Sea-ice melt CO2-carbonate chemistry in the western Arctic Ocean: Meltwater contributions to air-sea CO2 gas exchange, mixed-layer properties and rates of net community production under sea ice

Biogeosciences

Volumn 11, Issue 23, 2014, Pages 6769-6789

  Bates, N R ^a   Garley, R ^a   Frey, K E ^b   Shake, K L ^b   Mathis, J T ^c,d  

^a BERMUDA INSTITUTE OF OCEAN SCIENCES   (Bermuda)

^b CLARK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA FAIRBANKS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR-SEA INTERACTION; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBONATE SYSTEM; GAS EXCHANGE; ICE COMMUNITY; ICE COVER; MIXED LAYER; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; SEA ICE; SEAWATER;

ARCTIC OCEAN;

EID: 84916896569     PISSN: 17264170     EISSN: 17264189     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/bg-11-6769-2014     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA): Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2005
2. Arrigo, K. R., van Dijken, G., and Pabi, S. Impact of a shrinking Arctic ice cover on marine primary production. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L19603, doi:10.1029/2008GL035028, 2008
3. Arrigo, K. R., Perovich, D. K., Pickart, R. S., Brown, Z.W., van Dijken, G. L., Lowry, K. E., Mills, M. M., Palmer, M. A., Balch, W. M., Bates, N. R., Benitez-Nelson, C., Brownlee, E., Ehn, J. K., Frey, K. E., Garley, R., Laney, S. R. Mathis, J. T., Matsuoko, A., Mitchell, B. G., Moore, G. W. K., Ortega-Retuerta, E., Plasshenski, C. M., Reynolds, R. A., and Swift, J. H. Massive phytoplankton blooms under Arctic sea-ice. Science, 336, 1408-1409, 2012
4. Balch, W. M., Bowler, B. C., Lubelczyk, L. C., and Stephens, M. Aerial extent, composition, bio-optics and biogeochemistry of a massive under-ice algal bloom in the Arctic, Deep-Sea Res. II, 105, 42-58, 2014
5. Bates, N. R. Air-sea CO2 fluxes and the continental shelf pump of carbon in the Chukchi Sea adjacent to the Arctic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research (Oceans), 111, C10013, doi:10.129/2005JC003083, 2006
6. Bates, N. R. and Mathis, J. T. The Arctic Ocean marine carbon cycle: evaluation of air-sea CO2 exchanges, ocean acidification impacts and potential feedbacks, Biogeosciences, 6, 2433-2459, doi:10.5194/bg-6-2433-2009, 2009
7. Bates, N. R., Moran, S. B., Hansell, D. A., and Mathis, J. T. An increasing CO2 sink in the Arctic Ocean Due to sea-ice loss?. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L23609, doi:10.1029/2006GL027028, 2006
8. Bates, N. R., Orchowska, M. I., Garley, R., and Mathis, J. T. Present day vulnerability of the western Arctic seafloor to seasonal ocean acidification, Biogeosciences, 10, 5281-5309, doi:10.5194/bg/bg-10-5281-2013, 2013
9. Baule, W. J. and Shulski, M. D. Climatology and trends of wind speed in the Beaufort/Chukchi Sea coastal region from 1979 to 2009. internat. J. Climatol., 34, 2819-2833, 2014
10. Brewer, P. G. and Goldman, J. C. Alkalinity changes generated by phytoplankton growth, Limnol. Oceanogr., 21, 108-117, 1976
11. Butler, J. N. Carbon Dioxide equilibria and their applications, Addison-Wesley Publications, 255 pp., 1982
12. Cai, W.-J., Chen, L., Chen, B., Gao, Z., Lee, S. H., Chen, J., Pierrot, D., Sullivan, K., Wang, Y., Hu, X., Huang, W.-J., Zhang, Y., Xu, S., Murata, A., Grebmeier, J. M., Jones, E. P., and Zhang, H. Decrease in the CO2 uptake capacity in an ice-fee Arctic Ocean basin, Science, 329, 556, doi:10.1126/science.1189338, 2010
13. Carmack, E. and Wassman, P. Food webs and physical-biological coupling on pan-Arctic shelves: Unifying concepts and comprehensive perspectives, Prog. Oceanogr., 71, 446-477, 2006
14. Cavalieri, D., Parkinson, C., Gloersen, P., and Zwally, H. J. updated yearly. Sea Ice Concentrations from Nimbus-7 SMMR and DMSP SSM/I-SSMIS Passive Microwave Data, [2009, 2010, 2011 monthly climatology], Boulder, Colorado USA, National Snow and Ice Data Center, 1996
15. Cooper, L. W., Frey, K. E., Wood, C. L., and Grebmeier, J. M. Melted sea ice in an under-ice phytoplankton bloom in the Chukchi Sea, Ocean Sciences Meeting, Hawaii, February 2014), 2014
16. Cota, G. F., Pomeroy, L. R., Harrison, W. G., Jones, E. P., Peters, F., Sheldon, W. M., and Weingartner, T. R. Nutrients, primary production and microbial heterotrophy in the southeastern Chukchi Sea: Arctic summer nutrient depletion and heterotrophy, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 135, 247-258, 1996
17. Delille, B., Jourdain, B., Borges, A. V., Tison, J. L., and Delille, D. Biogas (CO2, O2, dimethylsulfide) dynamics in spring Antarctic fast ice. Limnol. Oceanogr., 52, 1367-1379, 2007
18. Dickson, A. G. and Millero, F. J. A Comparison of the Equilibrium Constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media, Deep Sea Res. Part A, 34, 1733-1743, 1987
19. Dickson, A. G., Sabine, C. L., and Christian J. R. Guide to best practices for ocean CO2 measurements, PICES Special Publication 3, IOCCP Report no. 8, 2007
20. Dieckmann, G. S. and Hellmer, H. H. The importance of sea ice: An overview. in: Sea Ice, an Introduction to its Physics, Chemistry, Biol. Geol., 2nd ed., edited by: Thomas, D. N. and Dieckmann, G. S., 1-22, Blackwell Sci., Oxford, UK, 2010
21. Dieckmann, G. S., Nehrke, G., Papadimitriou, S., Gottlicher, J., Steininger, R., Kennedy, H., Wolf-Gladrow, D., and Thomas, D. N. Calcium carbonate as ikaite crystals in Antarctic sea ice. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L08501, doi:10.1029/2008GL033540, 2008
22. Fransson, A., Chierici, M., Yager, P. L., and Smith, W. O. Antarctic sea ice carbon Dioxide system and controls. J. Geophys. Res.-Oc., 116, C12035, doi:10.1029/2010JC006844, 2011
23. Geilfus, N. X., Carnat, G., Papakyriakou, T., Tison, J. L., Else, B., Thomas, H., Shadwick, E., and Delille, B. Dynamics of pCO2 and related air-ice CO2 fluxes in the Arctic coastal zone (Amundsen Gulf, Beaufort Sea). J. Geophys. Res., 117, C00G10, doi:10.1029/2011JC007118, 2012a.
24. Geilfus, N. X., Delille, B., Verbeke, V., and Tison, J. L. Towards a method for high vertical resolution measurements of the partial pressure of CO2 within bulk sea ice, J. Glaciol., 58, 287-300, 2012b.
25. Gosselin, M., Legendre, L., Therriault, J. C., Demers, S., and Rochet, M. Physical control of the horizontal patchiness of sea-ice microalgae, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 29, 289-298, 1986
26. Hill, V. J. and Cota, G. F. Spatial patterns of primary production in the Chukchi Sea in the spring and summer of 2002, Deep Sea Res. Part II, 52, 3344-3354, 2005
27. Jutterstrom, S. and Anderson, L. G. Uptake of CO2 by the Arctic Ocean in a changing climate, Mar. Chem., 122, 96-104, 2010
28. Legendre, L., Ackley, S. F., Dieckmann, G. S., Gulliksen, B., Horner, R., Hoshiai, T., Melnikov, I. A., Reeburgh, W. S., Spindler, M., and Sullivan, C. W. Ecology of sea ice biota. 2. Global significance, Polar Biol., 12, 429-444, 1992
29. Maslanik, J.A., Drobo, S., Fowler C., Emery, W., and Barry R., 2007. On the Arctic climate paradox and the continuing role of atmospheric circulation in affecting sea ice conditions
30. Mathis, J. T. and Questel, J. M. The impacts of primary production and respiration on the marine carbonate system in the Western Arctic: Implications for CO2 fluxes and ocean acidification, Cont. Shelf Res., 67, 42-51, 2013
31. Mathis, J. T., Bates, N. R., Hansell, D. A., and Babila, T. Interannual variability of net community production over the northeast Chukchi Sea shelf. Deep-Sea Res., II, 56, 17, 1213-1222, 2009
32. Matsuo, S. and Miyake, Y. Gas composition in ice samples from Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res., 71, 5235-5241, 1966
33. McGuire, A. D., Chapin, F. S., Walsh, J. E., and Wirth, C. Integrated regional changes in arctic climate feedbacks: implications for the global climate system, Ann. Rev. Environ. Resour., 31, 61-91, 2006
34. McGuire, A. D., Anderson, L., Christensen, T. R., Dallimore, S., Guo, L. D., Hayes, D., Heimann, M., Macdonald, R., and Roulet, N. Sensitivity of the carbon cycle in the Arctic to climate change (Review), Ecol. Monogr., 79, 523-555, 2009
35. Mehrbach, C., Culberson, C. H., Hawley, J. E., and Pytkowicz, R. M. Measurement of the apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure: Limnol. Oceanogr., 18, 897-907, 1973
36. Miller, L. A., Carnat, G., Else, B. G. T., Sutherland, N., and Papkyriakou, T. N. Carbonate system evolution at the Arctic Ocean surface during autumn freeze up. J. Geophys. Res.-Oc., 116, C00G04, doi:10.1029/2011JC007143, 2011a.
37. Miller, L. A., Papkyriakou, T. N., Collins, R. E., Deming, J. W., Ehn, J. K., Macdonald, R. W., Mucci, A., Owens, O., Raudsepp, M., and Sutherland, N. Carbon Dynamics in sea ice: A winter flux time series. J. Geophys. Res.-Oc., 116, C02028, doi:10.1029/2009JC006058, 2011b.
38. Murata, A. and Takizawa, T. Summertime CO2 sinks in shelf and slope waters of the western Arctic Ocean, Continent. Shelf Res., 23, 753-776, 2003
39. Omar, A., Johannessen, T., Bellerby, R. G. J., Olsen, A., Anderson, L. G., and Kivimäe, C. Sea ice and brine formation in Storfjorden: Implications for the Arctic wintertime air-sea CO2 flux. in: The Nordic Seas: An Integrated Perspective: Oceanography, Climatology, Biogeochemistry, and Modeling, edited by: Drange, H., Dokken, T., Furevik, T., Gerdes, R., and Berger, W., Geoph. Monogr., 158, 177-187, 2005
40. Pabi, S., van Dijken, G. L., and Arrigo, K. R. Primary production in the Arctic Ocean, 1998-2006. J. Geophys. Res., 113, C08005, doi:10.1029/2007JC004578, 2008
41. Papadimitriou, S., Kennedy, H., Kattner, G., Dieckmann, G. S., and Thomas, D. N. Experimental evidence for carbonate precipitation and CO2 degassing during sea ice formation, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68, 1749-1761, 2004
42. Papadimitriou, S., Kennedy, H. J., Kennedy, P., and Thomas, D. N. Ikaite solubility in seawater-derived brines at 1 atm and temperatures to 265 K, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 109, 241-253, 2013
43. Pickart, R. S., Spall, M. A., Schulze, L. M., Moore, G. W., and Brugler, E. Role of shelfbreak upwelling on primary productivity in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas. Ocean Sciences Meeting, Hawaii, Feb. 2014 (Abstract ID:13371), 2014
44. Pipko I. I., Semiletov I. P., Tishchenko P. Y., Pugach S. P., and Christensen J. P. Carbonate chemistry dynamics in Bering Strait and the Chukchi Sea, Prog. Oceanogr., 55, 77-94, 2002
45. Robbins, L. L. Hansen, M. E., Kleypas, J. A., and Meylan, S. C. CO2calc: a user-friendly seawater carbon calculator for Windows, Max OS X, and iOS (iPhone), US Geological Survey Open-File Report, 2010-1280, 1-17, 2010
46. Rysgaard, S., Glud, R. N., Sejr, M. K., Bendtsen, J., and Christensen, P. B. Inorganic carbon transport during sea ice growth and decay: A carbon pump in polar seas. J. Geophys. Res., 112, C03016, doi:10.1029/2006JC003572, 2007
47. Rysgaard, S., Bedtsen, J., Delille, B., Dieckmann, G. S., Glud, R. N., Kennedy, H., Mortensen, J., Papadimitriou, S., Thomas, D. N., and Tison, J. L. Sea ice contribution to the air-sea CO2 exchange in the Arctic and Southern Oceans. Tellus, Series B, Chem. Phys. Meteorol., 63, 823-830, 2011
48. Sabine, C. L., and Tanhua, T. Estimation of anthropogenic CO2 inventories in the ocean, Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci., 2, 175-198, 2010
49. Schlitzer, R. Ocean Data View, http://odv.awi.de (last accessed: 5 May 2012), 2011
50. Sejr, M. K., Krause-Jensen, D., Rysgaard, S., Sorensen, L. L., Christensen, P. B., and Glud, R. N. Air-sea flux of CO2 in Arctic coastal waters influenced by glacial melt water and sea ice. Tellus, Series B, Chem. Phys. Meteorol., 63, 815-822, 2011
51. Semiletov, I. P., Makshtas, A., Akasofu, S. I., and Andreas, E. L. Atmospheric CO2 balance: The role of Arctic sea ice. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L05121, doi:10.1029/2003GL017996, 2004
52. Semiletov, I., Pipko, I., Repina, I., and Shakhova, N. E. Carbonate chemistry dynamics and carbon Dioxide fluxes across the atmosphere-ice-water interfaces in the Arctic Ocean: Pacific sector of the Arctic, J. Mar. Syst., 66, 204-226, 2007
53. Serreze, M. C. and Francis, J. A. The Arctic amplification Debate, Clim. Change, 76, 241-264, 2006
54. Sogaard, D. H., Thomas, D. N., Rysgaard, S., Glud, R. N., Norman, L., Kaartakallio, H., Juul-Pedersen, T., and Geilfus, N. X. The relative contributions of biological and abiotic processes to carbon Dynamics in subarctic sea-ice, Polar Biol., 36, 1761-1777, 2013
55. Stegall, S. T. and Zhang, J. Wind field climatology, changes, and extremes in the Chukchi-Beaufort Seas and Alaska North Slope during 1979-2009, J. Climate, 25, 8075-8089, 2012
56. Steinacher, M., Joos, F., Frölicher, T. L., Plattner, G.-K., and Doney, S. C. Imminent ocean acidification in the Arctic projected with the NCAR global coupled carbon cycle-climate model, Biogeosciences, 6, 515-533, doi:10.5194/bg-6-515-2009, 2009
57. Stumm, W., and Morgan, J. J. Aquatic Chemistry. An Introduction Emphazing Chemical Equilibria in Natural Waters, John Willey and Sons, New York, 780 pp., 1981
58. Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., Wanninkhof, R., Sweeney, C., Feely, R. A., Chipman, D. W., Hales, B., Friederich, G. E., Chavez, F. P., Watson, A. J., Bakker, D. C. E., Schuster, U., Metzl, N., Yoshikawa-Inoue, H., Olafsson, J., Arnarson, T. S., Tilbrook, B., Johannessen, T., Olsen, A., Bellerby, R. J., de Baar, H. J. W., Nojiri, Y., Wong, C. S., Delille, B., and Bates, N. R. Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO2, and net sea-Air CO2 flux over the global oceans, Deep-Sea Res. II, 56, 554-577, 2009
59. Tanhua, T., Bates, N. R., and Kortzinger, A. The Marine Carbon Cycle and Ocean Anthropogenic CO2 Inventories. in: Ocean Circulation and Climate, 103, Elsevier Press, 2013
60. Thomas, D. N., and Dieckmann, G. S. (Eds.): Sea Ice, 2nd Edn., 402 pp., Blackwell Sci., Oxford, UK, 2010
61. Tison, J.-L., Haas, C., Gowing, M. M., Sleewaegen, S., and Bernard, A. Tank study of physico-chemical controls on gas content and composition During growth of young sea ice, J. Glaciol., 48, 177-191, 2002
62. Wheeler, P. A., Gosselin, M., Sherr, E., Thibault, D., Kirchman, D. L., Benner, R., and Whitledge, T. E. Active cycling of organic carbon in the central Arctic Ocean, Nature, 380, 697-699, 1996
63. Zeebe, R. E. andWolf-Gladrow, D. CO2 in Seawater: Equilibrium, Kinetics, Isotopes. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2001
64. Zemmelink, H. J., Delille, B., Tison, J. L., Hintsa, E. J., Houghton, L., and Dacey, J. W. H. CO2 deposition over the multi-year ice of the western Weddell Sea. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L13606, doi:10.1029/ 2006GL026320, 2006