Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) benefits from the availability of seagrass (Zostera marina) nursery habitat

Global Ecology and Conservation

Volumn 2, Issue , 2014, Pages 367-377

  Lilley, Richard J ^a   Unsworth, Richard K F ^b  

^a CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b SWANSEA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Eelgrass; Fisheries; Gadus morhua; Juveniles; Nursery habitat; Zostera marina

Indexed keywords

EID: 84915781829     PISSN: None     EISSN: 23519894     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2014.10.002     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. Anderson J.T., Gregory R.S. Factors regulating survival of northern cod (NAFO 2J3KL) during their first 3 years of life. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 2000, 57:349-359.
2. Anderson J.L., Laurel B.J., Brown J.A. Diel changes in behaviour and habitat use by age-0 Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) in the laboratory and field. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2007, 351:267-275.
3. Baden S., Gullstrom M., Lunden B., Pihl L., Rosenberg R. Vanishing seagrass (Zostera marina, L.) in Swedish coastal waters. Ambio 2003, 32:374-377.
4. Beck M.W., Heck K.L., Able K.W., Childers D.L., Eggleston D.B., Gillanders B.M., Halpern B., Hays C.G., Hoshino K., Minello T.J. The identification, conservation, and management of estuarine and marine nurseries for fish and invertebrates. BioScience 2001, 51:633-641.
5. Bertelli C.M., Unsworth R.K.F. Protecting the hand that feeds us: seagrass (Zostera marina) serves as commercial juvenile fish habitat. Mar. Pollut. Bull 2014, 83(2):425-429. 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.08.011.
6. Borg Å., Pihl L., Wennhage H. Habitat choice by juvenile cod (Gadus morhua L.) on sandy soft bottoms with different vegetation types. Helgol. Meeresunters. 1997, 51:197-212.
7. Bowman R.E. Food of 10 species of Northwest Atlantic juvenile groundfish. Fish. Bull. 1981, 79:200-206.
8. Cannon J. Northeast Atlantic FAO, Review of the State of World Fishery Resources: Marine Fisheries 1997, FAO, Rome, Italy.
9. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences 1988, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey.
10. Cullen-Unsworth L.C., Nordlund L.M., Paddock J., Baker S., McKenzie L.J., Unsworth R.K.F. Seagrass meadows globally as a coupled social-ecological system: implications for human wellbeing. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2014, 83:387-397.
11. Cullen-Unsworth L.C., Unsworth R.K.F. Seagrass meadows, ecosystem services, and sustainability. Environment 2013, 55:14-27.
12. Dahlgren C.P., Kellison G.T., Adams A.J., Gillanders B.M., Kendall M.S., Layman C.A., Ley J.A., Nagelkerken I., Serafy J.E. Marine nurseries and effective juvenile habitats: concepts and applications. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2006, 312:291-295.
13. Dalley E.L., Anderson J.T. Age dependent distribution of demersal juvenile cod (Gadus morhua) in inshore/offshore northeast Newfoundland. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1997, 54:168-176.
14. Dannevig, A., 1954. The littoral cod of the Norwegian Skagerrak coast, Rapports et procès-verbaux des réunions, In: Conseil permanent international pour l'exploration de la mer, vol. 136, pp. 7-14.
15. Fjøsne K., Gjøsæter J. Dietary composition and the potential of food competition between 0-group cod (Gadus morhua L.) and some other fish species in the littoral zone. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 1996, 53:757-770.
16. Froese, R., Pauly, D.E., 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication, version (09/2013).
17. Frost M.T., Rowden A.A., Attrill M.J. Effect of habitat fragmentation on the macroinvertebrate infaunal communities associated with the seagrass Zostera marina L. Aq. Cons. Mar. Fr. Ecos. 1999, 9:255-263.
18. Gibb F.M., Gibb I.M., Wright P.J. Isolation of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) nursery areas. Mar. Biol. Lett. 2007, 151:1185-1194.
19. Gibb, I.M., Wright, P.J., Campbell, R., 2008. Identifying critical spawning and nursery areas for North Sea Cod; improving the basis for cod management. Scottish Industry/Science Partenrship (SISP).
20. Gillanders B.M. Seagrasses, fish, and fisheries. Seagrasses: Biology, Ecology and Conservation 2006, 503-536. Springer. A.W. Larkum, R.J. Orth, C.M. Duarte (Eds.).
21. Gjosaeter J. Habitat selection of juvenile cod (Gadus morhua), whiting (Merlangus merlangius) and some littoral fish in an aquarium. Flød. Rapp. 1987, 1:17-26.
22. Gjosaeter J. Habitat selection and inter year class interaction in young cod (Gadus morhua) in aquaria. Flød. Rapp. 1987, 1:27-36.
23. Gorman A.M., Gregory R.S., Schneider D.C. Eelgrass patch size and proximity to the patch edge affect predation risk of recently settled age 0 cod (Gadus). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2009, 371:1-9.
24. Gotceitas V., Brown J. Substrate selection by juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): effects of predation risk. Oecologia 1993, 93:31-37.
25. Gotceitas V., Fraser S., Brown J.A. Use of eelgrass beds (Zostera marina) by juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1997, 54:1306-1319.
26. Green E.P., Short F.T. World Atlas of Seagrasses 2003, University of California Press, Berkley, USA.
27. Gurevitch J., Morrow L.L., Wallace A., Walsh J.S. A meta-analysis of competiton in field experiments. Am. Nat. 1992, 140:539-572.
28. Hansen, H., Lehmann, K., 1986. Distribution of Young Cod in coastal regions of West Greenland, 1985. Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation Scientific Council Studies.
29. Hanson A.R. Status and conservation of eelgrass (Zostera marina) in Eastern Canada. Final Report. Australian Fisheries Management Authority Repor. R99/1546 2004, 40. Technical Report Series Canadian Wildlife Service. Atlantic Region. viii. +.
30. Heck K.L., Able K.W., Roman C.T., Fahay M.P. Composition, abundance, biomass, and production of macrofauna in a New-England estuary-comparisons among eelgrass meadows and other nursery habitats. Estuaries 1995, 18:379-389.
31. Heck K., Hays G., Orth R. Critical evaluation of the nursery role hypothesis for seagrass meadows. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2003, 253:123-136.
32. Heincke F. Untersuchungen über die Scholle-Generalbericht I. Schollenfischerei und Schonmassregeln. Vorlaeufige kurze Uebersicht über die wichtigsten Ergebnisse des Berichts. Rapp. Proc. Verb. Réun. ICES 1913, 16:1-70.
33. Iles T.C., Beverton R.J.H. The concentration hypothesis: the statistical evidence. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 2000, 57:216-227.
34. Ings D.W., Schneider D.C., Methven D.A. Detection of a recruitment signal in juvenile Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) in coastal nursery areas. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1997, 54:25-29.
35. Jackson E.L., Rowden A.A., Attrill M.J., Bossey S., Jones M. The importance of seagrass beds as a habitat for fishery species. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. 2001, 39:269-304.
36. Keats D.W., Steele D.H. Diurnal feeding of juvenile cod (Gadus morhua) which migrate into shallow water at night in Eastern Newfoundland. J. Northwest Atl. Fish. Sci. 1992, 13:7-14.
37. Laurel B.J., Gregory R.S., Brown J.A. Predator distribution and habitat patch area determine predation rates on Age-0 juvenile cod Gadus spp. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2003, 251:245-254.
38. Layman C.A., Dahlgren C.P., Kellison G.T., Adams A.J., Gillanders B.M., Kendall M.S., Ley J.A., Nagelkerken I., Serafy J.E. Marine nurseries and effective juvenile habitats. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2006, 318:307-308.
39. Lazzari M.A., Sherman S., Kanwit J.K. Nursery use of shallow habitats by epibenthic fishes in Maine nearshore waters. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2003, 56:73-84.
40. Lindholm J.B., Auster P.J., Kaufman L.S. Habitat-mediated survivorship of juvenile (0-year) Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1999, 180:247-255.
41. Linehan J.E., Gregory R.S., Schneider D.C. Predation risk of age-0 cod (Gadus) relative to depth and substrate in coastal waters. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2001, 263:25-44.
42. Lough R.G. Juvenile cod (Gadus morhua) mortality and the importance of bottom sediment type to recruitment on Georges Bank. Fish. Oceanogr. 2010, 19:159-181.
43. Lough R.G., Bolz G.R. The movement of cod and haddock larvae onto the shoals of Georges Bank. J. Fish Biol. 1989, 35:71-79.
44. Lough R.G., Valentine P.C., Potter D.C., Auditore P.J., Bolz G.P., Neilson J.D., Perry R.I. Ecology and distribution of juvenile cod and haddock in relation to sediment type and bottom currents on eastern Georges Bank. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1989, 56:1-12.
45. Løversen R. Torskens vekst og vandringer på Sørlandet. Fiskerid. Skrif. Ser. Havunders. 1946, 8:1-34.
46. Maddock, A., 2008. Priority habitat descriptions: UK biodiversity action plan. UK Government.
47. Methven D.A., Bajdik C. Temporal variation in size and abundance of juvenile atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) at an inshore site off eastern Newfoundland. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1994, 51:78-90.
48. Methven D.A., Schneider D.C. Gear-independent patterns of variation in catch of juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in coastal habitats. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1998, 55:1430-1442.
49. Morris, C.J., Gregory, R.S., Laurel, B.J., Methven, D.A., Warren, M.A., 2011. Potential effect of eelgrass (Zostera marina) loss on nearshore Newfoundland fish communities, due to invasive green crab (Carcinus maenas). Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat Research Document, Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
50. Nagelkerken I., Sheaves M., Baker R., Connolly R.M. The seascape nursery: a novel spatial approach to identify and manage nurseries for coastal marine fauna. Fish Fisheries 2013.
51. Nygaard K., Lehmann K., Hovgård H. Young cod distribution and abundance in West Greenland Inshore Areas, 1988. Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation Scientific Council Studies 1989.
52. Persson A., Ljungberg P., Andersson M., Gotzman E., Nilsson P.A. Foraging performance of juvenile Atlantic cod Gadus morhua and profitability of coastal habitats. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2012, 456:245-253.
53. Peters J.R., McCloskey R.M., Hinder S.L., Unsworth R.K.F. Motile fauna of sub-tidal Zostera marina meadows in England and Wales. Mar. Biodivers. 2014, 1-8. in press. 10.1007/s12526-014-0264-x.
54. Pihl L., Baden S., Kautsky N., Ronnback P., Soderqvist T., Troell M., Wennhage H. Shift in fish assemblage structure due to loss of seagrass Zostera marina habitats in Sweden. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2006, 67:123-132.
55. Pihl L., Ulmestrand M. Migration pattern of juvenile cod (Gadus morhua) on the Swedish west-coast. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 1993, 50:63-70.
56. Pulliman H.R. Sources, sinks and population regulations. Am. Nat. 1988, 132:652-661.
57. Renkawitz M.D., Gregory R.S., Schneider D.C. Habitat dependant growth of three species of bottom settling fish in a coastal fjord. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2011, 409:79-88.
58. Rice J.C., Garcia S.M. Fisheries, food security, climate change, and biodiversity: characteristics of the sector and perspectives on emerging issues. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 2011, 68:1343-1353.
59. Runge J.A., Kovach A.I., Churchill J.H., Kerr L.A., Morrison J.R., Beardsley R.C., Berlinsky D.L., Chen C.S., Cadrin S.X., Davis C.S., Ford K.H., Grabowski J.H., Howell W.H., Ji R.B., Jones R.J., Pershing A.J., Record N.R., Thomas A.C., Sherwood G.D., Tallack S.M.L., Townsend D.W. Understanding climate impacts on recruitment and spatial dynamics of Atlantic cod in the Gulf of Maine: integration of observations and modeling. Prog. Oceanogr. 2010, 87:251-263.
60. Salomon A.K., Gaichas S.K., Jensen O.P., Agostini V.N., Sloan N.A., Rice J., McClanahan T.R., Ruckelshaus M.H., Levin P.S., Dulvy N.K., Babcock E.A. Bridging the divide between fisheries and marine conservation science. Bull. Mar. Sci. 2011, 87:251-274.
61. Sargent P.S., Gregory R.S., Schneider D.C. Density responses of subarctic coastal marine fish and crabs to artificial reefs. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 2006, 135:348-360.
62. Schneider D.C., Norris M.J., Gregory R.S. Predictive analysis of scale-dependent habitat association: juvenile cod (Gadus spp.) in eastern Newfoundland. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2008, 79:71-78.
63. Seitz R.D., Wennhage H., Bergström U., Lipcius R.N., Ysebaert T. Ecological value of coastal habitats for commercially and ecologically important species. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 2013, Journal du Conseil.
64. Sheaves M., Baker R., Johnston R. Marine nurseries and effective juvenile habitats: an alternative view. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2006, 318:303-306.
65. Short F.T., Wyllie-Echeverria S. Natural and human-induced disturbance of seagrasses. Environ. Conserv. 1996, 23:17-27.
66. Sogard S.M. Variability in growth rates of juvenile fishes in different estuarine habitats. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1992, 85:35-53.
67. Sogard S.M. Size-selective mortality in the juvenile stage of teleost fishes: a review. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Carribean 1997, 60:1129-1157.
68. Sundblad G., Bergström U., Sandström A., Eklöv P. Nursery habitat availability limits adult stock sizes of predatory coastal fish. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 2013, Journal du Conseil.
69. Svedang H., Righton D., Jonsson P. Migratory behaviour of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua: natal homing is the prime stock-separating mechanism. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2007, 345:1-12.
70. Tupper, M., 1991. Unpublished data collected aboard the Fisheries and Oceans Canada research vessel MV Lady Hammond.
71. Tupper M., Boutilier R.G. Size and priority affect growth and competitive success of newly settled Atlantic cod. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1995, 118:295-300.
72. Tupper M., Boutilier R.G. Effects of habitat on settlement, growth, and postsettlement survival of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1995, 52:1834-1841.
73. Tupper M., Boutilier R.G. Effects of conspecific density on settlement, growth and post-settlment survival of a temperate reef fish. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1995, 191:209-222.
74. Tveite S. 0-Group Cod investigations on the Norwegian Skagerrak coast. Flød. Rapp. 1984, 1:581-590.
75. Unsworth R.K.F., Cullen L.C. Recognising the necessity for Indo-Pacific seagrass conservation. Conserv. Lett. 2010, 3:63-73.
76. Unsworth R.K.F., Hinder S.L., Bodger O.G., Cullen-Unsworth L.C. Food supply depends on seagrass meadows in the coral triangle. Environ. Res. Lett. 2014, 9:094005.
77. Unsworth R.K.F., Peters J.R., Mccloskey R.M., Hinder S.L. Optimising stereo baited underwater video for sampling fish and invertebrates in temperate coastal habitats. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2014, in press. 10.1016/j.ecss.2014.03.020.
78. Warren M.A., Gregory R.S., Laurel B.J., Snelgrove P.V.R. Increasing density of juvenile Atlantic (Gadus morhua) and Greenland cod (G. ogac) in association with spatial expansion and recovery of eelgrass (Zostera marina) in a coastal nursery habitat. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2010, 394:154-160.
79. Watson R., Kitchingman A., Gelchu A., Pauly D. Mapping global fisheries: sharpening our focus. Fish Fisheries 2004, 5:168-177.
80. Waycott M., Duarte C.M., Carruthers T.J.B., Orth R.J., Dennison W.C., Olyarnik S., Calladine A., Fourqurean J.W., Heck K.L., Hughes A.R., Kendrick G.A., Kenworthy W.J., Short F.T., Williams S.L. Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106:12377-12381.
81. Wilkie, L., 2012. The role of intertidal seagrass Zostera spp. in sediment deposition and coastal stability in the Tay Estuary, Scotland. University of St Andrews.
82. Zeller D., Pauly D. Visualization of standardized life-history patterns. Fish Fisheries 2001, 2:344-355.