Nonaneurysmal perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage: Diagnosis, pathophysiology, clinical characteristics, and long-term outcome

World Neurosurgery

Volumn 82, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 1131-1143

  Kapadia, Anish ^a   Schweizer, Tom A ^a,b,c,d   Spears, Julian ^a,b,c   Cusimano, Michael ^a,b,c   Macdonald, R Loch ^a,b,c  

^a ST MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c ST MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^d HEART AND STROKE FOUNDATION OF CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Angiogram negative; Nonaneurysmal; Perimesencephalic; Pretruncal; Review; SAH; Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGE; AGED; BRAIN ANGIOGRAPHY; COGNITION; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; FEMALE; HUMAN; LENGTH OF STAY; MALE; MESENCEPHALON; MIDDLE AGED; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGED; CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY; COGNITION; FEMALE; HUMANS; LENGTH OF STAY; MALE; MESENCEPHALON; MIDDLE AGED; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84916908650     PISSN: 18788750     EISSN: 18788769     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2014.07.006     Document Type: Review

References (93)

1. R. Agid, T. Andersson, H. Almqvist, R.A. Willinsky, S.K. Lee, K.G. terBrugge, R.I. Farb, and M. Soderman Negative CT angiography findings in patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage: When is digital subtraction angiography still needed? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 31 2010 696 705
2. R. Agid, S.K. Lee, R.A. Willinsky, R.I. Farb, and K.G. terBrugge Acute subarachnoid hemorrhage: using 64-slice multidetector CT angiography to "triage" patients' treatment Neuroradiology 48 2006 787 794
3. T. Al-Khindi, R.L. Macdonald, and T.A. Schweizer Cognitive and functional outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Stroke 41 2010 e519 e536
4. J.F. Alen, A. Lagares, R.D. Lobato, P.A. Gomez, J.J. Rivas, and A. Ramos Comparison between perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by posterior circulation aneurysms J Neurosurg 98 2003 529 535
5. M.S. Alexander, P.S. Dias, and D. Uttley Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage and negative cerebral panangiography. Review of 140 cases J Neurosurg 64 1986 537 542
6. N. Andaluz, and M. Zuccarello Yield of further diagnostic work-up of cryptogenic subarachnoid hemorrhage based on bleeding patterns on computed tomographic scans Neurosurgery 62 2008 1040 1046 discussion 1047
7. C.S. Anderson, V. Feigin, D. Bennett, R.B. Lin, G. Hankey, and K. Jamrozik Active and passive smoking and the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage: an international population-based case-control study Stroke 35 2004 633 637
8. K. Beseoglu, S. Pannes, H.J. Steiger, and D. Hanggi Long-term outcome and quality of life after nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Acta Neurochir (Wien) 152 2010 409 416
9. S. Boswell, W. Thorell, S. Gogela, E. Lyden, and D. Surdell Angiogram-negative subarachnoid hemorrhage: outcomes data and review of the literature J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 22 2013 750 757
10. W. Brinjikji, D.F. Kallmes, J.B. White, G. Lanzino, J.M. Morris, and H.J. Cloft Inter- and intraobserver agreement in CT characterization of nonaneurysmal perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 31 2010 1103 1105
11. L. Caeiro, C.O. Santos, J.M. Ferro, and M.L. Figueira Neuropsychiatric disturbances in acute subarachnoid haemorrhage Eur J Neurol 18 2011 857 864
12. D. Canovas, A. Gil, M. Jato, M. de Miquel, and F. Rubio Clinical outcome of spontaneous non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in 108 patients Eur J Neurol 19 2012 457 461
13. M.N. Carvi y Nievas, and E. Archavlis Atypical causes of nontraumatic intracranial subarachnoid hemorrhage Clin Neurol Neurosurg 111 2009 354 358
14. F. Cioffi, A. Pasqualin, P. Cavazzani, and R. Da Pian Subarachnoid haemorrhage of unknown origin: clinical and tomographical aspects Acta Neurochir (Wien) 97 1989 31 39
15. E.S. Connolly Jr., A.A. Rabinstein, J.R. Carhuapoma, C.P. Derdeyn, J. Dion, R.T. Higashida, B.L. Hoh, C.J. Kirkness, A.M. Naidech, C.S. Ogilvy, A.B. Patel, B.G. Thompson, and P. Vespa Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke 43 2012 1711 1737
16. J.P. Cruz, D. Sarma, and L. Noel de Tilly Perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage: when to stop imaging? Emerg Radiol 18 2011 197 202
17. T. Daenekindt, G. Wilms, V. Thijs, P. Demaerel, and F. Van Calenbergh Variants of the basal vein of Rosenthal and perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal hemorrhage Surg Neurol 69 2008 526 529 discussion 529
18. J.E. Delgado Almandoz, B.D. Jagadeesan, D. Refai, C.J. Moran, D.T. Cross 3rd, M.R. Chicoine, K.M. Rich, M.N. Diringer, R.G. Dacey Jr., C.P. Derdeyn, and G.J. Zipfel Diagnostic yield of repeat catheter angiography in patients with catheter and computed tomography angiography negative subarachnoid hemorrhage Neurosurgery 70 2012 1135 1142
19. M.L. Flaherty, M. Haverbusch, B. Kissela, D. Kleindorfer, A. Schneider, P. Sekar, C.J. Moomaw, L. Sauerbeck, J.P. Broderick, and D. Woo Perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage: incidence, risk factors, and outcome J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 14 2005 267 271
20. M. Fontanella, I. Rainero, P.P. Panciani, B. Schatlo, C. Benevello, D. Garbossa, C. Carlino, W. Valfre, F. Griva, G.B. Bradac, and A. Ducati Subarachnoid hemorrhage and negative angiography: clinical course and long-term follow-up Neurosurg Rev 34 2011 477 484
21. G. Franz, C. Brenneis, A. Kampfl, B. Pfausler, W. Poewe, and E. Schmutzhard Prognostic value of intraventricular blood in perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage J Comput Assist Tomogr 25 2001 742 746
22. A.V. Germanwala, J. Huang, and R.J. Tamargo Hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Neurosurg Clin N Am 21 2010 263 270
23. O. Godefroy, A. Fickl, M. Roussel, C. Auribault, J.M. Bugnicourt, C. Lamy, S. Canaple, and G. Petitnicolas Is the Montreal cognitive assessment superior to the mini-mental state examination to detect poststroke cognitive impairment? A study with neuropsychological evaluation Stroke 42 2011 1712 1716
24. P. Greebe, and G.J. Rinkel Life expectancy after perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage Stroke 38 2007 1222 1224
25. P. Greebe, G.J. Rinkel, and A. Algra Anosmia after perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal hemorrhage Stroke 40 2009 2885 2886
26. B.A. Gross, N. Lin, K.U. Frerichs, and R. Du Vasospasm after spontaneous angiographically negative subarachnoid hemorrhage Acta Neurochir (Wien) 154 2012 1127 1133
27. S.K. Gupta, R. Gupta, V.K. Khosla, S. Mohindra, R. Chhabra, N. Khandelwal, V. Gupta, K.K. Mukherjee, M.K. Tewari, A. Pathak, and S.N. Mathuriya Nonaneurysmal nonperimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage: is it a benign entity? Surg Neurol 71 2009 566 571 discussion 571,571-562,572
28. H. Hashimoto, J. Iida, Y. Shin, Y. Hironaka, and T. Sakaki Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula with perimesencephalic subarachnoid haemorrhage J Clin Neurosci 7 2000 64 66
29. L.L. Herrmann, and J.M. Zabramski Nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a review of clinical course and outcome in two hemorrhage patterns J Neurosci Nurs 39 2007 135 142
30. J.W. Hop, G.J. Rinkel, A. Algra, and J. van Gijn Changes in functional outcome and quality of life in patients and caregivers after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage J Neurosurg 95 2001 957 963
31. F.K. Hui, A.J. Schuette, S.I. Moskowitz, R. Gupta, A.M. Spiotta, N.A. Obuchowski, and C.M. Cawley Antithrombotic states and outcomes in patients with angiographically negative subarachnoid hemorrhage Neurosurgery 68 2011 125 130 discussion 130-121
32. F.K. Hui, L.M. Tumialan, T. Tanaka, C.M. Cawley, and Y.J. Zhang Clinical differences between angiographically negative, diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage and perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage Neurocrit Care 11 2009 64 70
33. H.B. Huttner, M. Hartmann, M. Kohrmann, M. Neher, C. Stippich, S. Hahnel, and B. Kress Repeated digital substraction angiography after perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage? J Neuroradiol 33 2006 87 89
34. F. Ildan, M. Tuna, T. Erman, A.I. Gocer, and E. Cetinalp Prognosis and prognostic factors in nonaneurysmal perimesencephalic hemorrhage: a follow-up study in 29 patients Surg Neurol 57 2002 160 165 discussion 165-166
35. T. Ingall, K. Asplund, M. Mahonen, and R. Bonita A multinational comparison of subarachnoid hemorrhage epidemiology in the WHO MONICA stroke study Stroke 31 2000 1054 1061
36. B. Jennett, and M. Bond Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage Lancet 1 1975 480 484
37. J.Y. Jung, Y.B. Kim, J.W. Lee, S.K. Huh, and K.C. Lee Spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage with negative initial angiography: a review of 143 cases J Clin Neurosci 13 2006 1011 1017
38. R. Juul, T.A. Fredriksen, and R. Ringkjob Prognosis in subarachnoid hemorrhage of unknown etiology J Neurosurg 64 1986 359 362
39. D.F. Kallmes, H.P. Clark, J.E. Dix, H.J. Cloft, A.J. Evans, J.E. Dion, and N.F. Kassell Ruptured vertebrobasilar aneurysms: frequency of the nonaneurysmal perimesencephalic pattern of hemorrhage on CT scans Radiology 201 1996 657 660
40. D.H. Kang, J. Park, S.H. Lee, S.H. Park, Y.S. Kim, and I.S. Hamm Does non-perimesencephalic type non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage have a benign prognosis? J Clin Neurosci 16 2009 904 908
41. Y. Kawamura, O. Narumi, M. Chin, and S. Yamagata Variant deep cerebral venous drainage in idiopathic subarachnoid hemorrhage Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 51 2011 97 100
42. P.M. Kearney, M. Whelton, K. Reynolds, P. Muntner, P.K. Whelton, and J. He Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data Lancet 365 2005 217 223
43. M. Kelliny, P. Maeder, S. Binaghi, M. Levivier, L. Regli, and R. Meuli Cerebral aneurysm exclusion by CT angiography based on subarachnoid hemorrhage pattern: a retrospective study BMC Neurol 11 2011 8
44. A. Kershenovich, Z.H. Rappaport, and S. Maimon Brain computed tomography angiographic scans as the sole diagnostic examination for excluding aneurysms in patients with perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage Neurosurgery 59 2006 798 801 discussion 801-792
45. G. Kleinpeter, and S. Lehr Characterization of risk factor differences in perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage Minim Invasive Neurosurg 46 2003 142 148
46. Y. Kong, J.H. Zhang, and X. Qin Perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage: risk factors, clinical presentations, and outcome Acta Neurochir Suppl 110 2011 197 201
47. A. Kurosu, K. Suzukawa, M. Amo, N. Horinaka, and H. Arai Perimesencephalic non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by cavernous sinus thrombosis: case report Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 47 2007 258 260
48. J. Lee, E.M. Koh, C.S. Chung, S.C. Hong, Y.B. Kim, P.W. Chung, B.C. Suh, and H.S. Moon Underlying venous pathology causing perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage Can J Neurol Sci 36 2009 638 642
49. N. Lin, G. Zenonos, A.H. Kim, S.V. Nalbach, R. Du, K.U. Frerichs, R.M. Friedlander, and W.B. Gormley Angiogram-negative subarachnoid hemorrhage: relationship between bleeding pattern and clinical outcome Neurocrit Care 16 2012 389 398
50. A.S. Little, M. Garrett, R. Germain, N. Farhataziz, F.C. Albuquerque, C.G. McDougall, J.M. Zabramski, P. Nakaji, and R.F. Spetzler Evaluation of patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage and negative angiography Neurosurgery 61 2007 1139 1150 discussion 1150-1131
51. S. Madureira, P. Canhao, M. Guerreiro, and J.M. Ferro Cognitive and emotional consequences of perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage J Neurol 247 2000 862 867
52. G. Marquardt, T. Niebauer, U. Schick, and R. Lorenz Long term follow up after perimesencephalic subarachnoid haemorrhage J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69 2000 127 130
53. H. Maslehaty, H. Barth, A.K. Petridis, A. Doukas, and H. Maximilian Mehdorn Special features of subarachnoid hemorrhage of unknown origin: a review of a series of 179 cases Neurol Res 34 2012 91 97
54. H. Maslehaty, A.K. Petridis, H. Barth, and H.M. Mehdorn Diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging in perimesencephalic and nonperimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage of unknown origin J Neurosurg 114 2011 1003 1007
55. M.S. Mathews, D. Brown, and M. Brant-Zawadzki Perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal hemorrhage associated with vein of Galen stenosis Neurology 70 2008 2410 2411
56. T. Matsuyama, K. Okuchi, T. Seki, T. Higuchi, and Y. Murao Perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by physical exertion Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 46 2006 277 281 discussion 281-272
57. M. Mejdoubi, M. Gigaud, M. Trémoulet, J.F. Albucher, and C. Cognard Initial primary endovascular treatment in the management of ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a prospective consecutive series Neuroradiology 48 2006 899 905
58. A.S. Miranpuri, E. Akture, C.D. Baggott, A. Miranpuri, K. Uluc, V.E. Gunes, Y. Lin, D.B. Niemann, and M.K. Baskaya Demographic, circadian, and climatic factors in non-aneurysmal versus aneursymal subarachnoid hemorrhage Clin Neurol Neurosurg 115 2013 298 303
59. N. Mukerji, D. Holliman, S. Baisch, A. Noble, T. Schenk, and F. Nath Neuropsychologic impact of treatment modalities in subarachnoid hemorrhage: clipping is no different from coiling World Neurosurg 74 2010 129 138
60. C. Muroi, D. Bellut, D. Coluccia, S. Mink, M. Fujioka, and E. Keller Systemic interleukin-6 concentrations in patients with perimesencephalic non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage J Clin Neurosci 18 2011 1626 1629
61. A.M. Naidech, N.F. Rosenberg, M.B. Maas, B.R. Bendok, H.H. Batjer, and A.J. Nemeth Predictors of hemorrhage volume and disability after perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage Neurology 78 2012 811 815
62. S. Nayak, A.B. Kunz, K. Kieslinger, G. Ladurner, and M. Killer Classification of non-aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: CT correlation to the clinical outcome Clin Radiol 65 2010 623 628
63. M.N. Nievas, and E. Archavlis Atypical causes of nontraumatic intracranial subarachnoid hemorrhage Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 111 2009 354 358
64. S. Oda, M. Shimoda, K. Hoshikawa, T. Osada, M. Yoshiyama, and M. Matsumae Cortical subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by cerebral venous thrombosis Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 51 2011 30 36
65. T. Ogiichi, S. Endo, K. Onizuka, M. Takaba, A. Takaku, and M. Yasuda Non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with basilar artery dissection - autopsy case report Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 37 1997 612 615
66. S.Q. Park, O.K. Kwon, S.H. Kim, C.W. Oh, and M.H. Han Pre-mesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage: rupture of tiny aneurysms of the basilar artery perforator Acta Neurochir (Wien) 151 2009 1639 1646
67. S.T. Pendlebury, J. Mariz, L. Bull, Z. Mehta, and P.M. Rothwell MoCA, ACE-R, and MMSE versus the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Canadian Stroke Network Vascular Cognitive Impairment Harmonization Standards Neuropsychological Battery after TIA and stroke Stroke 43 2012 464 469
68. A.N. Pinto, J.M. Ferro, P. Canhao, and J. Campos How often is a perimesencephalic subarachnoid haemorrhage CT pattern caused by ruptured aneurysms? Acta Neurochir (Wien) 124 1993 79 81
69. G.J. Rinkel, and A. Algra Long-term outcomes of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage Lancet Neurol 10 2011 349 356
70. G.J. Rinkel, E.F. Wijdicks, M. Vermeulen, L.M. Ramos, H.L. Tanghe, D. Hasan, L.C. Meiners, and J. van Gijn Nonaneurysmal perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage: CT and MR patterns that differ from aneurysmal rupture AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 12 1991 829 834
71. Y.M. Ruigrok, G.J. Rinkel, E. Buskens, B.K. Velthuis, and J. van Gijn Perimesencephalic hemorrhage and CT angiography: a decision analysis Stroke 31 2000 2976 2983
72. Y.M. Ruigrok, G.J. Rinkel, and J. Van Gijn CT patterns and long-term outcome in patients with an aneurysmal type of subarachnoid hemorrhage and repeatedly negative angiograms Cerebrovasc Dis 14 2002 221 227
73. M. Sabri, J. Ai, B. Knight, A. Tariq, H. Jeon, X. Shang, P.A. Marsden, and R. Loch Macdonald Uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthase after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 31 2011 190 199
74. M.S. Sangra, E. Teasdale, M.A. Siddiqui, and K.W. Lindsay Perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by jugular venous occlusion: case report Neurosurgery 63 2008 E1202 E1203 discussion E1203
75. R. Sarabia, A. Lagares, J.A. Fernandez-Alen, F. Arikan, J. Vilalta, J. Ibanez, A. Maillo, A. Gabarros, J. Dominguez, A. Horcajadas, F. Ballenilla, G. Rodriguez-Boto, J.L. Llacer, I. Arrese, A. de la Lama, D. Santamarta, P. Delgado, and M.F. Munoz Idiopathic subarachnoid hemorrhage: a multicentre series of 220 patients Neurocirugia (Astur) 21 2010 441 451
76. W.I. Schievink, and E.F. Wijdicks Origin of pretruncal nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: ruptured vein, perforating artery, or intramural hematoma? Mayo Clin Proc 75 2000 1169 1173
77. T.A. Schweizer, T. Al-Khindi, and R. Loch Macdonald Diffusion tensor imaging as a surrogate marker for outcome after perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage Clin Neurol Neurosurg 114 2012 798 800
78. T.A. Schweizer, T. Al-Khindi, and R.L. Macdonald Mini-Mental State Examination versus Montreal Cognitive Assessment: rapid assessment tools for cognitive and functional outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage J Neurol Sci 316 2012 137 140
79. A. Shad, T.J. Rourke, A. Hamidian Jahromi, and A.L. Green Straight sinus stenosis as a proposed cause of perimesencephalic non-aneurysmal haemorrhage J Clin Neurosci 15 2008 839 841
80. A. Tariq, J. Ai, G. Chen, M. Sabri, H. Jeon, X. Shang, and R.L. Macdonald Loss of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats Neuroscience 165 2010 418 426
81. L. Thines, C. Khalil, A. Fichten, and J.P. Lejeune Spinal arachnoid cyst related to a nonaneurysmal perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage: case report Neurosurgery 57 2005 E817
82. M.A. Topcuoglu, C.S. Ogilvy, B.S. Carter, F.S. Buonanno, W.J. Koroshetz, and A.B. Singhal Subarachnoid hemorrhage without evident cause on initial angiography studies: diagnostic yield of subsequent angiography and other neuroimaging tests J Neurosurg 98 2003 1235 1240
83. I.C. van der Schaaf, B.K. Velthuis, A. Gouw, and G.J. Rinkel Venous drainage in perimesencephalic hemorrhage Stroke 35 2004 1614 1618
84. E.J. van Dijk, R.M. Hupperts, M. van der Jagt, H.W. Bijvoet, and D. Hasan Diagnosis of perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage with computed tomography J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 10 2001 247 251
85. J. van Gijn, K.J. van Dongen, M. Vermeulen, and A. Hijdra Perimesencephalic hemorrhage: a nonaneurysmal and benign form of subarachnoid hemorrhage Neurology 35 1985 493 497
86. J.C. van Swieten, P.J. Koudstaal, M.C. Visser, H.J. Schouten, and J. van Gijn Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients Stroke 19 1988 604 607
87. B.K. Velthuis, G.J. Rinkel, L.M. Ramos, T.D. Witkamp, and M.S. van Leeuwen Perimesencephalic hemorrhage. Exclusion of vertebrobasilar aneurysms with CT angiography Stroke 30 1999 1103 1109
88. A. Watanabe, K. Hirano, M. Kamada, K. Imamura, N. Ishii, Y. Sekihara, Y. Suzuki, and R. Ishii Perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage and variations in the veins Neuroradiology 44 2002 319 325
89. H.E. Westerlaan, J. Gravendeel, D. Fiore, J.D. Metzemaekers, R.J. Groen, J.J. Mooij, and M. Oudkerk Multislice CT angiography in the selection of patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms suitable for clipping or coiling Neuroradiology 49 2007 997 1007
90. J. Whiting, J. Reavey-Cantwell, G. Velat, G. Fautheree, C. Firment, S. Lewis, and B. Hoh Clinical course of nontraumatic, nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a single-institution experience Neurosurgery Focus 26 2009 E21
91. G.K. Wong, D.Y. Siu, J.M. Abrigo, A.T. Ahuja, and W.S. Poon Computed tomographic angiography for patients with acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage J Clin Neurosci 19 2012 498 500
92. H. Yamakawa, N. Ohe, H. Yano, S. Yoshimura, and T. Iwama Venous drainage patterns in perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Clin Neurol Neurosurg 110 2008 587 591
93. H.F. Zhu, N.N. Newcommon, M.E. Cooper, T.L. Green, B. Seal, G. Klein, N.U. Weir, S.B. Coutts, T. Watson, P.A. Barber, A.M. Demchuk, and M.D. Hill Impact of a stroke unit on length of hospital stay and in-hospital case fatality Stroke 40 2009 18 23