Understanding climate impacts on recruitment and spatial dynamics of Atlantic cod in the Gulf of Maine: Integration of observations and modeling

Progress in Oceanography

Volumn 87, Issue 1-4, 2010, Pages 251-263

  Runge, Jeffrey A ^a   Kovach, Adrienne I ^b   Churchill, James H ^c   Kerr, Lisa A ^d   Morrison, John R ^e   Beardsley, Robert C ^c   Berlinsky, David L ^b   Chen, Changsheng ^f   Cadrin, Steven X ^g   Davis, Cabell S ^c   Ford, Kathryn H ^h   Grabowski, Jonathan H ⁱ   Howell, W Huntting ^b   Ji, Rubao ^c   Jones, Rebecca J ^a   Pershing, Andrew J ^a   Record, Nicholas R ^a   Thomas, Andrew C ^a   Sherwood, Graham D ⁱ   Tallack, Shelly M L ⁱ   Townsend, David W ^a   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF MAINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE   (United States)

^c WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

^e Northeastern Regional Association of Coastal Ocean Observing Systems (NERACOOS)   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS DARTMOUTH   (United States)

^g NORTHEAST FISHERIES SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

^h Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries   (United States)

ⁱ GULF OF MAINE RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTS; BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE; BIOLOGICAL MODELING; CLIMATE IMPACTS; COASTAL HABITATS; COASTAL POPULATION; EARLY LIFE; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; ENVIRONMENTAL FORCING; FORCINGS; GULF OF MAINE; MIGRATORY PATTERNS; MODELING STRATEGY; NEARSHORES; NEW ENGLAND; PRIMARY PRODUCTION; SPATIAL DYNAMICS; SPATIALLY EXPLICIT; TROPHIC INTERACTIONS;

CLIMATE CHANGE; COMPLEXATION; ECOSYSTEMS; PHYSIOLOGICAL MODELS; REMOTE SENSING;

POPULATION STATISTICS;

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATE EFFECT; DISPERSAL; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GADOID; NEARSHORE ENVIRONMENT; PRIMARY PRODUCTION; RECRUITMENT (POPULATION DYNAMICS); REMOTE SENSING; SEASONALITY; SPATIAL VARIATION; SPAWNING; ZOOPLANKTON;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; GULF OF MAINE; NEW ENGLAND; UNITED STATES;

GADUS MORHUA;

EID: 78649766703     PISSN: 00796611     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pocean.2010.09.016     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Ames E.P. Atlantic cod stock structure in the Gulf of Maine. Fisheries 2004, 29:10-28.
2. Anderson J.T. A review of size dependent survival during pre-recruit stages of fishes in relation to recruitment. J. Northwest Atl. Fish. Sci. 1988, 8:55-66.
3. Andrews J.M., Gurney W.S.C., Heath M.R., Gallego A., O'Brien C.M., Darby C., Tyldesley G. Modelling the spatial demography of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) on the European continental shelf. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2006, 63:1027-1048.
4. Balch W.M., Drapeau D.T., Bowler B.C., Booth E.S., Windecker L.A., Ashe A. Space-time variability of carbon standing stocks and fixation rates in the Gulf of Maine, along the GNATS transect between Portland, ME, USA, and Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada. J. Plankton Res. 2008, 30:119-139.
5. Beardsley R.C., Smith P.C., Lee C.M. Introduction to special section: US GLOBEC: physical processes on Georges Bank (GLOBEC). J. Geophys. Res. 2003, 108(C11):8000. 10.1029/2003JC002165, 2003.
6. Brown W.S., Gangopadhyay A., Bub F.L., Yu Z., Strout G., Robinson A.R. An operational circulation modeling system for the Gulf of Maine/Georges Bank region, part 1: the basic elements. IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 2007, 32(4). 10.1109/JOE.2007.895277.
7. Brown W.S., Gangopadhyay A., Yu Z. An operational circulation modeling system for the Gulf of Maine/Georges Bank region, part 2: applications. IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 2007, 32(4). 10.1109/JOE.2007.895278.
8. Castonguay M., Plourde S., Robert D., Runge J.A., Fortier L. Copepod production drives recruitment in a marine fish. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2008, 65:1528-1531.
9. Chapman R.D., Graber H.C. Validation of HF radar measurements. Oceanography 1997, 10:76-79.
10. Chen, C., Cowles, G., Beardsley, R.C., 2006a. An Unstructured Grid, Finite-Volume Coastal Ocean Model: FVCOM User Manual, second ed. SMAST/UMASSD Technical Report-06-0602, p. 315.
11. Chen C., Beardsley R.C., Cowles G. An unstructured grid, finite-volume coastal ocean model (FVCOM) system. Special Issue entitled " Advance in Computational Oceanography" Oceanography 2006, 19(1):78-89.
12. Chen C., Huang H., Beardsley R.C., Liu H., Xu Q., Cowles G. A finite-volume numerical approach for coastal ocean circulation studies: comparisons with finite difference models. J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112:C03018. 10.1029/2006JC003485.
13. Churchill J.H., Pettigrew N.R., Signell R.P. Structure and variability of the western Maine coastal current. Deep-Sea Res. II 2005, 52:2392-2410.
14. Churchill, J., Runge, J., Chen, C., in press. Processes controlling retention of spring-spawned Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the western Gulf of Maine and their relationship to an index of recruitment success. Fish. Oceanogr.
15. Cote D., Moulton S., Scruton D.A., McKinley R.S. Microhabitat use of juvenile Atlantic cod in a coastal area of Bonavista bay, Newfoundland. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 2001, 130:1217-1223.
16. Cushing D.H. Climate and Fisheries 1982, Academic Press, London, p. 373.
17. Cushing D.H. Plankton production and year-class strength in fish populations - an update of the match Mismatch hypothesis. Adv. Mar. Biol. 1990, 26:249-293.
18. Cushing D.H., Horwood J.W. The growth and death of fish larvae. J. Plankton Res. 1994, 16:291-300.
19. Daewel U., Peck M., Kühn W., St.John M.A., Alekseeva I., Schrum C. Coupling ecosystem and individual-based models to stimulate the influence of environmental variability on potential growth and survival of larval sprat (Sprattus sprattus L.) in the North Sea. Fish. Oceanogr. 2008, 17:333-351.
20. de Young B., Heath F., Werner F.E., Chai B., Megrey B.A., Monfray P. Challenges of modeling decadal variability in ocean basin ecosystems. Science 2004, 304:1463-1466.
21. Dickey T., Bates N., Byrne R.H., Chang G., Chavez F.P., Feely R.A., Hanson A.K., Karl D.M., Manov D., Moore C., Sabine C.L., Wanninkhof R. The NOPP O-SCOPE and MOSEAN projects, advanced sensing for ocean observing systems. Oceanography 2009, 22:168-181.
22. Durbin E.G., Campbell R.G., Casas M.C., Ohman M.D., Niehoff B., Runge J., Wagner M. Interannual variation in phytoplankton blooms and zooplankton productivity and abundance in the Gulf of Maine during winter. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2003, 254:81-100.
23. Fortier L., Quiñonez-Velazquez C. Dependence of survival on growth in larval pollock Pollachius virens and haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus: a field study based on individual hatchdates. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1998, 174:1-12.
24. Friedland K.D., Hare J.A., Wood G.B., Col L.A., Buckley L.J., Mountain D.G., Kane J., Brodziak J., Lough R.G., Pilskaln C.H. Does the fall phytoplankton bloom control recruitment of Georges Bank haddock, Melanagrammus aeglefinus, through prenatal condition?. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2008, 65:1076-1086.
25. Gentleman W.C., Neuheimer A.B., Campbell R.G. Modelling copepod development: current limitations and a new realistic approach. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 2008, 63:399-413.
26. GLOBEC, 1992. US GLOBEC: Northwest Atlantic Implementation Plan, Report No. 6.
27. Gotceitas V., Brown J.A. Substrate selection by juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): efforts of predation risk. Oecologia 1993, 93:31-37.
28. Gotceitas V., Fraser S., Brown J.A. Habitat use by juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the presence of an actively foraging and non-foraging predator. Mar. Biol. 1995, 123:421-430.
29. Greene C.H., Pershing A.J. Climate drives sea change. Science 2007, 315:1084-1085.
30. Gregory R.S., Anderson J.T. Substrate selection and use of protective cover by juvenile Atlantic cod Gadus morhua in inshore waters of Newfoundland. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1997, 146:9-20.
31. Hauser L., Carvalho G.R. Paradigm shifts in marine fisheries genetics: ugly hypotheses slain by beautiful facts. Fish Fish. 2008, 9:333-362.
32. He R., McGillicuddy D., Keafer B., Anderson D. Gulf of Maine Circulation and Harmful Algal Bloom in Summer 2005: Part 2: Bio-physical Numerical Modeling. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113:C07040. 10.1029/2007JC004602.
33. Heath M.R., Lough R.G. A synthesis of large-scale patterns in the planktonic prey of larval and juvenile cod (Gadus morhua). Fish. Oceanogr. 2007, 16:169-185.
34. Heath M.R., Kunzlik P.A., Gallego A., Holmes S.J., Wright P.J. A model of meta-population dynamics for North Sea and West of Scotland cod - the dynamic consequences of natal fidelity. Fish. Res. 2008, 93:92-116.
35. Hermann A.J., Hinckley S., Megrey B., Napp J.M. Applied and theoretical considerations for constructing spatially-explicit individual-based models of marine fish early life history which includes multiple trophic levels. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 2001, 58:1030-1041.
36. Hjort J. Fluctuations in the great fisheries of northern Europe viewed in the light of biological research. Rapp. P.-V. Réun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. 1914, 20:1-228.
37. Hoffman, W.S., Salerno, D.J., Correia, S.J., Pierce, D.E., 2006. Implementing the Industry-based Survey for Gulf of Maine Cod Pilot Study. Final Report for Contract EA133F-03-CN-0010 to NOAA Northeast Cooperative Research Partners Program. NOAA Fisheries Service Northeast Regional Office, Gloucester MA, p. 37.
38. Hoffman, W.S., Correia, S.J., Pierce, D.E., 2007. Implementing the Industry-based Survey for Gulf of Maine Cod Pilot Study. Final Report for Contract EA133F-03-CN-0109 to NOAA Northeast Cooperative Research Partners Program. NOAA Fisheries Service Northeast Regional Office, Gloucester, MA, p. 45.
39. Hu Q., Davis C., Petrik C. A simplified age-stage model for copepod population dynamics. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2008, 360:179-187.
40. Huret M., Runge J., Chen C., Cowles G., Xu Q., Pringle J. Dispersal modeling of fish early life stages: sensitivity with application to Atlantic cod in the western Gulf of Maine. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2007, 347:261-274.
41. Husebø Å., Stenevik E., Slotte A., Fossum P., Salthaug A., Vikebø F., Aanes S., Folkvord A. Effects of hatching time on year-class strength in Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus). ICES J. Mar. Sci. 2009, 66:1710-1717.
42. Hutchinson W.F., Carvalho G.R., Rogers S.I. Marked genetic structuring in localized spawning populations of Gadus morhua in the North Sea and adjoining waters, as revealed by microsatellites. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2001, 223:251-260.
43. Ji R., Davis C., Chen C., Beardsley R. Influence of local and external processes on the annual nitrogen cycle and primary productivity on Georges Bank: a 3-D biological-physical modeling study. J. Mar. Syst. 2008, 73:31-47.
44. Ji R., Davis C., Chen C., Townsend D., Mountain D., Beardsley R. Modeling the influence of low-salinity water inflow on winter-spring phytoplankton dynamics in the Nova Scotian Shelf-Gulf of Maine region. J. Plankton Res. 2008, 30:1399-1416.
45. Ji R., Davis C., Chen C., Beardsley R. Life history traits and spatiotemporal distributional patterns of copepod populations in the Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank region. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2009, 384:187-205.
46. Ji R., Edwards M., Mackas D., Runge J., Thomas A. Marine plankton phenology and life history in a changing climate: Current research and future directions. J. Plankton Res. 2010, 32(10):1355-1368.
47. Johnson C.L., Leising A.W., Runge J.A., Head E.J., Pepin P., Plourde S., Durbin E.G. Characteristics of Calanus finmarchicus dormancy patterns in the Northwest Atlantic. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 2008, 65:339-350.
48. Jorde P.E., Knutsen H., Espeland S.H., Stenseth N.C. Spatial scale of genetic structuring in coastal cod Gadus morhua and geographical extent of local populations. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2007, 343:229-237.
49. Kane J. Zooplankton abundance trends on Georges Bank, 1977-2004. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 2007, 64:909-919.
50. Keafer B.A., Churchill J.H., McGillicuddy D.J., Anderson D.M. Bloom development and transport of toxic Alexandrium fundyense populations within a nearshore coastal plume in the Gulf of Maine. Deep-Sea Res. II 2005, 52:2674-2697.
51. Keats D.W., Steele D.H., South G.R. The role of fleshy macroalgae in the ecology of juvenile cod (Gadus morhua) in inshore waters off eastern Newfoundland. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1987, 65:49-53.
52. Keenlyside N.S., Latif M., Jungclaus J., Kornblueh L., Roeckner E. Advancing decadal-scale climate prediction in the North Atlantic sector. Nature 2008, 453:84-88.
53. Kerr, L.A., Cadrin, S.X., Secor, D.H., 2009. Consequences of spatial structure and connectivity to productivity and persistence of local and regional populations. ICES CM 2009/H:02, p. 26.
54. Kerr L.A., Cadrin S.X., Secor D.H. Simulation modelling as a tool for examining the consequences of spatial structure and connectivity to local and regional population dynamics. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 2010, 67:1631-1639.
55. Kohut J.T., Glenn S.M. Improving HF radar surface current measurements with measured antenna beam patterns. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 2003, 20:1303-1316.
56. Kovach A.I., Breton T.S., Berlinsky D.L., Maceda L., Wirgin I. Fine-scale and temporal genetic structure of cod off the Atlantic coast of the USA. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2010, 410:177-195.
57. Kristiansen T., Lough R.G., Werner F.E., Broughton E.A., Buckley L.J. Individual-based modeling of feeding ecology and prey selection of larval cod on Georges Bank. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2009, 376:227-243.
58. Kristiansen T., Vikebo F., Sundby S., Huse G., Fiksen O. Modeling growth of larval cod (gadus morhua) in large-scale seasonal and latitudinal gradients. Deep-Sea Res. 2009, 59:2001-2011.
59. Lage C., Kuhn K., Kornfield I. Genetic differentiation among Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from Browns Bank, Georges Bank, and Nantucket Shoals. Fish. Bull. 2004, 102:289-297.
60. Lapolla A., Buckley L.J. Hatch date distributions of young-of-year haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus in the Gulf of Maine/Georges Bank region: implications for recruitment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2005, 290:239-249.
61. Libby, P.S., Anderson, D.M., Borkman, D.G., Geyer, W.R., Keller, A.A., Oviatt, C.A., Turner, J.T., 2009. 2008 Water Column Monitoring Results. Boston. Massachusetts Water Resources Authority. Report 2009-12. 31 p. plus appendices http://www.mwra.state.ma.us/harbor/enquad/trlist.html.
62. Lin P., Ji R., Davis C., McGillicuddy D. Optimizing plankton survey strategies using observing system simulation experiments. J. Mar. Syst. 2010, 82:187-194.
63. Lindholm J.B., Auster P.J., Kaufman L.S. Habitat-mediated survivorship of juvenile (0-year) Atlantic cod Gadhus morhua. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1999, 180:247-255.
64. Linehan J.E., Gregory R.S., Schneider D.C. Predation risk of age-0 cod (Gadus) relative to depth and substrate in coastal waters. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2001, 263:25-44.
65. Lipa, B.J., Barrick, D.E., 1983. Least-squares methods for the extraction of surface currents from CODAR cross-loop data: application at ARSLOE. IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. OE-8, pp. 226-253.
66. Liu, G., Chai, F., Xue, H., Thomas, A., 2008. Spatial and temporal variation of phytoplankton biomass in the Gulf of Maine: observations and numerical investigations. AGU-ASLO Ocean Sciences Meeting. Orlando.
67. Lough R.G., Buckley L.J., Werner F.E., Quinlan J.A., Edwards K.P. A general biophysical model of larval cod (Gadus morhua) growth applied to populations on Georges Bank. Fish. Oceanogr. 2005, 14:241-262.
68. Lynch D.R., Holbrook M.J., Naimie C.E. The Maine coastal current: spring climatological circulation. Cont. Shelf Res. 1997, 17:605-634.
69. Manning J.P., Pelletier E. Environmental monitors on lobster traps (eMOLT): long-term observations of New England's bottom-water temperatures. J. Operational Oceanogr. 2009, 2:25-33.
70. Manning J.P., McGillicuddy D.J., Pettigrew N.R., Churchill J.H., Incze L.S. Drifter observations of the Gulf of Maine coastal current. Cont. Shelf Res. 2009, 29:835-845.
71. Mountain D., Green J., Sibunka J., Johnson D. Growth and mortality of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua and haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus eggs and larvae on Georges Bank, 1995 to 1999. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2008, 353:226-241.
72. Myers R.A., Cadigan N.G. Is juvenile natural mortality in marine demersal fish variable?. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1993, 50:1591-1598.
73. National Marine Fisheries Service, 2009. Report to Congress: The State of Science to Support an Ecosystem Approach to Regional Fishery Management. US Dep. Commerce, NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-96, 24 p.
74. Neuheimer A.B., Gentleman W.C., Galloway C.L., Johnson C.L. Modeling larval Calanus finmarchicus on Georges Bank: time-varying mortality rates and a cannibalism hypothesis. Fish. Oceanogr. 2009, 18:147-160.
75. NOPP (National Oceanographic Partnership Program), 2006. The first US Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) development plan. National Office for Integrated and Sustained Observations, Ocean. US Publication 9, 86 p.
76. Pampoulie C., Ruzzante D.E., Chosson V., Jörundsdóttir T.D., Taylor L., Thorsteinsson V., Daneílsdóttir A.K., Marteinsdóttir G. The genetic structure of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) around Iceland: insight from microsatellites, the Pan I locus, and tagging experiments. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2006, 63:2660-2674.
77. Pershing A.J., Greene C.H., Jossi J., O'Brien L., Brodziak J.K.T., Bailey B.A. Interdecadal variability in the Gulf of Maine zooplankton community, with potential impacts on fish recruitment. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 2005, 62:1511-1523.
78. Pershing A.J., Record N.R., Monger B.C., Pendleton D.E., Woodard L.A. Model-based estimates of Calanus finmarchicus abundance in the Gulf of Maine. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2009, 378:227-243.
79. Petrik C.M., Kristiansen T., Lough R.G., Davis C.S. Prey selection of larval haddock and cod on copepods with species-specific behavior: a model-based analysis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2009, 396:123-143.
80. Pettigrew N.R., Townsend D.W., Xue H., Wallinga J.P., Brickley P.J., Hetland R.D. Observations of the Eastern Maine Coastal Current and its offshore extensions in 1994. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103:30623-30639.
81. Pettigrew N.R., Churchill J.H., Janzen C.D., Mangum L.J., Signell R.P., Thomas A.C., Townsend D.W., Wallinga J.P., Xue H. The kinematic and hydrographic structure of the Gulf of Maine Coastal Current. Deep-Sea Res. II 2005, 52:2369-2391.
82. Pettigrew N.R., Xue H., Irish J.D., Perrie W., Roesler C.S., Thomas A.C., Townsend D.W. The Gulf of Maine Ocean Observing System: generic lessons learned in the first seven years of operation (2001-2008). MTS J. 2008, 42:91-102.
83. Platt T., Fuentes-Yaco C., Frank K.T. Spring algal bloom and larval fish survival. Nature 2003, 423:398-399.
84. Ramp S.R., Schlitz R.J., Wright W.R. The deep flows through the Northeast Channel, Gulf of Maine. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1985, 15:1790-1808.
85. Record N.R., Pershing A.J. Modeling zooplankton development using the monotonic upstream scheme for conservation laws. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 2008, 6:364-373.
86. Reich D.A., DeAlteris J.T. A simulation study of the effects of spatially complex population structure for Gulf of Maine Atlantic cod. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 2009, 29:116-126.
87. Rothschild B.J. Coherence of Atlantic cod stock dynamics in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 2007, 136:858-874.
88. Runge J.A. Should we expect a relationship between primary production and fisheries? The role of copepod dynamics as a filter of trophic variability. Hydrobiology 1988, 167-168:61-71.
89. Runge, J.A., Braasch, E., 2005. Modeling Needs Related to the Regional Observing System in the Gulf of Maine. RARGOM Report 05-01, pp. 1-79 http://www.rargom.org.
90. Runge, J.A., Jones, R.J., in press. Results of a collaborative project to observe coastal zooplankton and ichthyoplankton abundance and diversity in the western Gulf of Maine: 2003-2008. In: Watson, J., Stephenson, R., Annala, J., Hall-Arber, M. (Eds.), Advancing Ecosystem Research for the Gulf of Maine. American Fisheries Society.
91. Runge J.A., Franks P.J.S., Gentleman W.C., Megrey B.A., Rose K.A., Werner F.E., Zakardjian B. Diagnosis and prediction of variability in secondary production and fish recruitment processes: developments in physical-biological modeling. The Sea 2005, vol. 13:413-474. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
92. Schlitz R.J., Cohen E.B. A nitrogen budget for the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank. Biol. Oceanogr. 1984, 3:203-222.
93. Sinclair M. Marine Populations: An Essay on Population Regulation and Speciation 1988, Washington Sea Grant Press, Seattle.
94. Smith D.M., Cusack S., Colman A.W., Folland C.K., Harris G.R., Murphy J.M. Improved surface temperature prediction for the coming decade from a global climate model. Science 2007, 317:796-799.
95. Stanton T.K., Chu D., Jech J.M., Irish J.D. New broadband methods for resonance classification and high-resolution imagery of fish with swimbladders using a modified commercial broadband echosounder. ICES J. Mar. Sci 2010, 67:365-378.
96. Swain D.P. Age- and density dependent bathymetric patterns of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1993, 50:1255-1264.
97. Tallack, S.M., 2009. Proceedings from a workshop to identify future research priorities for cod tagging in the Gulf of Maine, 12 February, 2009. Northeast Fisheries Science Center Reference Document 09-09, pp. 1-76.
98. Thomas A.C., Townsend D.W., Weatherbee R. Satellite-measured phytoplankton variability in the Gulf of Maine. Cont. Shelf Res. 2003, 23:971-989.
99. Townsend D.W. Influences of oceanographic processes on the biological productivity of the Gulf of Maine. Rev. Aquat. Sci. 1991, 5:211-230.
100. Townsend D.W. Sources and cycling of nitrogen in the Gulf of Maine. J. Mar. Syst. 1998, 16:283-295.
101. Townsend D.W., Ellis W.G. Primary production and nutrient cycling on the Northwest Atlantic continental shelf. IGBP Book Series 2010, 234-248. Springer, Berlin, 744 p + XXVIII. K.-K. Liu, L. Atkinson, R. Quiñones, L. Talaue-McManus (Eds.).
102. Townsend D.W., Christensen J.P., Stevenson D.K., Graham J.J., Chenoweth S.B. The importance of a plume of tidally-mixed water to the biological oceanography of the Gulf of Maine. J. Mar. Res. 1987, 45:699-728.
103. Townsend D.W., Thomas A.C., Mayer L.M., Thomas M., Quinlan J. Oceanography of the Northwest Atlantic Continental Shelf. The Sea 2006, vol. 14:119-168. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
104. Townsend D.W., Rebuck N.D., Thomas M.A., Karp-Boss L., Gettings R.M. A changing nutrient regime in the Gulf of Maine. Cont. Shelf Res. 2010, 30:820-832.
105. Tupper M., Boutilier R.G. Effects of habitat on settlement, growth, and post-settlement survival of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1995, 52:1834-1841.
106. Vikebø F.B., Sundby S., Adlandsvik B., Otterå O.H. Impacts of a reduced thermohaline circulation on transport and growth of larvae and pelagic juveniles of Arcto-Norwegian cod (Gadus morhua). Fish. Oceanogr. 2007, 16:216-228.
107. Wiebe P.H., Beardsley R.C. Physical-biological interactions on Georges Bank and its environs. Deep-Sea Res. II 1996, 43:1437-2005.
108. Wiebe P.H., Beardsley R.C., Bucklin A.C., Mountain D.G. Coupled biological and physical studies of plankton populations: Georges Bank and related North Atlantic regions. Deep-Sea Res. II 2001, 48:1-684.
109. Wiebe P., Beardsley R., Mountain D.G., Bucklin A.C. US GLOBEC Northwest Atlantic/Georges Bank program. Oceanography 2002, 15:13-29.
110. Wiebe P.H., Beardsley R.C., Mountain D.G., Lough R.G. Dynamics of plankton and larval fish populations on Georges Bank, the North Atlantic US GLOBEC study site. Deep-Sea Res. II 2006, 23-24:2455-2832.
111. Wieland K., Jarre-Teichmann A., Horbowa K. Changes in the timing of spawning of Baltic cod: possible causes and implications for recruitment. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 2000, 57:452-464.
112. Wirgin I., Kovach A., Maceda L., Roy N.K., Waldman J., Berlinsky D.L. Stock identification of Atlantic cod in US waters using microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) DNA analysis. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 2007, 136:375-391.
113. Xue H., Incze L., Xu D., Wolff N., Pettigrew N. Connectivity of lobster populations in the coastal Gulf of Maine. Part I: Circulation and larval transport potential. Ecol. Modeling 2008, 210:193-211.