandretti, D., & Woods, V. (2002, April). Changing circumstances: The impact of marketing HIV treatment on AIDS education and prevention. Paper presented at the Central States Communication Association Convention, Milwaukee, WI.
13. Allen, M., D'Alessio, D., & Emmers-Sommer, T.M. (1999). Reactions to criminal sexual offenders to pornography: A meta-analytic summary. In M.Roloff (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 22(pp. 139-169). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
14. Allen, M., Emmers, T.M., Gebhardt, L.J., & Giery, M. (1995). Exposure to pornography and acceptance of rape myths: A research summary using metaanalysis. Journal of Communication, 45(1), 5-26.
15. Allen, M., Emmers-Sommer, T.M., Bradford, L., & Casey, M. (1999, November). Behavior after learning positive HIV results: A meta-analysis. Paper presented at the National Communication Association Convention, Chicago, IL.
16. Allen, M., Emmers-Sommer, T.M., & Crowell, T.L. (2002). Couples negotiating safer sex behaviors. In M.Allen, R.W.Preiss, B.M.Gayle, & N.Burrell (Eds.), Interpersonal communication research: Advances through meta-analysis (pp. 263-279). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
17. Allen, M., Howard, L., & Grimes, D. (1997). Racial group orientation and selfconcept: Examining the relationship using meta-analysis. Howard Journal of Communications, 8, 371-386.
18. Allen, S., Tice, J., Van de Perre, P., Serufilira, A., Hudes, E., Nsengumuremyi, F., Bogaerts, J., Lindan, C., & Hulley, S. (1992). Effect of serotesting with counseling on condom use and seroconversion. British Medical Journal, 304, 1605-1609.
19. Altman, I., & Taylor, D.A. (1973). Social penetration: The development of interpersonal relationships. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
20. Attridge, M. (1994). Barriers to dissolution. In D.J.Canary & L.Stafford (Eds.), Communication and relational maintenance (pp. 141-164). San Diego, CA; Academic Press.
21. Baldwin, J., Trotter, R., Martinez, D., Stevens, S., John, D., & Brems, C. (1999). HIV/AIDS risks among Native American drug users: Key findings from focus group interviews and implications for intervention strategies. AIDS Education and Prevention, 11, 279-292.
22. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
23. Batchelor, W. (1987). Real fears, false hopes: The human cost of AIDS antibody testings. AIDS and Public Policy, 2, 25-30.
24. Baxter, L., Braithwaite, D., Golish, T., & Olson, L. (2002). Contradictions of interaction for wives of elderly husbands with adult dementia. Journal Applied Communication Research, 30, 1-26.
25. Baxter, L.A. (1988). Dyadic personal relationships: Measurement options. In C.H.Tardy (Ed.), A handbook for the study of human communication methods and instruments for observing, measuring, and assessing communication processes (pp. 193-228). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
26. Baxter, L.A., & Wilmot, W.W. (1985). Taboo topics in close relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 2, 253-269.
27. Bayer, R., Levine, C., & Wolf, S. (1991). HIV antibody screening: An ethical framework for evaluating proposed programs. In N.McKenzie (Ed.), The AIDS reader: social, political, ethical issues (pp. 327-346). New York: Meridian.
28. Bayer, R., & Toomey, K. (1992). HIV prevention and the two faces of partner notification. American Journal of Public Health, 82, 1158-1164.
29. Beardsell, S. (1994). Should wider HIV testing be encouraged on the grounds of HIV prevention? AIDS Care, 5, 5-19.
30. Bedimo, A., Bessinger, R., & Kissinger, P. (1998). Reproductive choices among HIVpositive women. Social Science and Medicine, 46, 171-179.
31. Bell, R, Buerkel-Rothfuss, N., & Gore, K. (1987). "Did you bring the yarmulke for the cabbage patch kid?" The idiomatic communication of young lovers. Human Communication Research, 14, 47-67.
32. Berscheid, E., Snyder, M., & Omoto, A. (1989). The relationship closeness inventory: Assessing the closeness of interpersonal relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 792-807.
33. Bostwick, T.D., & De Lucia, J.L. (1992). Effects of gender and specific dating behaviors on perceptions of sex willingness and date rape. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 11, 14-25.
34. Bowers v. Hardwick, 106 S. Ct. 2841 (1986).
35. Bradford, L., Allen, M, Casey, M, & Emmers-Sommer, T.M. (2002). Ameta-analysis examining the relationship between Latino acculturation levels and HIV/AIDS risk behaviors, condom use, and HIV/AIDS knowledge. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 31, 167-180.
36. Bradford, L., Allen, M., & Emmers-Sommer, T.M. (2000, November). Latino HIV/AIDS knowledge and behaviors: A meta-analysis of existing research. Paper presented at the National Communication Association Convention, Seattle, WA.
37. Brafford, L.J., & Beck, K.H. (1991). Development and validation of condom selfefficacy scale for college students. College Health, 39, 219-225.
38. Breakwell, G.M., Fife-Schaw, C., & Clayden, K. (1991). Risk-taking, control over partner choice and intended use of condoms by virgins. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 1, 173-187.
39. Brown, D., & Bryant, J.(1989). Uses of pornography. In D.Zillmann & J.Bryant (Eds.), Pornography: Research advances and policy considerations (pp. 3-24). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
40. Brown, I.S. (1984). Development of a scale to measure attitude towards the condom as a method of birth control. Journal of Sex Research, 20, 255-263.
41. Brown, L., Macintyre, K., & Trujillo, L. (2003). Interventions to reduce HIV/AIDS stigma: What have we learned? AIDS Education and Prevention, 15, 49-69.
42. Brown, V., Melchoir, L., Reback, C., & Huba, G. (1994). Mandatory partner notification of HIV test results: Psychological and social issues for women. AIDS & Policy Journal, 9(2), 86-92.
43. Bruce, K., Shrum, J., Trefethen, C., & Slovik, L. (1990). Students' attitudes about AIDS, homosexuality, and condoms. AIDS Education and Prevention, 2, 220-234.
44. Burgoon, J.K., & Hale, J.L. (1987). Validation and measurement of the fundamental themes of relational communication. Communication Monographs, 54, 19-41.
45. Burt, M. (1980). Cultural myths and supports for rape. Journal Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 217-230.
46. Byers, E.A. (1996). How well does the traditional sexual script explain sexual coercion? Review of a program of research. In E.S.Byers & F.O'Sullivan (Eds.), Sexual coercion in dating relationships (pp. 7-26). New York: Hawthorne.
47. Cambridge, P. (1996). Assessing and meeting needs in HIV and learning disability. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24(2), 52-57.
48. Carrballo-Dieguez, A., Remien, R., Dolezal, C., & Wagner, G. (1997). Unsafe sex in the primary relationship of Puerto Rican Men who have sex with men. AIDS and Behavior, 1, 9-17.
49. Carillo, E., & Urganga-McKane, S.(1994). HIV/AIDS. In C.Molino & M.Agurre-Molino (Eds.), Latino health in the U.S.: Agrowing challenge (pp. 313-337). Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.
50. Carroll, J., & Carroll, L. (1995). Alcohol use and risky sex among college students. Psychological Reports, 76, 723-726.
51. Casey, M.K., Allen, M., Emmers-Sommer, T.M., Sahlstein, E., Degooyer, D., Winters, M., Wagner, A.E., & Dun, T. (2003). When a celebrity contracts a disease: The example of Earvin "Magic" Johnson's announcement that he was HIV positive. Journal of Health Communication, 8, 249-265.
52. Catania, J.A., Coates, T.J., Stall, R., & Turner, H. (1992). Prevalence of AIDS-related risk factors and condom use in the United States. Science, 258, 1101-1106.
53. Catania, J.A., Stall, R., Coates, T.J., Pelham, A., & Sacks, C. (1989). Issues in primary AIDS prevention for late middle-aged and elderly Americans. Generations, 13, 50-54.
54. Catania, J.A., Turner, H., Kegeles, S.M., Stall, R., Pollack, L., & Coates, T. (1989). Older Americans and AIDS: Transmission risks and primary prevention needs. Gerontologist, 29, 373-381.
55. Cates, W., & Handsfield, H. (1988). HIV counseling and testing: Does it work? American Journal of Public Health, 78, 1533-1534.
56. Catz, S., Meredith, K., & Mundy, L. (2001). Women's HIV transmission risk perceptions and behaviors in the era of potent antiretroviral therapies. AIDS Education and Prevention, 13, 239-251.
57. Centers for Disease Control (2002a). Young people at risk: HIV/AIDS among America's youth. Available online at: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/facts/youth.htm
58. Centers Centers for Disease Control (2002b). HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, Vol. 14.
59. Centers for Disease Control (2002, June 6). Slide Set: HIV/AIDS General Epidemiology: Updated Through 2000. Retrieved on June 11,2002 from the Internet at http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/graphics/surveill.htm
60. Centers for Disease Control (2003a). HIV/AIDS Among US Women: Minority and Young Women at Continuing Risk. Available online at: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/facts/women.htm
61. Centers for Disease Control (2003b). AIDS in Blacks and Hispanics. Available online at: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/graphics/images/1238/1238-3.pdf
62. Check, J.V., & Malamuth, N.M. (1983). Sex role stereotyping and reactions to depictions of stranger vs. acquaintance rape. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 344-356.
63. Christiansen, M., & Lowhagen, G. (2000). Sexually transmitted diseases and sexual behavior in men attending an outpatients' clinic for gay men in Gothenburg, Sweden. Acta Dermato-Venereologica, 80, 136-139.
64. Christopher, F.S., & Frandsen, M.M. (1990). Strategies of influence in sex and dating. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7, 89-105.
65. CNN Interactive (February 8,1998). Study: Many people with AIDS virus don't tell sex partner. Available online at: http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/9802/08/sexualethics.ap/
66. Cochran, S.D., & Mays, V.M. (1990). Sex, lies, and HIV. , 332, 774-775.
67. Collins, R. (1998). Social identity and HIV infection: The experiences of gay men living with HIV In V.Derlega & A.Barbee, (Eds.). HIV & Social Interaction (pp. 30-55). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
68. Copeland, A. (1993). Suicide among AIDS patients. Medical Science and Law, 33, 21-28.
69. Cotton-Oldenburg, N., Jordan, B., Martin, S., & Sadowski, L. (1999). Voluntary HIV testing in prison: Do women inmates at high risk for HIV accept HIV testing. AIDS Education and Prevention, 11, 28-37.
70. Couch, L.L., & Jones, W.H. (1997). Measuring levels of trust. Journal of Research in Personality, 31, 319-336.
71. Crary, D. (2003, September 29). Survey examines attitudes of older singles: Dating and age: Midlife singles' attitudes change. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, p. 5A.
72. Crisologo, S., Campbell, M., & Forte, J. (1996). Social work, AIDS, and the elderly: Current knowledge and practice. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 26, 49-60.
73. Critelli, J.W., & Suire, D.M. (1998). Obstacles to condom use: The combination of other forms of birth control and short-term monogamy. Journal of American College Health, 46(5), 215-219.
74. Croteau, J., Nero, C., & Prosser, D. (1993). Social and cultural sensitivity in groupspecific HIV and AIDS programming. Journal of Counseling and Development, 71, 290-296.
75. Crowell, T.L., & Emmers-Sommer, T.M. (2000). Examining condom use, selfefficacy, and coping in sexual situations. Communication Research Reports, 17(2), 191-202.
76. Crowell, T.L., & Emmers-Sommer, T.M. (2001). "If I knew then what I know now": Seropositive individuals' perceptions of partner trust, safety, and risk prior to HIV infection. Communication Studies, 52(4), 302-323.
77. Cummings, G.L., Battle, R.S., Barker, J.C., & Krasnovsky, F.M. (1999). Are African American women worried about getting AIDS? A qualitative analysis. AIDS Education and Prevention, 11, 331-342.
78. DeLamater, J. (1987). Gender differences in sexual scenarios. In K.Kelley (Ed.), Females, males and sexuality (pp. 127-139). Albany: State University of New York.
79. Deren, S., Beardsley, M., Tortu, S., & Goldstein, M. (1998). HIV serostatus and changes in risk behaviors among drug injectors and crack users. AIDS and Behavior, 2, 171-176.
80. Derlega, V., & Barbee, A. (Eds.). (1998). HIV & Social Interaction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
81. Dotinga, R. (2003, March 14). Sex wanes with age, women say. Available online at: http://www.healthfinder.gov/news/newsstory.asp?doc!D=512213
82. Doval, A., Duran, R., O'Donnell, L., & O'Donnell, C. (1995). Barriers to condom use in primary and nonprimary relationships among Hispanice STD clinic patients. Hispanic Journal of the Behavioral Sciences, 17, 385-387.
83. Duncan, D. (1990). Pornography as a source of sex information for university students. Psychological Reports, 66, 442.
84. Duncan, D., & Donnelly, J. (1991). Pornography as a source of sex information for students at a private Northeastern university. Psychological Reports, 68, 782.
85. Duncan, D., & Nicholson, T. (1991). Pornography as a source of sex information for students at a Southeastern university. Psychological Reports, 68, 802.
86. Ebron, A. (1999, April 1). What your kids want to know about sex, drugs, and violence. Family Circle, 112, 44-46.
87. Edgar, T., Freimuth, V., Hammond, S., McDonald, D., & Fink, E. (1992). Strategic sexual communication: Condom use resistance and response. Health Communication, 4, 83-104.
88. Ehde, D.M., Holm, J.C., & Robbins, G.M. (1995). The impact of Magic Johnson's HIV serostatus disclosure on unmarried college students' HIV knowledge, attitudes, risk perception and sexual behavior. Journal of American College Health, 44(2), 55-58.
89. Elford, J., Bolding, G., Maguire, M., & Sherr, L. (1999). Sexual risk behavior among gay men in a relationship. AIDS, 13, 1407-1411.
90. Ellen, J.M., Vittinghoff, E., Bolan, G., Boyer, C.B., & Padian, N.S. (1998). Individuals' perceptions about their sex partners' risk behaviors. Journal of Sex Research, 35, 328-332.
91. Elwood, W. (Ed.). (1999). Power in the blood: A handbook on AIDS, politics, and communication. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
92. Elwood, W., & Williams, M. (1999). The politics of silence: Communicative rules and HIV prevention issues in the male bathhouses. In E.Elwood (Ed.), Power in the blood: A handbook of AIDS, politics and communication (pp. 121-132). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
93. Emling, S. (2000, January 17). Cheating hearts make good business. Retrieved on January 17, 2000 from the Internet at http://www.usatoday.com/life/ldso26.htm
94. Emmers, T.M., & Dindia, K. (1995). The effect of relational stage and intimacy on touch: An extension of Guerrero and Andersen. Personal Relationships, 2(3), 225-236.
95. Emmers, T.M., & Canary, D.J. (1996). The effect of uncertainty reducing strategies on young couples' relational repair and intimacy. Communication Quarterly, 44(2), 166-182.
96. Emmers-Sommer, T.M. (2002). Sexual coercion and resistance. In M.Allen, R.W.Preiss, B.M. Gayle, & N.Burrell (Eds.), Interpersonal communication: Advances in metaanalysis (pp. 315-343). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
97. Emmers-Sommer, T.M., & Allen, M. (1999). Variables related to sexual coercion: A path model. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 16(5), 659-678.
98. Emmers-Sommer, T.M., & Allen, M. (2001). HIV and AIDS: Toward increased awareness and understanding of prevention and education using meta-analysis. Communication Studies, 52(2), 127-140.
99. Emmers-Sommer, T.M., & Crowell, T.L. (1999, May). "I'm certain there's nothing to be uncertain about": The effect of reasons for condom-use suggestion on certainty, trust, and intimacy in marital relationships. Paper presented at the International Communication Association Conference, San Francisco, CA.
100. Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140.
101. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Beliefs, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
102. Fitzpatrick, M.A. (1987). Marriage and verbal intimacy. In V.J.Derlega & J.Berg (Eds.), Self-disclosure: Theory and research (pp. 191-217). New York: Plenum Press.
103. Fordyce, E., Sambula, S., & Stoneburner, R. (1989). Mandatory reporting of human immunodeficiency virus testing would deter Blacks and Hispanics from being tested. Journal of The American Medical Association, 262, 349.
104. Forehand, R., Steele, R., Armistead, L., Morse, E., Simon, P., & Clark, L. (1998). The family health project: Psychosocial adjustment of children whose mothers are HIV infected. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 515-520.
105. Freimuth, V.S., Hammond, S.L., Edgar, T., McDonald, D.A., & Fink, E.L. (1992). Factors explaining intent, discussion and use of condoms in first time sexual encounters. Health Education Research, 7, 203-215.
106. Frith, H., & Kitzinger, C. (2001). Reformulating sexual script theory: Developing a discursive psychology of sexual negotiation. Theory and Psychology, 11, 209-232.
107. Fumento, M. (1988). The myth of heterosexual AIDS: How a tragedy has been distorted by the media and partisan politics. New York: Basic Books.
108. Gagnon, J., & Simon, W. (1973). Sexual conduct: The social sources of human sexuality. Chicago, IL: Aldine.
109. Gagnon, M., & Godin, G. (2000). The impact of new antiretroviral treatments on college students' intention to use a condom with a new sexual partner. AIDS Education and Prevention, 12, 239-251.
110. Gibson, F.X., Gerrard, M., Lando, H.A., & McGovern, P.G. (1991). Social comparison and smoking cessation: The role of the "typical smoker." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27, 239-258.
111. Glass, R. (1988). AIDS and suicide. Journal of the American Medical Association, 259, 1369-1370.
112. Glass, S.P., & Wright, T.L. (1997). Reconstructing marriages after the trauma of infidelity. In W. K.Halford & H.J.Markman (Eds.), Clinical handbook of marriage and couples interventions (pp. 471-507), New York: Jossey-Bass.
113. Godin, G., & Kok, G. (1996). The theory of planned behavior: A review of its applications to health-related behaviors. American Journal of Health Promotion, 11, 87-98.
114. Goodwin, E., & Berecochea, J. (1994). Predictors of HIV testing among runaway and homeless adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 15, 566-572.
115. Greene, J. (1984). A cognitive approach to human communication: An action assembly theory. Communication Monographs, 51, 289-306.
116. Greene, K., & Serovich, J. (1996). Appropriateness of disclosure of HIV testing information: The perspective of PLWAs. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 24, 50-65.
117. Greene, K., Parrott, R., & Serovich, J. (1993). Privacy, HIV testing, and AIDS: College students' versus parents' perspectives. Health Communication, 5, 59-74.
118. Gutheil, I., & Chichin, E. (1991). AIDS, older people, and social work. Health and Social Work, 16, 237-246.
119. Hale, J., Householder, B., & Greene, K. (2003). The theory of reasoned action. In J.Dillard & M. Pfau (Eds.), The persuasion handbook: Developments in theory and practice (pp. 259-288). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
120. Hausenblas, H., Carron, A., & Mack, D. (1997). Application of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior to exercise behavior: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sports & Exercise Psychology, 19, 36-51.
121. Hatfield, E., & Rapson, R.L. (1987). Gender differences in love an intimacy: The fantasy vs. the reality. Journal of Social Work and Human Sexuality, 5, 12-26.
122. Hein, K. (1991). Mandatory HIV testing of youth: A lose-lose proposition. Journal of the American Medical Association, 266, 2430-2431.
123. Helgeson, V.S., Shaver, P., & Dryer, M. (1987). Prototypes of intimacy and distance in same-sex relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 4, 195-233.
124. Hendrick, S., & Hendrick, C. (1992). (Eds.). Liking, loving, and relating. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing.
125. Herrett-Skjellum, J., & Allen, M. (1996). Television programming and sexual stereotypes: A meta-analysis. In B.Burleson (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 19(pp. 157-186). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
126. Hillis, S.D., Marchblanks, P.A., Tylor, L.R., & Peterson, H.B. (1999). Poststerilization regret: Findings from the United States collaborative review of sterilization. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 93, 889.
127. Hillman, J. (1998). Some issues in the assessment of HIV among older adult patients. Psychotherapy: Theory, research, practice, training, 35(4), 483-489.
128. Hillman, J., & Broderick, K. (2002). HIV among elderly women: Ignored and overlooked by health care providers and public policy makers. In L.Collins & M.Dunlap (Eds.), Charting a new course for feminist psychology (pp. 193-215). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing.
129. Hingson, R., Strunin, L., Berlin, B., & Heeren, T. (1990). Beliefs about AIDS, use of alcohol and drugs, and unprotected sex among Massachusetts adolescents. American Journal of Public Health, 80, 295-299.
130. Hoff, C., Coates, T., Barrett, D., Collette, L., & Ekstrand, M. (1996). Differences between gay men in primary relationships and single men: Implications for prevention. AIDS Education and Prevention, 8, 546-559.
131. Hynie, M., Lydon, J.E., Coté, S., & Wiener, S. (1998). Relational sexual scripts and women's condom use: The importance of internalized norms. Journal of Sex Research, 35(4), 370-380.
132. Icard, L. (1986). Black gay men and conflicting social identities: Sexual orientation versus racial identity. Journal of Social Work and Human Sexuality, 4, 83-93.
133. Ishii-Kuntz, M., Whitbeck, I.B., & Simons, R.I. (1990). AIDS and perceived change in sexual practice: An analysis of a college student sample from California and Iowa. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, 1301-1321.
134. Johnson, S. (1987). Factors related to the intolerance of AIDS victims. Journal of the Scientific Study of Religion, 26, 105-110.
135. Kalichman, S. (1998). Preventing AIDS: A sourcebook for behavioral interventions. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
136. Katz, B.P., Fortenberry, J.D., Zimet, G.D., Blythe, M.J., & Orr, D.P. (2000). Partnerspecific relationship characteristics and condom use among young people with sexually transmitted diseases. Journal of Sex Research, 37, 69-75.
137. Kellermann, K. (1991). The conversation MOP: II. Progression through scenes of discourse. Human Communication Research, 17, 385-414.
138. Kim, M., & Hunter, J. (1993a). Attitude-behavior relations: A meta-analysis of attitudinal relevance and topic. Journal of Communication, 43, 101-143.
139. Kim, M., & Hunter, J. (1993b). Relationships among attitudes, behavioral intentions, and behavior. Communication Research, 20, 331-364.
140. Kimberly, J., Serovich, J., & Greene, K. (1995). Disclosure of HIV-positive status: Five women's stories. Family Relations, 44, 316-322.
141. King, D.L. (2004). On the down low. New York: Random House.
142. Kippax, S., Crawford, J., Davis, M., Rodden, P., & Dowsett, G. (1993). Sustaining safe sex: Alongitudinal study of a sample of homosexual men. AIDS, 7, 257-263.
143. Kippax, S., Noble, J., Prestage, G., Crawford, J., Campbell, D., Baxter, D., & Cooper, D. (1997). Sexual negotiation n the AIDS era: Negotiated safety revisited. AIDS, 11, 191-197.
144. Klein, W.M., & Weinstein, N.D. (1998). Social comparison and unrealistic optimism about personal risk. In B.P.Buunk & F.X.Gibson (Eds.), Health, coping, and wellbeing: Perspectives from social comparison theory (pp. 26-61). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
145. Klonoff, E., & Ewers, D. (1990). Care of AIDS patients as a source of stress to nursing staff. AIDS Education and Prevention, 2, 338-348.
146. Knapp, M.L., & Taylor, E.H. (1994). Commitment and its communication in romantic relationships. In A.L.Weber & J.H.Harvey (Eds.), Perspectives on close relationships (pp. 153-175). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
147. Koss, M.P. (1988). Hidden rape: Incidence, prevalence, and descriptive characteristics of sexual aggression and victimization in a national sample of college students. In A.W.Burgess (Ed.), Sexual assault Vol. 2 (pp. 3-25). New York: Garland.
148. Koss, M.P., Gidycz, C.A., & Wisniewski, N. (1987). The scope of rape: Incidence and prevalence of sexual aggression and victimization in a national sample of higher education students. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 162-170.
149. Ksobiech, K. (2003). A meta-analysis of needle sharing, lending, and borrowing behaviors of needle exchange program attenders. AIDS Education and Prevention, 15, 237-268.
150. Larzelere, R.E., & Huston, T.L. (1980). The dyadic trust scale: Towards understanding interpersonal trust in close relationships. Journal of Marriage and The Family, 42, 595-604.
151. Lear, D. (1995). Sexual communication in the age of AIDS: The construction of risk and trust among young adults. Social Science Medicine, 41, 1331-1323.
152. Leslie, M., Stein, J., & Rotheram-Borus, M. (2002). The impact of coping strategies, personal relationships, and emotional distress on health-related outcomes of parents living with HIV or AIDS. Journal of Personal and Social Relationships, 19, 67-86.
153. Linsk, N. (1994). HIV and the elderly. Families in Society, 75, 362-372.
154. Lucchetti, A. (1998). Deception in disclosing one's sexual history. Paper presented at the National Communication Association Convention, New York City.
155. MacLachlan, M. (1997). Culture and health. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
156. Mancoske, R., Wadsworth, C., Dugas, D., & Haney, J. (1995). Suicide risk among people living with AIDS. Social Work, 40, 783-787.
157. Mandler, J. (1984). Stories, scripts, and scenes: Aspects of schema theory. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
158. Marin, G., Sabogal, F., Marin, B., Otero-Sabogal, R., & Perez-Stable, E. (1987). Development of a short acculturation scale for Hispanics. Hispanic Journal of the Behavioral Sciences, 9, 18-205.
159. Marston, P.J., Hecht, M.L., Manke, M.L., McDaniel, S. & Reeder, H. (1998). The subjective experience of intimacy, passion, and commitment in heterosexual loving relationships. Personal Relationships, 5, 15-30.
160. Mason, H., Marks, G., Simoni, J., Ruiz, M., & Richardson, J. (1995). Culturally sanctioned secrets? Latino men's nondisclosure of HIV infection to family, friends, and lovers. Health Psychology, 14, 6-12.
161. Materre, M. (2004, February 26). On the down low. Available online at: http://wgntv.trb.com/wgntv-news-022604downlow,0,4747128.story?coll=wgntv-home-1
162. Maticka-Tyndale, E. (1991). Sexual scripts and AIDS prevention: Variations in adherence to safer-sex guidelines by heterosexual adolescents. Journal of Sex Research, 28(1), 45-66.
163. Mays, V., & Cochran, S. (1988). Issues in the perception of AIDS risk and risk reduction activities by Black and Hispanic/Latina women. American Psychologist, 43, 949-957.
164. Mazur, M. (2001). An examination of parental knowledge about adolescent media consumption and parental mediation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Oklahoma.
165. McCoy, C., & Inciardi, J. (1995). Sex, drugs, and the continuing spread of AIDS. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury Publishing Company.
166. McGorry, S., & Lasker, J. (2001). Elderly Latinos in the U.S.: What do they know and think about HIV/AIDS? Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 9(3), 89-103.
167. Metts, S. (1994). Relational transgressions. In W.R.Cupach & B.H.Spitzberg (Eds.), The darkside of interpersonal communication (pp. 217-239). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
168. Metts, S., & Fitzpatrick, M.A. (1992). Thinking about safer sex: The risky business of "knowing your partner" advice. In T.Edgar, M.A.Fitzpatrick, & V.S.Freimuth (Eds.), AIDS: A communication perspective (pp. 1-19). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
169. Metts, S., & Spitzberg, B.H. (1996). Sexual communication in interpersonal contexts: A script-based approach. In B.R.Burleson (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 19(pp. 49-91). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
170. Miller, R.S., & Lefcourt, H.M. (1982). The assessment of social intimacy. Journal of Personality Assessment, 46, 514-518.
171. Misovich, S.J., Fisher, J.D., & Fisher, W.A. (1997). Close relationships and elevated HIV risk behavior: Evidence and possible underlying psychological processes. Review of General Psychology, 1, 72-107.
172. Mongeau, P.A., & Carey, C.M. (1996). Who's wooing whom II?: An investigation of date-initiation and expectancy violation. Western Journal of Communication, 60, 195-213.
173. Muehlenhard, C.L. (1988). Misinterpreting dating behaviors and the risk of date rape. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 6, 20-37.
174. Muehlenharad, C.L., & Schrag, J.L. (1991). Nonviolent sexual coercion. In A.Parrot & L. Bechhofer (Eds.), Acquaintance rape: The hidden crime (pp. 115-128). New York: Wiley.
175. Muehlenhard, C.L., Friedman, D.E., & Thomas, C.M. (1985). Is date rape justifiable? The effects of dating activity, who initiated, who paid, and men's attitudes toward women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 9, 297-310.
176. Nussbaum, J., & Coupland, J. (Eds.). (1995). Handbook of communication and aging. New York: Harper.
177. Orange, J., Van Gennep, K., Miller, L., & Johnson, A. (1998). Resolution of communication breakdown in dementia of the Alzheimer's type: A longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 26, 120-138.
178. Otten, M., Zaidi, A., Wroten, J., Witte, J., & Peterman, T. (1993). Changes in sexually transmitted disease rates after HIV testing and posttest counseling, Miami, 1988 to 1989. American Journal of Public Health, 83, 529-533.
179. Patel, D., & Morley, J.E. (2003). Sexual behavior of older women: Results of a randomdigit-dialing survey of 2000 women in the United States. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 30, 216-220.
180. Perper, T., & Weis, D.L. (1987). Proceptive and rejective strategies of U.S. and Canadian College Women. Journal of Sex Research, 23(4), 455-480.
181. Perry, M., Solomon, L., Winett, R., Kelly, J., Roffman, R., Desiderato, L., Kalichman, S., Sikkema, K., Norman, A., Short, B., & Stevenson, L. (1994). High risk sexual behavior and alcohol consumption among bar-going gay men. AIDS, 8, 1321-1324.
182. Petronio, S.(1991). Communication boundary management: A theoretical model of managing disclosure of private information between marital couples. Communication Theory, 1, 311-335.
183. Pilkington, C., J., Kern, W., & Indest, D. (1994). Is safer sex necessary with a "safe" partner?: Condom use romantic feelings. The Journal of Sex Research, 31, 203-210.
184. Pittman, F. (1989). Private lies: Infidelity and the betrayal of intimacy. New York: W.W.Norton.
185. Pope, S., Koopman, J., Ostrow, D., Joseph, J., Fletcher, D., Prokopowicz, G., & Natale, J. (1992). The link between sexually transmitted disease clinics and HIV counseling and testing centers: Who is not getting referred? AIDS Education and Prevention, 4, 219-226.
186. Raghubir, P., & Menon, G. (1998). AIDS and me, never the twain shall meet: The effects of information accessibility on judgments of risk and advertising effectiveness. Journal of Consumer Research, 25, 52-63.
187. Randall, D., & Wolff, J. (1994). The time interval in the intention-behavior relationship: Meta-analysis. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 405-418.
188. Reiss, I.L., & Leik, R.K. (1989). Evaluating strategies to avoid AIDS: Number of partners versus use of condoms. Journal of Sex Research, 4, 411-433.
189. Rempel, J.K., Holmes, J.G., & Zanna, M.P. (1985). Trust in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 95-112.
190. Roche, J.P., & Ramsey, T.W. (1993). Premarital sexuality: A five-year follow-up study of attitudes and behavior by dating stage. Adolescence, 28, 67-80.
191. Rogers, E. (1995). Diffusion of innovations (4th ed.). New York: Free Press.
192. Rogers, E., & Shefner-Rogers, C. (1999). Diffusion of innovations and HIV/AIDS prevention research. In W.Elwood (Ed.), Power in the blood: A handbook on AIDS, politics, and communication (pp. 405-414). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers.
193. Roscoe, B., Cavanaugh, L.E., & Kennedy, D.R. (1988). Dating infidelity: Behaviors, reasons, and consequences. Adolescence, 23, 35-43.
194. Rose, S. (1998). Searching for the meaning of AIDS: Issues effecting seropositive Black gay men. In V.Derlega & A.Barbee, (Eds.). HIV & Social Interaction (pp. 56-82). Thousand Oaks, CA; Sage.
195. Rosenthal, R. (1984). Meta-analytic procedures for social research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
196. Rye, B.J. (1998). The impact and AIDS prevention video on AIDS-related perceptions. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 7, 19-30.
197. Sahlu, T., Kassa, E., Agonafer, T., Tsegaye, A., de Wit, T., Gebremarian, H., Doorly, R., Spijkerman, I., Yeneneh, H., Coutinho, R., & Fontanet, A. (1999). Sexual behaviors, perception of risk of HIV infection, and factors associated with attending HIV post-test counseling in Ethiopia. AIDS, 13, 1263-1272.
198. Sanders, G.S. (1982). Social comparison and perceptions of health and illness. In G.S.Sanders & J.Suls (Eds.), Social psychology and health of illness (pp. 129-157). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
199. San Doval, A., Duran, R., O'Donnell, L., & O'Donnell, C. (1995). Barriers to condom use in primary and nonprimary relationships among Hispanic STD clinic patients. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 17, 385-397.
200. Schank, R. (1982). Dynamic memory: A theory of reminding and learning in computers and people. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
201. Schneider, S., Taylor, S., Hammen, C., Kemeny, M., & Dudley, J. (1991). Factors influencing suicide intent in gay and bisexual suicide ideators: Differing models for men with and without human immunodeficiency virus. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 776-788.
202. Schönbach, P. (1990). Account episodes: The management or escalation of conflict. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
203. Schrimshaw, E., & Siegel, K. (2002). HIV-infected mothers' disclosure to their uninfected children: Rates, reasons, and reactions. Journal of Personal and Social Relationships, 19, 45-66.
204. Schwarzer, R., & Leppin, A. (1989). Social support and health: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Health, 3, 1-15.
205. Sheeran, P., & Orbell, S. (1998). Do intentions predict condom use? Meta-analysis and examination of sex moderator variables. British Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 231-250.
206. Sheeran, P., & Taylor, S. (1999). Predicting intentions to use condoms: A meta-analysis and comparison of the theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 1624-1675.
207. Shenson, D., & Arno, P. (1989). AIDS, elders, and federal spending, Generations, 13, 28-31.
208. Sheppard, B., Hartwick, J., & Warshaw, P. (1988). The theory of reasoned action: A meta-analysis of past research with recommendations for modifications and future research. Journal of Consumer Research, 5, 325-343.
209. Shervington, D. (1993). The acceptability of the female condom among the lowincome African-American women. Journal of the National Medical Association, 85, 341-347.
210. Shilts, R. (1987). And the band played on: Politics, people, and the AIDS epidemic. New York: Penguin Books.
211. Shimanoff, S. (1980). Communication rules: Theory and research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
212. Simon, W., & Gagnon, J.H. (1984). Sexual scripts. Society, 22, 52-60.
213. Simon, W., & Gagnon, J.H. (1986). Sexual scripts: Permanence and change. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 15, 97-120.
214. Simon, W., & Gagnon, J.H. (1987). A sexual scripts approach. In J.H.Greer & W.T.O'Donohue (Eds.), Theories of human sexuality (pp. 363-383). New York: Plenum.
215. Sonnex, C., Hart, G.J., Williams, P., & Adler, M.W. (1989). Condom use by heterosexuals attending a department of GUM: Attitudes and behavior in the light of HIV infection. Genitourinary Medicine, 65, 248-251.
216. Spanier, G.B., & Margolis, R.L. (1983). Marital separation and extramarital sexual behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 33, 101-125.
217. Spinelli, A., Talamanca, I.F., Lauria, L. (2000). Patterns of contraception use in 5 European countries. European study group on infertility and subfecundity. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 1403.
218. Stall, R., & Catania, J. (1994). AIDS risk behaviors among late middle-aged and elderly Americans. The national AIDS behavioral surveys. Archives of internal medicine, 154, 57-63.
219. Steel, J.L. (1991). Interpersonal correlated of trust and self-disclosure. Psychological Reports, 68, 1319-1320.
220. Stebleton, M., & Rothenberger, J. (1993). Truth or consequences: Dishonesty in dating and HIV/AIDS-related issues in a college population. Journal of American College Health, 42, 51-54.
221. Sternberg, S. (2002, July 8). Most HIV-positive males in the USA don't know it. Retrieved on July 8, 2002 from the Internet at: http://usatoday.com/news/healthscience/health/aids/2002-07-08-us-aids.htm
222. Strasburger, V.C., & Donnerstein, E. (1999). Children, adolescents, and the media: Issues and solutions. Pediatrics, 103(1), 129-139.
223. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J.C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W.C.Austin & S.Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-53). Monterey, CA; Brooks/Cole.
224. Takigiku, S., Brubaker, T., & Hennon, C. (1993). A contextual model of stress among parent caregivers of gay sons with AIDS. AIDS Education and Prevention, 5, 25-42.
225. The Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI) (2002). In their own right: Addressing the sexual and reproductive health needs of American men, New York: AGI.
226. Thimm, C., Rademacher, U., & Kruse, L. (1998). Age stereotypes and patronizing messages: Features of age-adapted speech in technical instructions to the elderly. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 26, 66-82.
227. Thompson, A.P. (1983). Extramarital sex: A review of the research literature. Journal of Sex Research, 19, 1-22.
228. Thompson, D. (1994). The sexual experiences of men with learning disabilities having sex with men: Issues for HIV prevention. Sexuality and Disability, 12, 221-242.
229. Tigges, B.B., Wills, T.A., & Link, B.G. (1998). Social comparison, the threat of AIDS, and adolescent condom use. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 861-887.
230. Timmins, P., Gallois, C., McCamish, M., & Terry, D. (1996, May). Sources of information about HIV/AIDS and perceived risk of infection among heterosexual young adults: 1989-1994. Paper presented at the International Communication Association Conference, Chicago, IL.
231. Treffke, H., Tiggemann, M. & Ross, M.W. (1992). The relationship between attitude assertiveness and condom use. Psychology and Health, 6, 45-52.
232. Wegscheider-Cruse, S. (1988). Coupleship. Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications.
233. Whittier, D., & Simon, W. (2001). The fuzzy matrix of "my type" in intrapsychic sexual scripting. Sexualities, 4, 139-165.
234. Wiederman, M.W. (1997). Extramarital sex: Prevalence and correlates in a national survey. Journal of Sex Research, 34, 167-174.
235. Willing, C. (1994). Marital discourse and condom use. In P.Aggeton, P., Davie, & G.Hart, AIDS: Foundations for the future (pp. 110-121). London: Taylor & Francis.
236. Wills, T.A. (1981). Downward comparison principles in social psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 245-271.
237. Witte, K., & Allen, M. (2000). A meta-analysis of fear appeals: Implications for effective health campaigns. Health Education and Behavior, 27, 591-615.
238. Wood, J.V., Taylor, S.E., & Lichtman, R.R. (1985). Social comparison in adjustment to breast cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1169-1183.
239. World Health Organization (2002, May 30). African AIDS Vaccine Programme Needs US $233 Million. Press Release WHO/42. Retrieved on June 11, 2002 from the Internet at http://www.who.int/inf/en/pr-2002-42.html
240. Wulfert, E., & Wan, C.K. (1995). Safer sex intentions and condom use viewed from a health belief, reasoned action, and social cognitive perspective. The Journal of Sex Research, 32, 299-311.
241. Yesmont, G.A. (1992). The relationship of assertiveness to college students' safer sex behaviors. Adolescence, 27, 253-272.