Parkinson's disease, lights and melanocytes: Looking beyond the retina

Scientific Reports

Volumn 4, Issue , 2014, Pages

  Willis, Gregory L ^a   Moore, Cleo ^a   Armstrong, Stuart Maxwell ^a  

^a Bronowski Clinic   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

1,2,3,6 TETRAHYDRO 1 METHYL 4 PHENYLPYRIDINE; OXIDOPAMINE; PARAQUAT; ROTENONE;

ANIMAL; DISEASE MODEL; DRUG EFFECTS; FEMALE; LIGHT; MALE; MELANOCYTE; MOTOR ACTIVITY; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; RAT; RETINA; SPRAGUE DAWLEY RAT;

1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE; ANIMALS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; FEMALE; LIGHT; MALE; MELANOCYTES; MOTOR ACTIVITY; OXIDOPAMINE; PARAQUAT; PARKINSON DISEASE; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; RETINA; ROTENONE;

EID: 84916622923     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20452322     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/srep03921     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Romeo, S. et al. Bright light exposure reduces TH-positive dopamine neurons: Implications of light pollution in Parkinson disease epidemiology. Sci. Rep. 3, 1395 (2013).
2. Marsden, C.D. Pigmentation in the nucleus substantia nigra of mammals. J. Anat. 95, 256-261 (1961).
3. Issidorides, M. R. Neuronal vascular relationships in the zona compacta from normal and Parkinsonian substantia nigra. Brain Res. 25, 289-299 (1971).
4. Barbeau, A. Manganese and extrapyramidal disorders: a critical review and tribute to Dr. George C. Cotzias. Neurotoxicology. 5, 13-35 (1984).
5. Forno, L. S. & Alvord, E. C. Depigmentation in the nerve cells of the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus in Parkinsonism. Adv. Neurol. 5, 195-202 (1974).
6. Marsden, C. D. Neuromelanin and Parkinson's disease. J. Neural. Transm. 19, 121-141 (1983).
7. Brooks, D. J. Parkinson's disease: diagnosis. Park. Rel. Disord. 1, 531-533 (2012).
8. Kashihara, K., Shinya, T. &Higaki, F. Neuromelanin magnetic resonance imagery of nigral volume loss in patients with Parkinson's disease. J. Clin. Neurosci. 18, 1093-1096 (2011).
9. Lacy, M. E. Neuromelanin: A hypothetical component of bioelectric mechanisms in brain function. Physiol. Chem. & Physics. 3, 319-324 (1981).
10. Rapp, L. M. & Smith, S. C. Evidence against melanin as the mediator of retinal photo-toxicity by short wavelength Light. Exp. Eye Res. 54, 55-62 (1992).
11. Fasano, M.,Giraudo, S., Coha, S., Berganasco, B.&Lopiano, L. Residual substantia nigra neuromelanin in Parkinson's disease is cross-linked to alpha-synuclein. Neurochem. Int. 42, 603-606 (2003).
12. Willis, G. L. Parkinson disease as a neuroendocrine disorder of circadian function: dopamine-melatonin imbalance and the visual system in the genesis and progression of the degenerative process. Rev. Neurosci. 19, 245-316 (2008).
13. Zucca, F. A. et al. The neuromelanin of human substantia nigra: physiological and pathological aspects. Pigment Cell Res. 17, 610-617 (2004).
14. Double, K. L. Functional effects of neuromelanin in model systems. J. Neurochem. Transm. 113, 751-776 (2006).
15. Dubocovich, M. L. Melatonin as a potent modulator of dopamine release in the retina. Nature (Lond.) 306, 782 (1983).
16. Megan, P. L., Boelen, M. G., Morgan, I. G. & Boelen, M. K. Diurnal patterns of dopamine release in the chicken retina. Neurochem. Int. 48, 17-23 (2006).
17. Pozdeyen, N. V. & Laurikova, E. V. Diurnal changes of tyrosine, dopamine and dopamine metabolite content in the retina of rats maintained at different lighting conditions. J. Mol. Neurosci. 15, 1-9 (2000).
18. Lerner, A. B., Case, J. D., Takahaski, K., Lee, T. H. & Mori, W. Isolation of melatonin, The pineal gland factor that lightens melanocytes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80, 2587 (1958).
19. Dubocovich, M. L. Role of melatonin in the retina. Prog. Ret. Res. 8, 129-151 (1989).
20. Willis, G. L. & Turner, E. J. D. Primary and secondary features in Parkinson's disease improves with strategic exposure to bright light: a case series study. Chronobiol. Int. 24, 521-537 (2007).
21. Artemenko, A. R. & Levin, Y. I. The phototherapy of patients with Parkinsonism. Zh. Neuropatol. Psikhiatr. Int. S. S. Korsakova. 96, 63-66 (1996).
22. Willis, G. L., Moore, C. & Armstrong, S. M. A historical Justification for and retrospective analysis of the systematic application of light therapy in Parkinson's disease. Rev. Neurosci. 23, 199-226 (2012).
23. Paus, S. et al. Bright light therapy in Parkinson disease: a pilot study. Mov. Disord. 22, 1495-1498 (2007).
24. Bertolucci, P. H., Andrade, L. A., Lima, J. G. & Carlini, E. A. Total sleep deprivation and Parkinson's disease. Arg. Neuropsiquiatr. 45, 224-230 (1987).
25. Reist, C., Sokolski, K. N., Chen, C. C., Coskinas, E. & Demet, E. M. The effects of sleep deprivation on motor impairment and retinal adaptation in Parkinson's disease. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatr. 19, 445-454 (1995).
26. Demet, E. M., Chicz-Demet, A., Fallon, J. H. & Sokolski, K. N. Sleep deprivation Therapy in depressive illnesses and Parkinson's disease. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psych. 23, 753-784 (1999).
27. Larsen, J. K., Lindberg, M. L. & Skovgarrd, B. Sleep deprivation as a treatment for endogenous depression. Acta. Psychiatr. Scand. 54, 167-173 (1976).
28. Danguir, J. & Nicolaidis, S. Cortical activity and sleep in the rat lateral hypothalamic syndrome. Brain Res. 185, 305-321 (1980).
29. Burton, S., Daya, S. & Potgeiter, B. Melatonin modulates apomorphine- induced rotational behaviour. Experientia. 47, 466-469 (1991).
30. Willis, G. L. & Armstrong, S. M. A Therapeutic role for melatonin antagonism in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. Physiol. Behav. 66, 785-789 (1999).
31. Rutten, S. et al. Bright Light Therapy in Parkinson's disease: an overview of the background and evidence. Parkinson's disease. 2012: 767105, 1-9 (2012).
32. Noell, W. K., Walker, V. S., Kang, B. S. & Bernan, S. Retinal damage by light in rodents. Invest. Ophthalmol. 5, 450-473 (1966).
33. Olafson, R. P. & O'Steen, W. K. Hormonal influences on photoreceptor damage: The pituitary gland and ovaries. Invest. Opthalmol. 15, 869-872 (1976).
34. Duncan, T. E. & O'Steen, W. K. The diurnal susceptibility of rat retinal photoreceptors to light- induced damage. Exp. Eye Res. 41, 497-507 (1985).
35. Grignulo, A., Orzalesi, N., Costrllazzo, R. & Vittone, P. Retinal damage by visible light in albino rats: an electron microscopy study. Ophthalmologica. 157, 43 (1969).
36. O'Steen,W. K. & Donnelly, J. E. Chronic analysis and variations in retinal damage in two strain of rats after short term illumination. Invest. Ophthalmol. 22, 252-255 (1982).
37. Ham, W. T. Jr., Mueller, H. A., Ruffalo, J. J. &Clarke, A. M. Sensitivity of the retina to radiation damage as a function of wavelength. Photochem. Photobiol. 29, 735-743 (1979).
38. Hochheimer, B. F., D'Anna, S. A. & Calkins, J. L. Retinal damage from light. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 88, 1039-1044 (1979).
39. Oraedu, A. C., Voaden, M. J. & Marshall, J. Photochemical damage in the albino rat retina: morphological changes and endogenous amino acids. J. Neurochem. 35, 1361-1369 (1980).
40. Rapp, L. M. & Williams, T. P. Damage to the albino rat retina produced by low intensity light. Photochem. Photobiol. 29, 731-733 (1979).
41. Rapp, L. M. & Williams, T. P. The role of ocular pigmentation in protecting against retinal light damage. Vis. Res. 20, 1127-1131 (1980).
42. Willis, G. L., Kelly, A. M. A.&Kennedy, G. A. Compromised circadian function in Parkinson's disease: enucleation augments disease sensitivity in the unilateral model. Behav. Brain. Res. 193, 37-47 (2008).
43. Humpel, C. et al. Effects of bright, artificial light on monoamines and neuropeptides in eight different brain regions compared in a pigmented and nonpigmented rat strain. J. Neurosci. Res. 32, 605-612 (1997).
44. White, M. P. & Fisher, L. J. Degree of light damage to the retina varies with time of day of bright light exposure. Physiol. Behav. 39, 607-13 (1997).
45. Tanito, M., Kaidzu, S., Ohira, A. & Anderson, R. E. Topography of retinal damage in light exposed albino rats. Exp. Eye Res. 87, 292-295 (2008).
46. Sanyal, S.&Hawkins, R. K. Development and degeneration of retina in rds mutant mice: effects of light on the rate of degeneration albino and pigmented homozygous and heterozygous mutant and normal mice. Vision Res. 28, 1177-1185 (1986).
47. Sang, A. et al. Light-induced retinal ganglion cell damage in vivo involves Dexras1. Mol. Vis. 17, 134-143 (2011).
48. Roberts, J. E. Screening for ocular photoxicity. Int. J. Toxicol. 21, 491-500 (2002).
49. Scwwartz, M. D. et al. Dissociation of circadian and light inhibition of melatonin release through forced desynchronization in the rat. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 106, 17540-5 (2009).
50. Chen, R., Seo, D. O., Bell, E., von Gall, C. & Lee, C. Strong resetting of the mammalian clock by constant light followed by constant darkness. J. Neurosci. 28, 11839-47 (2008).
51. Foley, j. M. & Baxter, D. On the nature of pigment granules in the cells of the locus coeruleus and substantia nigra. J. Neuropath. Exp. Neural. 17, 586-598 (1958).
52. Graham, D. G.On the origin and significance of neuromelanin. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 103, 359-362 (1979).
53. McGeer, P. L., McGeer, E. G. & Suzuki, J. S. Aging and extrapyramidal function. Arch. Neurol. 34, 33-35 (1977).
54. McGeer, P. L. & McGeer, E. G. Aging and neurotransmitter systems. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 113, 41-57 (1978).
55. Jobsis, F. F. Non-invasive infrared monitoring of cerebral and myocardial oxygen sufficiency and circulatory parameters. Science. 198, 1264-1267 (1977).
56. Haeussinger, F. B. et al. Simulation of near-infrared light absorption considering individual head and prefrontal cortex anatomy: implications for optical neuroimaging. Plos. One. 6, 1-12 (2011).
57. Wernsperger, N., Sylvia, A. L.&Jobsis, F. F. Incomplete transient Ischemia: a nondestructive evaluation of in vivo cerebral metabolism and hemodynamics in rat brain. Stroke. 12, 864-868 (1981).
58. Wolf, M., Ferrari, M. &Quaresima, V. Progress of near-infrared spectroscopy and topography for brain and muscle clinical applications. J. Biomed. Opt. 12, 062104 (2007).
59. Piantadosi, C. A. Early development of near-infrared Spectroscopy at Duke University. J. Biomed. Opt. 12, 062102 (2007).
60. Colier, W. N., Van Haaren, N. J. & Oeseberg, B. A comparative study of two nearinfrared spectrophotometers for the assessment of cerebral hemodynamics. Acta. Anaesthesiol. Scand. Suppl. 102, 101-105 (1995).
61. Obrig, H. & Villringer. Beyond the visible- imaging the human brain with light. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 23, 1-18 (2003).
62. Trimmer, P. A. et al. Reduced Axonal Transport in Parkinson's disease cybrid neurites is restored by light therapy. Mol. Neurodegen. 4, 1750-1751 (2009).
63. Van Brunt, E. E., Shepard, M. D., Wall, J. R., Ganong, W. F. & Clegg, M. T. Penetration of light into the brain of mammals. Ann.N. Y. Acad. Sci. 117, 217-224 (1964).
64. Rocha, F. L., Murad, M. G., Stumpf, B. P.,Hara, C.&Fuzikawa, C. Antidepressants for depression in Parkinson's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Psychopharmacol. 27, 417-423 (2013).
65. Yamamshi, T. et al. Anxiety and depression in patients with Parkinson's disease. Int. Med. 52, 539-545 (2013).
66. Mass, A. & Reichmann, H. Sleep and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. J. Neurol. Transm. 4, 565-569 (2013).
67. Gerbaldo, H., Cassady, S., Mauver, K. & Pleschl, D. The assessment of light Intensity preference in psychiatric patients: A questionnaire. Acta. Psychiatr. Scand. 95, 236-241 (1997).
68. Wink, B. & Harris, J. A model of the Parkinsonian visual system: support for the dark adaptation hypothesis. Vision Res. 40, 1937-46 (2000).
69. Kayser-Jones, K. The environment and quality of care in long-term care institutions. WLN Publ. 20-2292, 87-107 (1982).
70. Hiatt, L. G. Is poor Light dimming the sight of nursing home patients? Nurs. Homes. 29, 32-41 (1980).
71. Ouslander, J. G. et al. A non-pharmacological intervention to improve sleep in nursing home patients: results of a controlled clinical trial. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 54, 38-47 (2006).
72. Willis, G. L. Intraocular microinjections repair experimental Parkinson's disease. Brain Res. 1217, 119-131 (2008).
73. Shinde, V. M., Sizova, O. S., Lin, J. H., La Vail, M. M. & Gorbatyuk, M. S. ER Stress in retinal degeneration in S334ter Rho rats. PloS One. 7, e33266 (2012).
74. Cingulani, C. et al. Retinal degeneration from oxidative damage. Free Radic. Bio. Med. 40, 660-669 (2006).
75. Rojas, J. C., John, J. M., Lee, J. & Gonzalez-Lima, F. Methyl blue provides behavioural and metabolic neuroprotection against optic neuropathy. Neurotox. Res. 15, 260-273 (1988).
76. Yew, D. T., Li, W. W., Zhang, D. R. & Luo, Z. B. Metabolic and phagocytic activities of the mouse retina after 6-hydroxydopamine treatment. Acta Anat. (Basal) 133, 27-29 (1988).
77. Adam, C. R., Shrier, E., Ding, Y., Glazman, S. & Bodis-Wollner, I. Correlation of inner retinal thickness evaluated by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and contrast sensitivity in Parkinson's disease. J. Neuroopthalmol. 33, 137-142 (2013).
78. Bodis-Wollner, I. & Tzelepi, A. The push-pull action of dopamine and spatial tuning of the monkey retina: the effects of dopaminergic deficiencies and selective D1 and D2 receptor ligands in the pattern electroencephalogram. Vision Res. 38, 1479-1481 (1998).
79. Bodis-Wollner, I. The visual system in Parkinson's disease. IN: Vision and the brain. Chohen, B. & Bodis-Wollner, I. eds. 299-314 (Raven Press, New York, 1990).
80. Archibald, N. K., Clarke, M. P., Mosimann, V. P. & Burn, D. J. The retina in Parkinson's disease. Brain. 132, 1128-1145 (2009).
81. Willis, G. L. The therapeutic effects of dopamine replacement therapy and it's psychiatric side effects are mediated by the pineal function. Behav. Brain Res. 160, 148-160 (2005).
82. Djamgoz, M. B. A., Hankins, M. W., Hirano, J. & Archer, S. N. Neurobiology of retinal dopamine in relation to degenerative states of the tissue. Vis. Res. 37, 3509-3529 (1991).
83. Nicolaus, B. J. A critical review of the function of neuromelanin in an attempt to provide a unified theory. Med. Hypoth. 65, 791-796 (2005).
84. Tapias, V., Cannan, J. R. & Greenamyre, J. T. Melatonin treatment potentiates neurodegeneration in a rat rotenone Parkinson's disease model. J. Neurosci. Res. 88, 420-427 (2010).
85. Sleipness, E. P., Sorg, B. A. & Jansen, H. T. Diurnal differences in dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase levels in rat brain: dependence on the superchiasmatic nucleus. Brain Res. 1129, 34-42 (2007).
86. Hampp, G. & Ulbrecht, U. The circadian clock and mood-related behaviour. Commun. Integr. Biol. 1, 1-3 (2008).
87. Boulamery, A., Simon, N., Vidal, J. & Brugerolle, B. Effects of L-dopa on circadian rhythms of 6-OHDA striatal lesioned rats: a radiotelemetric study. Chronobiol. Int. 27, 251-264 (2010).
88. Djeridane, Y. Pineal systems of the desert rodents and its relationship to the epithalamus. Anat. Histo. Embryol. 37, 323-23 (2008).
89. Hu, D. N., Simon, J. D. & Sarna, J. Role of ocular melanin in ophthalmic physiology and pathology. Photochem. Photobiol. 84, 639-44 (2008).
90. Ari, S., Caca, I. & Kayabasi, H. Bilateral complete optic atrophy and haemorrhagic infarction of the putamen caused by methanol intoxication. Ann. Opthalmol. 39, 249-252 (1971).
91. Airas, L., Paaviloinen, T., Marttila, R. J. & Rinne, J. Methanol intoxication induced nigrostriatal dysfunction detected using - [18F] Floro-L-Dopa-Pet. Neurotoxicol. 4, 671-674 (2008).
92. Racette, B. A. et al. Increased risk of Parkinsonism associated with welding exposure. Neurotoxicol. 33, 1356-1361 (2012).
93. Lolekha, P., Phanthumchinda, K. & Bhidayasiri, R. Prevalence and risk factors of Parkinson's disease in retired Thai traditional boxers. Mov. Disord. 25, 1895-1901 (2010).
94. Areno, O., Aral, H., Reim, M. & Wenzel, M. Welders maculopathy despite using protective lenses. Retina. 16, 257-259 (1996).
95. Corrales, G. & Curreri, A. Eye trauma in boxing. Clin. Sports Med. 28, 591-607 (2009).
96. McCormac, A. L. et al. Environmental risk factors and Parkinson's disease: Selective degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons caused by the herbicide paraquat. Neurobiol. Dis. 10, 119-122 (2002).
97. Pojma, S. M. & Brus, R. The effect of central chemical sympathectomy on the oxygen uptake, anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid dehydrogenase activity in the retina of white rats. Albrecht von Graef Arch. Klin. Exp. Opthalmol. 200, 223-226 (1976).
98. Chui, Y. C., Poon, G. & Law, F. Toxicokinetics and bioavailability of paraquat in rats following different rates of administration. Toxicol. Ind. Health. 4, 203-219 (1988).
99. Bartlett, R. M. et al. Paraquat is excluded by the blood brain barrier in rhesus macaque: an in vivo pet study. Brain Res. 1259, 74-79 (2009).
100. Nagao, M. et al. Immunohistochemical localization of paraquat in skin and eye of the rat. Nihon Hoigaku Zasshi. 47, 202-206 (1993).
101. Willis, G. L. The role of ML-23 and other melatonin analogues in the treatment and management of Parkinson's disease. Drug News Perspect. 18, 437-444 (2005).
102. Willis, G. L., Singer, G. & Evans, B. K. Intracranial injections of 6-OHDA: comparison of catecholamine-depleting effects of different volumes and concentrations. Pharmac. Biochem. Behav. 15, 207-213 (1976).
103. Saravanan, K. S., Sindhu, K. M. & Mohanakumar, K. P. Acute intranigral infusion of rotenone in rats causes progressive biochemical lesions in the striatum similar to Parkinson's disease. Brain Res. 1049, 147-155 (2005).
104. Balagura, S., Wilcox, R. H.&Coscina, D. V. The effects of diencephalic lesions on food intake and motor activity. Physiol. Behav. 4, 629-633 (1969).
105. Hattar, S. et al. Central projections of melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells in the mouse. J. Comp. Neurol. 497, 326-349 (2006).