Tabloid terror: War, culture, and geopolitics

Tabloid Terror: War, Culture, and Geopolitics

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-193

  Debrix, François ^a  

^a FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 84917272017     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203944660     Document Type: Book

References (305)

1. Blaise Pascal, Pensées: The Provincial Letters, trans. W.F. Trotter (New York: Random House, 1941), p. 103.
2. Fredric Jameson, "The Dialectics of Disaster," in Stanley Hauerwas and Frank Lentricchia (eds.), Dissent from the Homeland: Essays after September 11, Special Issue of The South Atlantic Quarterly, Vol. 101, No. 2 (2002), p. 299.
3. The objectives of this mission are summarized in John L. Hirsch and Robert B. Oakley, Somalia and Operation Restore Hope: Reflections on Peacemaking and Peacekeeping (Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press, 1995).
4. François Debrix, Re-Envisioning Peacekeeping: The United Nations and the Mobilization of Ideology (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), pp. 97-134.
5. Sidney Blumenthal, "Why Are We in Somalia?" The New Yorker, October 25, 1993, p. 50.
6. See Warren Strobel, Late-Breaking Foreign Policy: The News Media's Influence on Peace Operations (Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press, 1997), pp. 176-7.
7. See, for example, L.M. Katz, "Graphic Photos from Somalia Gave 'Urgency'," USA Today, October 13, 1993, p. 8A
8. James Sharkey, "When is a Picture too Graphic to Run?" American Journalism Review, December 1993, p. 188.
9. Debrix, Re-Envisioning Peacekeeping, pp. 126-34.
10. James Der Derian, "The War of Networks," Theory and Event, Vol. 4, No. 4 (2002), paragraph 9, no page given; available at http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/theory_and_ event/.
11. On the replay/return of time as a consequence of the September 11 events, see also David Campbell, "Time is Broken: The Return of the Past in the Response to September 11," Theory and Event, Vol. 4, No. 4 (2002), no pages given; available at http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/theory_and_event/.
12. Marshall Berman, All that is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity (New York: Penguin, 1988), pp. 131-71.
13. Jean-François Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, trans. Geoff Bennington and Brian Massumi (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984).
14. Kevin Glynn, Tabloid Culture: Trash Taste, Popular Power, and the Transformation of American Television (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000), p. 2.
15. The notion of "discursive formation" is derived from Foucault's work on language and knowledge. See Michel Foucault, The Archeology of Knowledge, trans. A.M. Sheridan Smith (New York: Pantheon Books, 1972).
16. Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition, p. 76.
17. Richard Keller Simon, Trash Culture: Popular Culture and the Great Tradition (Berkeley:University of California Press, 1999), p. 2.
18. See S. Elizabeth Bird, For Enquiring Minds: A Cultural Study of Supermarket Tabloids (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1992).
19. Jean Baudrillard, Simulations (New York: Semiotext(e), 1983).
20. Glynn, Tabloid Culture, p. 3.
21. Edelman understands politics principally as the making or constructing of social or political "problems" or "crises." See Murray Edelman, Constructing the Political Spectacle (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988).
22. John Agnew, Geopolitics: Re-Visioning World Politics, second edition (New York:Routledge, 2003), p. 5.
23. See Halford Mackinder, "On the Scope and Methods of Geography," in John Agnew, David Livingstone, and Alisdair Rogers (eds.), Human Geography: An Essential Anthology (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), pp. 155-72.
24. On Friedrich Ratzel's geopolitical thought, see Gearóid Ó Tuathail, Critical Geopolitics: The Politics of Writing Global Space (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), pp. 36-8.
25. Agnew, Geopolitics, p. 1.
26. Schulten, The Geographical Imaginary, p. 44.
27. Simon Dalby, Environmental Security (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002), p. xxiv.
28. Ó Tuathail, Critical Geopolitics, pp. 15-16.
29. David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity, revised edition (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998), p. 23.
30. See Michael J. Shapiro, Violent Cartographies: Mapping Cultures of War (Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press, 1997).
31. But perhaps even more emblematic of this trend is Michael J. Shapiro, Methods and Nations: Cultural Governance and the Indigenous Subject (New York: Routledge, 2003).
32. See, in particular, Joanne Sharp, Condensing the Cold War: Reader's Digest and American Identity (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000).
33. See also François Debrix, "Tabloid Realism and the Revival of American Security Culture," Geopolitics, Vol. 8, No. 3 (2003), pp. 151-90.
34. Sharp, Condensing the Cold War, p. 35.
35. See, once again, Foucault, The Archeology of Knowledge.
36. For more on this lack of distinction between language and discourse in Foucault's work, see François Debrix, "Language, Nonfoundationalism, International Relations," in François Debrix (ed.), Language, Agency, and Politics in a Constructed World (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2003), pp. 3-25.
37. Foucault, The Archeology of Knowledge, pp. 21-39.
38. On Foucault's discursive formations, see also Jon Simons, Foucault and the Political (New York: Routledge, 1995), pp. 23-7.
39. See, for example, Charles Kegley, "The Neoidealist Moment in International Studies? Realist Myths and the New International Realities," International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 37 (1993), pp. 131-46.
40. For a critical reading of Kegley's argument about the alleged end of realism, see Cynthia Weber, International Relations Theory: A Critical Introduction (New York: Routledge, 2001), pp. 35-57.
41. See Julia Kristeva, Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982).
42. On the contribution of Kristeva's theory of the abject to the philosophical and cultural motif of disgust, see Winfried Menninghaus, Disgust: Theory and History of a Strong Sensation (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2003), pp. 365-401.
43. Rey Chow, The Age of the World Target: Self-Referentiality in War, Theory, and Comparative Work (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006).
44. Judith Butler, Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence (New York:Verso, 2004).
45. Quoted in Cybercrime, Cyberterrorism, Cyberwarfare: Averting an Electronic Waterloo, A Global Organized Crime Project (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1998), p. 15.
46. J.G. Ballard, War Fever (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1990), pp. 23-32.
47. Brian Massumi, "Everywhere You Want to Be: Introduction to Fear," in Brian Massumi (ed.), The Politics of Everyday Fear (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), p. 11.
48. Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 1994), p. 9.
49. For more on the ideology of the media, see Mark Taylor and Esa Saarinen, Imagologies:Media Philosophy (New York: Routledge, 1994).
50. In this sense, McLuhan's approach stands in contrast to Noam Chomsky's view about "manufacturing consent" as a result of media manipulations. See Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York: Pantheon, 1988).
51. Jean Baudrillard, The System of Objects (New York: Verso, 1996).
52. Jean-François Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press, 1984), p. 5.
53. For a good example of such a Y2K media-induced frenzy, see Edward Yardeni, "Y2K:An Alarmist View," The Wall Street Journal, May 4, 1998, p. A22.
54. Barry Collin, "The Future of Cyber Terrorism: Where the Physical and Virtual Worlds Converge," remarks prepared for the Institute for Security and Intelligence (Chicago:Office of International Criminal Justice, University of Illinois-Chicago, 1999), available at http://oicj.acsp.uic.edu/spearmint/public/pubs/, no page given.
55. See "What is Information Warfare," available on the Infowar Website at http://tangle. seas.gwu.edu/.
56. To use Laqueur's term. See Walter Laqueur, "Postmodern Terrorism," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 75, No. 5 (1996), pp. 24-36.
57. To use Klare's terminology. See Michael Klare, Rogue States and Nuclear Outlaws:America's Search for a New Foreign Policy (New York: Hill & Wang, 1995).
58. John Arquilla, David Ronfeldt and Michele Zanini, "Networks, Netwar and Information-Age Terrorism," in I.O. Lesser, B. Hoffman, J. Arquilla, D. Ronfeldt, and M. Zanini (eds.), Countering the New Terrorism (Washington, DC: Rand Corporation, 1999), p. 47.
59. See Cybercrime, Cyberterrorism, Cyberwarfare, p. 11.
60. This division of the body is reminiscent of Negroponte's suggested dualism between atoms and bits in a digital age. See Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York:Vintage Books, 1995).
61. Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Network Society, Volume 1 of The Information Age:Economy, Society and Culture (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1996).
62. See Graeme Browning, "Infowar," The Daily Fed, April 21, 1997, available at www. goexec.com/dailyfed/, no page given.
63. Katherine N. Hayles, How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
64. On the problematic of the body as/through cybernetic organisms, see Donna Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (New York: Routledge, 1991).
65. Browning, "Infowar," no page given.
66. Carol Cohn, "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals," in John Vasquez (ed.), Classics of International Relations, third edition (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996), pp. 327-39.
67. Arthur Kroker, Marilouise Kroker, and David Cook, The Panic Encyclopedia (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989), p. 13.
68. Thomas L. Dumm, "Telefear: Watching War News," in Brian Massumi (ed.), The Politics of Everyday Fear, p. 313.
69. On the role of the new media (such as the internet) and the politics and spectacle of terror, see Henry Giroux, Beyond the Spectacle of Terrorism: Global Uncertainty and the Challenge of the New Media (Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2006).
70. See also Jay David Bolter and Richard Grusin, Remediation: Understanding New Media (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000).
71. Jennifer Ruth Fosket and Jennifer Fishman, "Constructing the Millennium Bug: Trust, Risk, and Technological Uncertainty," C-Theory: Theory, Technology and Culture, Vol. 22, No. 3 (1999), Event-Scene 82, no page given.
72. Robert D. Kaplan, The Coming Anarchy: Shattering the Dreams of the Post-Cold War (New York: Random House, 2000), p. 24.
73. Joshua Gamson, Freaks Talk Back: Tabloid Talk Shows and Sexual Nonconformity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), p. 224.
74. Initially, the term "tabloid" referred to the half-broadsheet format of the paper on which the stories were printed. See S. Elizabeth Bird, For Enquiring Minds: A Cultural Study of Supermarket Tabloids (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1992), p. 8.
75. Jane Shattuc, The Talking Cure: TV Talk Shows and Women (New York: Routledge, 1997), pp. 17-18.
76. See Kevin Glynn, Tabloid Culture: Trash Taste, Popular Power, and the Transformation of American Television (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000), pp. 18-19.
77. See Tom Engelhardt, The End of Victory Culture: Cold War America and the Disillusioning of a Generation (New York: Basic Books, 1995).
78. Virginie Mamadouh, "11 September and Popular Geopolitics: A Study of Websites Run for and by Dutch Moroccans," Geopolitics, Vol. 8, No. 3 (2003), p. 192.
79. Joanne P. Sharp, Condensing the Cold War: Reader's Digest and American Identity (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000), p. 35.
80. David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity, revised edition (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998), p. 23.
81. Sharp, Condensing the Cold War, p. 35.
82. Susan Schulten, The Geographical Imagination in America, 1880-1950 (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 2001), p. 7.
83. Engelhardt, The End of Victory Culture, p. 113.
84. Derek Gregory, The Colonial Present: Afghanistan, Palestine, Iraq (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), p. 248.
85. Sharp, Condensing the Cold War, pp. 13-14.
86. Gregory, The Colonial Present, pp. 197-214.
87. See, for example, James Rosenau, Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990).
88. For a reflection on the effects of postmodernity and postmodern phenomena on international relations and geopolitics, see Paul Virilio, Speed and Politics: An Essay on Dromology (New York: Semiotext(e), 1986);
89. Edward Soja, Postmodern Geographies:The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory (New York: Verso, 1989);
90. James Der Derian, Antidiplomacy: Spies, Terror, Speed and War (Cambridge, MA:Blackwell, 1992);
91. Timothy W. Luke, "Discourses of Disintegration, Texts of Transformation:Re-reading Realism in the New World Order," Alternatives, Vol. 18, No. 2 (1993), pp. 229-58;
92. John Agnew and Stuart Corbridge, Mastering Space: Hegemony, Territory and International Political Economy (New York: Routledge, 1995).
93. See, for example, Benjamin Barber, Jihad versus McWorld: How Globalism and Tribalism Are Reshaping the World (New York: Ballantine Books, 1995);
94. Zbigniew Brzezinski, Out of Control: Global Turmoil on the Eve of the Twenty-First Century (New York: Maxwell Macmillan, 1993)
95. The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives (New York: Basic Books, 1997);
96. Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York:Touchstone, 1996);
97. Robert D. Kaplan, The Coming Anarchy: Shattering the Dreams of the Post-Cold War (New York: Random House, 2000);
98. Michael Klare, Rogue States and Nuclear Outlaws: America's Search for a New Foreign Policy (New York: Hill and Wang, 1995)
99. Resource Wars: The New Landscape of Global Conflict (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2001);
100. John Mearsheimer, "Why We Will Soon Miss the Cold War," The Atlantic, Vol. 266, No. 2 (1990), pp. 35-50;
101. Max Singer and Aaron Wildavsky, The Real World Order: Zones of Peace/Zones of Turmoil (Chatham, NJ:Chatham House, 1996).
102. But even some traditionally non-realist scholars have attempted to partake of this literary genre. See, in particular, Francis Fukuyama, The Great Disruption: Human Nature and the Reconstitution of Social Order (New York:Touchstone, 1999);
103. Stanley Hoffmann, World Disorders: Troubled Peace in the Post-Cold War Era (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998).
104. Michel Foucault, The Archeology of Knowledge (New York: Pantheon Books, 1972), pp. 31-9.
105. As Mirzoeff has argued, postmodern culture is a predominantly visual and interfacial culture. Thus, it is best captured from the perspective of visual analyses and media. See Nicholas Mirzoeff, An Introduction to Visual Culture (New York: Routledge, 1999), pp. 3-8.
106. Kaplan, The Coming Anarchy.
107. Kaplan, The Coming Anarchy, p. 50.
108. Kaplan, The Coming Anarchy, p. 54.
109. Simon Dalby, "Reading Robert Kaplan's 'Coming Anarchy'," in Gearóid Ó Tuathail, Simon Dalby and Paul Routledge (eds.), The Geopolitics Reader (New York:Routledge, 1998), p. 199.
110. Dalby, "Reading Robert Kaplan's 'Coming Anarchy'," p. 199.
111. See, for example, Kaplan's panic about what he fears is the porous fragility of the US-Mexican border. See Kaplan, An Empire Wilderness, pp. 142-5.
112. To quote Baudrillard's famous slogan about postmodernity as an age of simulated reality. See Jean Baudrillard, Simulations (New York: Semiotext(e), 1983).
113. As some of his detractors are often tempted to do. See, for example, Christopher Hitchens, "Africa Adrift," The Nation, Minority Report, May 27, 1996; online version, available at http://past.thenation.com/.
114. Brian Jarvis, Postmodern Cartographies: The Geographical Imagination in Contemporary American Culture (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), p. 188.
115. Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968).
116. Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).
117. See, for example, Samuel Huntington, The Common Defense: Strategic Programs in National Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961);
118. Zbigniew Brzezinski and Samuel Huntington, Political Power: USA/USSR (New York: Viking Press, 1964).
119. See also Lawrence Harrison and Samuel Huntington (eds.), Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress (New York: Basic Books, 2000).
120. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations, pp. 30-1.
121. Michael J. Shapiro, Violent Cartographies: Mapping Cultures of War (Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press, 1997), p. 30.
122. Gearóid Ó Tuathail, Critical Geopolitics: The Politics of Writing Global Space (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1996), p. 246.
123. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations, p. 302; my emphasis.
124. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations, p. 311; author's emphasis.
125. Brzezinski, Out of Control.
126. Brzezinski, The Grand Chessboard.
127. Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Grand Failure: The Birth and Death of Communism in the 20th Century (New York: Scribner, 1989).
128. Zbigniew Brzezinski, "A Post-Divided Europe: Principles and Precepts for American Foreign Policy," Lecture given at the Woodrow Wilson Center for Scholars, July 19, 2000, available at http://wwics.si.edu/.
129. Brzezinski, The Grand Chessboard, pp. 34-5.
130. See, once again, Gregory, The Colonial Present, p. 4.
131. Brzezinski, Out of Control, p. xii.
132. Baudrillard, Simulations, p. 32; author's emphasis.
133. Gamson, Freaks Talk Back, p. 96.
134. Quoted in TV Guide Staff, "We Watched and Wept: Americans Express Shock, Anger and Sorrow over the Events They Witnessed on Television," The TV Guide: Terror Hits Home Special Edition, Vol. 49, No. 39 (2001), p. 19.
135. Robert N. Bellah, "Seventy-Five Years," in Stanley Hauerwas and Frank Lentricchia (eds.), Dissent from the Homeland: Essays after September 11, Special Issue of The South Atlantic Quarterly, Vol. 101, No. 2 (2002), pp. 258-9.
136. Julia Kristeva, Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982), pp. 1-2.
137. See Tom Engelhardt, The End of Victory Culture.
138. Englehardt, The End of Victory Culture, p. 15.
139. See Neil Smith, American Empire, p. xii.
140. Derek Gregory, The Colonial Present, p. 48.
141. Engelhardt, The End of Victory Culture, p. 21.
142. Kristeva, Powers of Horror, pp. 1-2.
143. Winfried Menninghaus, Disgust: Theory and History of a Strong Sensation (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2003), p. 369; my inserts.
144. Kristeva, Powers of Horror, p. 22.
145. Menninghaus, Disgust, p. 370.
146. Kristeva, Powers of Horror, p. 10.
147. Kristeva, Powers of Horror, p. 3; emphasis in original.
148. Kristeva, Powers of Horror, p. 8.
149. Robert D. Kaplan, Warrior Politics: Why Leadership Demands a Pagan Ethos (New York: Random House, 2002).
150. Victor Davis Hanson, An Autumn of War: What America Learned from September 11 and the War on Terrorism (New York: Anchor Books, 2002).
151. Michael Ledeen, The War Against the Terror Masters: Why It Happened, Where We Are Now, How We'll Win (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2002).
152. Kaplan, Warrior Politics, p. 113.
153. See on this topic, once again, Simon Dalby, "Reading Robert Kaplan's 'Coming Anarchy'," in Gearoid Ó Tuathail, Simon Dalby, and Paul Routledge (eds.), The Geopolitics Reader (New York: Routledge, 1998), pp. 197-203; See also the argument developed above in Chapter 2.
154. Kaplan, Warrior Politics, p. 119.
155. Hanson, An Autumn of War, back cover.
156. Hanson, An Autumn of War, p. 194; my emphases.
157. Ledeen, The War against the Terror Masters, p. 211.
158. Kristeva, Powers of Horror, p. 18.
159. For a theoretical analysis of the inversion of Clausewitz's famous adage, see Michel Foucault, "Society Must Be Defended": Lectures at the College de France, 1975-76 (New York: Picador Press, 2003).
160. Karl von Clausewitz, On War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976).
161. Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, Nomadology: The War Machine, trans. Brian Massumi (New York: Semiotext(e), 1986), p. 7.
162. See, for example, Pauline Jelinek, "Billions of Dollars Spent on Iraq: How Much was Wasted, How Much more Needed?" The Associated Press, press report, July 23, 2004, no page given.
163. Roland Barthes, Mythologies, trans. Annette Lavers (New York: Noonday Press, 1972).
164. To my knowledge, it is Foucault who first brought up the possibility of the reversal of Clausewitz's principle. See, once again, Michel Foucault, 'Society Must Be Defended':Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975-76 (New York: Picador, 2003), pp. 15-19 and pp. 47-8.
165. Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, trans. Brian Massumi (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987).
166. See Karl von Clausewitz, On War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976).
167. Deleuze and Guattari refer to this as the need to develop thoughts and practices of resistance to state "capture." See Paul Patton, Deleuze and the Political (New York:Routledge, 2000), p. 110.
168. See, for example, Julian Reid, "Deleuze's War Machine: Nomadism against the State," Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 32, No. 1 (2003), pp. 57-85.
169. Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire (New York: Penguin Press, 2004), pp. 10-11.
170. General Tommy Franks, American Soldier, written with Malcolm McConnell (New York: Regan Books, 2004).
171. See, for example, Richard Clarke, Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terror (New York: Free Press, 2004)
172. Joseph Wilson, The Politics of Truth: Inside the Lies that Led to War and Betrayed My Wife's CIA Identity (New York: Carroll and Graf, 2004).
173. See the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks, The 9/11 Commission Report:Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (New York: Norton, 2004).
174. Hardt and Negri, Multitude, p. 7.
175. See Kennan Ferguson, "Three Ways of Spilling Blood," in François Debrix (ed.), Language, Agency, and Politics in a Constructed World (Armonk, NJ: M.E. Sharpe, 2003), p. 87.
176. See Hans Morgenthau, In Defense of the National Interest (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1982).
177. For examples of recent (tabloid) realist critiques of the war in Iraq and the Bush administration's views on foreign policy, see Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Choice: Global Domination or Global Leadership (New York: Basic Books, 2004);
178. John Lewis Gaddis, Surprise, Security, and the American Experience (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004);
179. John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt, "An Unnecessary War," Foreign Policy, Vol. 134 (January/February 2003), pp. 50-9;
180. Joseph Nye, The Paradox of American Power: Why the World's Only Superpower Can't Go It Alone (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002);
181. See, for example, Thomas Barnett, The Pentagon's New Map: War and Peace in the Twenty-First Century (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 2004);
182. David Frum and Richard Perle, An End to Evil: How to Win the War on Terror (New York: Random House, 2003);
183. Samuel Huntington, Who Are We? The Challenges to America's National Identity (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004);
184. Lawrence Kaplan and William Kristol, The War in Iraq: Saddam's Tyranny and America's Mission (San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2003).
185. See also Robert D. Kaplan, Warrior Politics: Why Leadership Demands a Pagan Ethos (New York: Random House, 2002)
186. Michael Ledeen, The War against the Terror Masters (New York: Truman Talley Books, 2002) (these last two authors' volumes were discussed in the previous chapter).
187. Franks, American Soldier, p. 536.
188. Shapiro, Methods and Nations, p. 180.
189. Michel Foucault, "Right of Death and Power over Life," in Paul Rabinow (ed.), The Foucault Reader (New York: Pantheon Books, 1984), p. 266.
190. Giorgio Agamben, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998), p. 3.
191. For more on the use of such a dialectic in international relations, see R.B.J. Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
192. Agamben, Homo Sacer, p. 28.
193. Hardt and Negri, Multitude, p. 14.
194. Shapiro, Methods and Nations, pp. 181-2.
195. This is Shapiro's clarification of Agamben's concept of "bare life." See Methods and Nations, p. 181.
196. Agamben, Homo Sacer, p. 8.
197. Samuel Huntington, Who Are We? The Challenges to America's National Identity (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004).
198. Once again, see Victor Davis Hanson, An Autumn of War, discussed in Chapter 3.
199. Huntington, Who Are We?, p. 8.
200. Hardt and Negri, Multitude, p. 41.
201. Alain Joxe, Empire of Disorder (Los Angeles: Semiotext(e), 2002), p. 206.
202. See, for example, David Frum and Richard Perle, An End to Evil: How to Win the War on Terror (New York: Random House, 2003).
203. Lawrence F. Kaplan and William Kristol, The War over Iraq: Saddam's Tyranny and America's Mission (San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2003), p. 3.
204. See, in particular, Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973).
205. Seyla Benhabib, The Reluctant Modernism of Hannah Arendt (Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage, 1996), p. 125.
206. Arendt, The Human Condition, p. 193.
207. As Anthony Lang Jr. has noted, it is mainly in the politics of military interventions that agonal action and agency manifest themselves in international relations. See Anthony F. Lang Jr., Agency and Ethics: The Politics of Military Intervention (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2002).
208. Dana Villa, "Beyond Good and Evil: Arendt, Nietzsche, and the Aestheticization of Political Action," Political Theory, Vol. 20, No. 2 (1992), p. 275.
209. Alain Badiou, Infinite Thought: Truth and the Return to Philosophy (London: Continuum, 2003), p. 117.
210. Franks, American Soldier, pp. 306-7; my emphasis.
211. See, once again, Michael A. Ledeen, The War against the Terror Masters.
212. Badiou, Infinite Thought, p. 120.
213. Ledeen, The War against the Terror Masters, p. xxiii.
214. Deleuze and Guattari, Nomadology, p. 111.
215. Jean Baudrillard, "L'Esprit du Terrorisme" (The Spirit of Terrorism), The South Atlantic Quarterly, Vol. 101, No. 2 (Spring 2002), p. 407.
216. For an additional discussion of post-9/11 American moralities, their role and place in American culture, and their potentially disastrous and destructive effects, see Cynthia Weber, Imagining America at War: Morality, Politics, and Film (New York:Routledge, 2006).
217. Baudrillard, "L'Esprit du Terrorisme," p. 405.
218. Hardt and Negri, Multitude, p. 192.
219. Rowan Williams, "End of War," in Stanley Hauerwas and Frank Lentricchia (eds.), Dissent from the Homeland: Essays after September 11, Special Issue of The South Atlantic Quarterly, Vol. 101, No. 2 (2002), pp. 269-70; my inserts.
220. Jean-Luc Nancy, Being Singular Plural (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000), p. 159.
221. Quoted in James Poniewozik, "Missing in Action: FX's Daring New Iraq War Drama is Violent and Provocative, but Filled with Clichéd Characters," Time, August 1, 2005, p. 58.
222. For an in-depth study of the connection between Bochco's cop shows and existentialism, see Philip J. Lane, "The Existential Condition of Television Crime Drama," Journal of Popular Culture, Vol. 34, No. 4 (Spring 2001), pp. 137-51.
223. Nancy Franklin, "The Yanks are Coming," The New Yorker, August 1, 2005, p. 86.
224. See Mike McDaniel, "Soldiers Walk the Walk, Talk the Talk," HoustonChronicle. Com, July 27, 2005, no page given. Available at www.chron.com/.
225. Poniewozik, "Missing in Action," p. 58.
226. Rob Owen, "TV Review: Gripping 'Over There' Displays War's Realities," Post-Gazette.Com: A Service of the Pittsburgh Post Gazette, July 24, 2005, no page given. Available at www.post-gazette.com/.
227. Jean-François Lyotard, The Inhuman: Reflections on Time, trans. Geoffrey Bennington and Rachel Bowlby (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1991), p. 98.
228. See, for example, Nicholas Mirzoeff, An Introduction to Visual Culture (New York:Routledge, 1999), p. 16.
229. Nancy, Being Singular Plural, pp. 159-76.
230. Immanuel Kant, Critique of Judgment (New York: Barnes & Noble, 2005), first published 1790 (see, in particular, "Second Book: Analytic of the Sublime").
231. Jean-François Lyotard, "Answering the Question: What Is Postmodernism?" in Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), pp. 71-82;
232. Lyotard, The Inhuman.
233. Lyotard, "Answering the Question," p. 77.
234. As Lyotard explains. See Lyotard, The Inhuman, pp. 136-7.
235. Lyotard, "Answering the Question," p. 78.
236. See Lyotard, The Inhuman, pp. 96-7.
237. Lyotard, "Answering the Question," p. 78.
238. Nicholas Mirzoeff, "What Is Visual Culture?" in Nicholas Mirzoeff (ed.), The Visual Culture Reader (New York: Routledge, 1998), p. 9.
239. Nathan Stormer, "Addressing the Sublime: Space, Mass Representation, and the Unpresentable," Critical Studies in Media Communication, Vol. 21, No. 3 (2004), p. 221.
240. See Louis Althusser, "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses," in L. Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy, and Other Essays, trans. Ben Brewster (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1971), pp. 127-86.
241. Stormer, "Addressing the Sublime," p. 213.
242. Bernd Hüppauf, "Modernism and the Photographic Representation of War and Destruction," in Leslie Devereaux and Roger Hillman (eds.), Fields of Vision: Essays in Film Studies, Visual Anthropology, and Photography (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995), p. 105.
243. Marcel Saba (ed.), Witness Iraq: A War Journal, February-April 2003 (New York:Power House Books, 2003).
244. See, for example, Robert Sullivan (ed.), "In the Land of the Free, September 11 - and After," Life Commemorative, November 12, 2001;
245. Christopher Sweet, David Fitzpatrick, and Gregory Semendinger (eds.), Above Hallowed Ground: A Photographic Record of September 11, 2001 (New York: Studio Books, 2002);
246. Magnum photographers, New York September 11 (New York: Power House Books, 2001).
247. For more on the history and use of documentary photography, particularly in times of war, since the mid-nineteenth century, see Derrick Price, "Surveyors and Surveyed:Photography Out and About," in Liz Wells (ed.), Photography: A Critical Introduction (London: Routledge, 1997), pp. 55-102.
248. Saba, Witness Iraq, Paolo Pellegrin, Basra, 04/07/03, pp. 81-2.
249. Saba, Witness Iraq, Faleh Kheiber, Baghdad, 04/06/03, p. 69.
250. Saba, Witness Iraq, Jean-Marc Bouju, An Najaf, 03/31/03, pp. 59-60.
251. Gregory, The Colonial Present, pp. 210-13.
252. Saba, Witness Iraq, preface; my emphasis.
253. See Paul Virilio, War and Cinema (London: Verso, 1989), pp. 3 and 5.
254. Stormer, "Addressing the Sublime," p. 231.
255. George W. Bush, quoted in Joanne Mariner, "Rumsfeld and Abu Ghraib," Find Law's Legal Commentary, April 25, 2005; available at writ.news.findlaw.com/
256. David Folkenflik, "Dodging Using Words like 'Torture'," The Baltimore Sun.Com, May 26, 2004; available at www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment
257. See Jean-François Lyotard, Lessons on the Analytic of the Sublime, trans. Elizabeth Rottenberg (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994), p. 70.
258. Slavoj Zizek, The Sublime Object of Ideology (New York: Verso, 1989), p. 206.
259. To use Hinnant's own formulation of Schiller's thought on the sublime. See Charles Hinnant, "Schiller and the Political Sublime: Two Perspectives," Criticism, Vol. 44, No. 2 (2002), p. 125.
260. Nancy, Being Singular Plural, pp. 159-76.
261. Florian Tréguer, "L'événement et l'éventualité: les formes du sublime dans l'oeuvre de Don DeLillo" (Event and Eventuality: The Forms of the Sublime in DeLillo's Work), Revue Française d'Études Américaines, Vol. 99 (February 2004), p. 65; my translation.
262. Jacques Derrida, Rogues: Two Essays on Reason, trans. Pascale-Anne Brault and Michael Naas (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005), p. 84.
263. Nancy, Being Singular Plural, p. 172.
264. Derrida, Rogues, p. 87.
265. See Gary Younge, "Bereaved Mother Camps outside Bush Ranch," The Guardian, August 10, 2005, available at www.guardian.co.uk/.
266. See also Elisabeth Bumiller, "Turning out to Support a Mother's Protest," New York Times, August 18, 2005, available at www.nytimes.com/2005/.
267. Tréguer, "L'événement et l'éventualité" (Event and Eventuality), p. 60.
268. Judith Butler, Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence (New York:Verso, 2004), p. xviii.
269. Bill O'Reilly, Who's Looking Out for You? (New York: Broadway Books, 2003), p. 139.
270. O'Reilly, Who's Looking Out for You?, pp. 2 and 3.
271. O'Reilly, Who's Looking Out for You?, p. 79.
272. See Victor Davis Hanson, Between War and Peace: Lessons from Afghanistan and Iraq (New York: Random House, 2004), p. 282.
273. O'Reilly, Who's Looking Out for You?, p. 146.
274. O'Reilly, Who's Looking Out for You?, p. 145.
275. Quoted in Media Matters Action Network, "One Day after Smearing Protester Cindy Sheehan, O'Reilly Claimed He and Malkin Were 'Respectful' to Her," Media Matters for America, August 11, 2005, no page given. Available at http://mediamatters.org/; my inserts.
276. See David Letterman, The Late Show with David Letterman, January 3, 2006.
277. On Sheehan's meeting with Chavez, see "Sheehan, Chavez Join to Bash Bush, Iraq War," Associated Press, January 30, 2006, available online at www.msnbc.msn.com/.
278. See Media Matters Action Network, "One Day after Smearing Cindy Sheehan . . .," no page given.
279. Butler, Precarious Life, p. xix.
280. Henry Giroux, Beyond the Spectacle of Terrorism: Global Uncertainty and the Challenge of the New Media (Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2006), p. 3.
281. Butler, Precarious Life, p. xix.
282. Giroux, Beyond the Spectacle of Terrorism, p. 1.
283. Butler, Precarious Life, p. xx.
284. Alain Badiou, Ethics: An Essay on the Understanding of Evil (London: Verso, 1998)
285. Giroux, Beyond the Spectacle of Terrorism, p. 5.
286. Butler, Precarious Life, p. 144; author's emphasis.
287. See Craig Unger, House of Bush, House of Saud: The Secret Relationship between the World's Two Most Powerful Dynasties (New York: Scribner, 2004);
288. Anonymous, Imperial Hubris: Why the West Is Losing the War on Terror (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2005);
289. Thomas Ricks, Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq (New York: Penguin Press, 2006);
290. Frank Rich, The Greatest Story Ever Sold: The Decline and Fall of Truth from 9/11 to Katrina (New York:Penguin Press, 2006);
291. Bob Woodward, State of Denial: Bush at War, Part III (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006).
292. Butler, Precarious Life, p. 146.
293. Roland Barthes, Mythologies, trans. Annette Lavers (New York: Noonday Press, 1972).
294. To borrow Weber's turn of phrase. See Cynthia Weber, International Relations: A Critical Introduction (London: Routledge, 2001), p. 6.
295. Giroux, Beyond the Spectacle of Terrorism, p. 14.
296. Emmanuel Levinas and Richard Kearney, "Dialogue with Emmanuel Levinas," in Emmanuel Levinas, Face to Face with Levinas (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1986), p. 23;
297. Butler, Precarious Life, p. 131.
298. Levinas and Kearney, "Dialogue with Emmanuel Levinas," p. 23;
299. Butler, Precarious Life, p. 132.
300. Butler, Precarious Life, p. 137; my inserts.
301. As we saw at the very beginning of this book. See Fredric Jameson, "The Dialectics of Disaster," in Stanley Hauerwas and Frank Lentricchia (eds.), Dissent from the Homeland:Essays after September 11, Special Issue of The South Atlantic Quarterly, Vol. 101, No. 2 (2002), pp. 297-304.
302. see Paul Virilio, War and Cinema: The Logistics of Perception (London: Verso, 1989).
303. Butler, Precarious Life, p. 143.
304. On this question of hope, I part company with Giroux, who believes that the challenge to the terror of today's "image-based society must also include a politics of hope." See Giroux, Beyond the Spectacle of Terrorism, p. 16.
305. Emmanuel Levinas, Time and the Other, trans. Richard Cohen (Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1987), p. 76.